Pathogens and Global Health最新文献

{"title":"Comparative analysis of point-of-care diagnostic techniques for respiratory infectious diseases. Lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and future consideration on more competent alternatives.","authors":"Yanlin Zhang","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2615118","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2615118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our unpreparedness in responding to the prompt emergence of COVID-19 in its early stage of outbreak, especially the lack of rapid and early diagnostic techniques for mass screening which should have been prioritized, contributed to the virus' spread alongside other factors. This article provides an overview of the common diagnostic techniques with special focus on the reported and/or authorized point-of-care methods for early COVID-19 diagnosis, including lateral flow assays and localized surface plasmon resonance-based approaches. The inherent limitations of these techniques are critically examined. We then propose a potentially more competent alternative, i.e. direct detection of viral particles with aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles in liquid solution in combination with noninvasive breath sampling or saliva sampling, for further improvement in early diagnostic capability for infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19. In addition, an integration of air sampling with in-situ direct colorimetric detection of viral particles could represent a potential option for airborne virus detection, thus minimizing the transmission of infectious diseases and their impact on the economy and life in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"160-177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145985391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing out rabies: a conceptual urban planning framework for dog-mediated rabies control in informal settlements.","authors":"Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Francesco Branda, Cecilia Ceccarelli, Krishna Prasad Acharya, Mohamed Mustaf Ahmed, Fabio Scarpa, Luca Bortolani, Mario Falciano, Massimo Ciccozzi, Gabriella d'Ettorre","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2656464","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2656464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The persistence of human rabies transmitted by dogs in informal urban settings poses a significant challenge to global health. Although almost always fatal but completely preventable, the disease disproportionately affects marginalized populations. This suggests that the limitations in rabies elimination are not only biological but also reflect spatial, infrastructural, and governance determinants specific to informal settlements.</p><p><p>To develop a conceptual framework integrating urban planning, the One Health approach, and rabies epidemiology to understand why existing biomedical strategies are less effective in informal settings and to identify spatial factors useful for more sustainable elimination strategies.</p><p><p>An interdisciplinary conceptual research approach was adopted, synthesizing evidence from rabies epidemiology, One Health governance, and urban planning. The analysis focused on how spatial and infrastructural determinants influence the effectiveness of rabies control interventions at the neighborhood level.</p><p><p>Rabies is treated as an urban-structural phenomenon, linking urban spatial configurations to dog ecology, human exposure, and access to prevention. The RABIES-SAFE SETTLEMENT framework integrates these dimensions through a micro-territorial One Health perspective, highlighting the role of urban planning as an upstream factor that can influence the performance of established biomedical interventions.</p><p><p>Progress toward rabies elimination is influenced not only by the availability of effective biomedical tools, but also by the material and spatial characteristics of urban settlements. Integrating urban planning considerations into One Health approaches can promote more equitable and sustainable reductions in human rabies transmitted by dogs, especially in informal communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"284-295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13202690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global risk assessment of Lyme borreliosis transmission.","authors":"Marina Cobos-Mayo, Adrián Martín-Taboada, Alisa Aliaga-Samanez, Marina Segura Moreno, Jesús Olivero","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2614633","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2614633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We analyzed the geographic risk of Lyme borreliosis taking into account the biogeography of tick vectors and wild carrier hosts, together with environmental and anthropogenic factors. Four pathogeographical scenarios were set in order to represent the contribution of vectors and hosts in the spatial zoonotic risk. For that propose, we built distribution models based on the occurrence of Lyme borreliosis cases in humans and ixodid vectors. Besides <i>Ixodes</i> species, we considered other ixodid ticks with potential to be vectors. These models were combined through fuzzy logic operators, according to the criteria established in each scenario. Finally, the transmission risk model for Lyme borreliosis which best fitted its global distribution was selected. The risk model selected considered ixodid vectors and mammal carriers as explanatory variables together with environment and anthropogenic factors. <i>Ixodes</i> species contributed to explain the geographical risk of Lyme borreliosis to a larger extent than other ixodid ticks. The risk model described regions with Lyme borreliosis transmission risk where its presence is still uncertain, such as northern Africa and inland areas of western U.S.A. Likewise, our model indicated favorable conditions for the presence of human cases in northern latitudes beyond its endemic distribution. Applying this multi-scenario methodology approach have led us to a risk model, in which the diversity of ixodid vectors and carrier hosts might modify the spatial risk without a geographical limitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"190-203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of disulfiram in experimental trichinellosis through biochemical and histological analysis.","authors":"Basma M El Sharazly, Dina I Elgendy, Hager S Zoghroban, Mayada E Elhusseiny, Asmaa R Ellakany","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2604641","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2604641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trichinellosis treatment is complex and must be tailored to disease progression. No single drug is fully effective across all stages. Management includes antiparasitics, inflammation control, pain relief, symptomatic care, and rehabilitation for chronic cases. Disulfiram (DSF) has been recognized to have anti-parasitic effects and several medicinal uses. Consequently, the aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of DSF in the treatment of the intestinal and muscular phases of trichinellosis in mice compared with albendazole (ABZ). Mice were divided into five groups: negative control; positive control; ABZ treatment; DSF treatment; and combined treatment. Parasitological, immunological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies were performed to assess the effectiveness of the treatments. Parasitological analysis involved small intestinal adult worms and encysted muscle larvae count. The histopathological assessment used hematoxylin and eosin stain for intestinal and muscular sections. Moreover, immunological markers and the immunohistochemical expression of the NOD-like receptor-pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated. Under the tested formulations (ABZ as a water suspension; DSF in DMSO/propylene glycol), combined treatment was associated with the highest reductions in adult worms and encysted larvae count and NLRP3 and VEGF expressions. This is the first study to investigate DSF as an innovative adjunct therapy for trichinellosis. According to this research, DSF is recommended as an anti-trichinellosis drug especially when combined with ABZ. Given the non-equivalent drug vehicles, these comparative findings are exploratory and warrant confirmation with matched formulations and pharmacokinetic assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"219-229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characterization of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> serogroup 1 ST901 isolates responsible for recurrent travel-associated Legionnaires' disease cases and clusters.","authors":"Maria Luisa Ricci, Silvia Fillo, Francesco Giordani, Andrea Ciammaruconi, Antonietta Girolamo, Anna Anselmo, Anella Monte, Massimo Mentasti, Valerio Cusimano, Maria Grazia Caporali, Maria Cristina Rota, Markus Petzold, BaharaK Afshar, Florigio Lista, Christian Luck, Maria Scaturro","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2610657","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2610657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cases of travel-associated Legionnaires' disease (TALD) are frequently reported in Italy. From 1987 to 2021, 61 cases of TALD were linked to 22 hotels in a municipality in northern Italy. <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> serogroup 1 (Lp1) strains isolated from both patients and hotel water systems were identified as sequence type (ST) 901, a genotype rarely associated with travel-related infections in Italy or elsewhere. Whole-genome sequencing was used to analyze 41 isolates, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and pangenome analyses. The Lp ST901 isolates were found to form a clade characterized by some accessory genomic islands (AGI) already described in other epidemic strains, such as Alcoy, Corby, Paris and Philadelphia; other islands, containing either transposase/recombinase or transcriptional regulator factors or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-cas systems, were specific to Lp ST901. Lp ST901 also appears to have undergone possible recombination with other strains, such as Lp ST47 (Lorraine strain). Additionally, CRISPR-Cas systems may have contributed to the protection of Lp ST901 from external dangers, while the colonized hotel water systems may have provided an ideal environmental protective niche. Our findings highlight that Lp ST901 has public health significance and deserves attention in Legionnaires' disease surveillance and risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"178-189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145966764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue in the Anthropocene: intersections of environmental change, disease epidemic, management and current challenges in global health.","authors":"Valentina Totaro, Roberta Novara, Davide Capruzzi, Angelo Dargenio, Stefano Di Gregorio, Sergio Cotugno, Roberta Papagni, Francesco Vladimiro Segala, Giuliana Metrangolo, Alessandra D'Abramo, Roberta Iatta, Annalisa Saracino, Emanuele Nicastri, Francesco Di Gennaro","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2595384","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2595384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever, the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease, has experienced a tenfold increase in incidence over the past two decades, posing a significant global public health challenge. In 2023, more than five million cases and over 5000 dengue-related deaths were recorded, with exceeding numbers in 2024. This narrative review provides a comprehensive summary of the current epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, prevention and management strategies for dengue fever, with a particular focus on the influence of climate changes and human activities on the spread of this vector-borne disease. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, and population movements have contributed to the expanding geographic distribution and increased incidence of dengue. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges associated with accurate disease surveillance and underscores the importance of integrated strategies-including climate-adaptive surveillance, vector control, and public health policies-to mitigate the impact of dengue. This information is essential for clinicians and policymakers to implement effective surveillance and prevention measures, ultimately reducing the incidence and burden on public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"47-74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145661635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confronting neglected tropical vector-borne diseases in a changing world: a review of challenges and opportunities.","authors":"Ahmad Y Alqassim","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2609157","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2609157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neglected tropical vector-borne diseases (NTVBDs) pose a significant global health challenge, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. This review begins by defining NTVBDs and their classification criteria, providing a comprehensive overview of their geographical distribution, vectors, and causative agents. Climate change, socioeconomic factors, and land-use changes are changing NTVBD transmission dynamics, with temperature increases expanding vector ranges and creating new transmission hotspots in previously unsuitable regions. The review examines both established vector control approaches and emerging technologies, including CRISPR-based gene editing, artificial intelligence, and microbiome manipulation for NTVBD control. Housing improvements have shown particular promise, with studies demonstrating significant reductions in vector presence through structural interventions. Sustainable control programs emphasize community-based and culturally appropriate interventions, with gender-responsive approaches enhancing both intervention coverage and women's economic empowerment. The review explores the integration of NTVBD control with existing health systems through formal coordination mechanisms and sustainable financing frameworks beyond traditional donor-dependent models. Recent field initiatives addressing the psychological dimensions of NTVBDs highlight the importance of comprehensive approaches that extend beyond physical symptoms. To address the complex challenges of NTVBDs in a rapidly changing world, the review concludes that a multidisciplinary approach integrating technological innovation with social and ecological considerations is essential. Future research should examine the long-term effects of climate change on NTVBD dynamics, develop broadly protective vaccines, optimize integrated control strategies, and investigate innovative funding mechanisms for resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"105-118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145857312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond alarmism: what Australia's influenza season really tells us about Italy.","authors":"Francesco Branda, Chiara Romano, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Fabio Scarpa, Massimo Ciccozzi","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2573304","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2573304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The seasonality of influenza still poses a significant challenge to public health today, with different dynamics between the southern and northern hemispheres. In Europe and Italy, the arrival of winter is often accompanied by alarmist media reports about the so-called 'Australian flu', a term that has no scientific basis and is potentially misleading. This study systematically compares the most recent epidemiological and virological data from Australia and Italy, analyzing laboratory-confirmed cases, the distribution of viral subtypes, and vaccination coverage. The results show that, although Australia is a useful sentinel system for identifying circulating strains and validating vaccine composition, the trend of its flu season is not a direct predictor of the subsequent European season. Demographic differences, vaccination coverage, mobility, and co-circulation of other respiratory viruses (RSV, SARS-CoV-2) determine distinct epidemiological scenarios. The implications for public health indicate the need to move beyond alarmist communication approaches in favor of a scientifically based interpretation of data, promoting integrated surveillance systems, targeted vaccination campaigns, and updated clinical strategies for multi-pathogen management. An evidence-based approach and clear, contextualized communication are essential to effectively address the challenges posed by seasonal respiratory diseases in an increasingly complex global context.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145286686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapidly deployable mobile BSL-3 laboratory: a response to the Nipah virus outbreak in Kozhikode, Kerala, India, 2023.","authors":"Rima R Sahay, Deepak Y Patil, Anita M Shete, Sreelekshmy Mohandas, Nivedita Gupta, Devendra T Mourya, Pragya D Yadav","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2582036","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2582036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak was declared in Kozhikode district, Kerala state, India, on 12 September 2023. The local, state, and national authorities worked in an integrated way to tackle and control the outbreak. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) deployed a team from the ICMR-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, India, along with an indigenously developed and validated Mobile BSL-3 (MBSL-3) laboratory for providing onsite NiV diagnosis. The Kozhikode district of Kerala state was the epicenter of three NiV outbreaks on May 2018, August 2021, and most recently in September 2023. The Ernakulam district of Kerala also reported a NiV outbreak in June 2019. In the 2023 outbreak, six confirmed NiV cases were detected, with two deaths. During previous outbreaks in 2019 and 2021, the team from ICMR-NIV, Pune, had successfully established a field laboratory utilizing the BSL-2 facility for NiV onsite diagnosis. BSL-3 personnel protective equipment and standard operative procedures were used to handle clinical specimens. Post COVID-19 pandemic, under the pioneering initiative of the Government of India, ICMR, and Klenzaids Contamination Control Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai developed a rapidly deployable, pragmatic, access control, and containment laboratory on bus chassis. The MBSL-3 laboratory was utilized for the NiV onsite diagnosis for early containment of outbreaks, reducing the turnaround time for diagnosis to just 4 hrs. The MBSL-3 laboratory plays a significant role in NiV outbreak response and could be utilized in the future also reaching the remotest areas of the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"18-27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145431512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of hepatitis A virus in clades based on VP1/2A region allows higher geographic and temporal resolution than conventional genotyping: a global sequences analysis.","authors":"Juan Carlos Muñoz-Escalante, Alan Axel Castro-Reséndiz, Mayra Colunga-Saucedo, Pedro Gerardo Hernández-Sánchez, Gabriel Mata-Moreno, Pedro Torres-González, Daniel E Noyola","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2608082","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2608082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV) occur worldwide. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understanding the transmission dynamics; however, the current genotype assignment fails to provide useful epidemiologic information. We classified HAV sequences available in GenBank based on 460 bp of the VP1/2A region in clades. Additionally, we associated the site of isolation of the strains with the country's HAV endemicity. We analyzed 1369 sequences available in GenBank up to December 2023 which fulfilled inclusion criteria for our study. The collection date ranged from 1957 to 2023, and genotypes IA (<i>n</i> = 986) and IB (<i>n</i> = 290) comprised the majority of sequences. Sequences were assigned to 70 different clades; sequences from most clades (<i>n</i> = 36) were detected in one country or a few countries within a single continent, while sequences of only 9 clades were detected in more than two continents. Countries with lower HAV endemicity showed higher diversity of clades compared with countries with higher HAV endemicity. In addition, multinational HAV outbreaks were associated with specific clades. In conclusion, characterization of HAV strains below the genotype level should be helpful to analyze transmission patterns within and between countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"119-129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}