Pathogens and Global Health最新文献

{"title":"Strengthening the response to the monkeypox outbreak in Africa: addressing critical gaps and challenges.","authors":"Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Nagmeldin Abuassa, Mohamed Ibrahim","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2490906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2490906","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological landscape in a Mediterranean hotspot of human leishmaniosis in Spain under a One Health approach.","authors":"Jesús Barbero-Moyano, Moisés Gonzálvez, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Pedro López-López, Antonio Rivero-Juárez, Francisco Ruiz-Fons, Inmaculada Moreno, Antonio J Carpio, Remigio Martínez, Ana Belén Pérez, María Angustias Jiménez, Antonio Rivero, María Ángeles Risalde","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2480083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2480083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrated One Health studies are essential to assess the potential risks associated with leishmaniosis hotspots in Europe. Thus, the aim was to holistically evaluate <i>Leishmania infantum</i> epidemiology in a rural hotspot in Spain with a high incidence of human leishmaniosis. Samples from 145 humans (blood), 41 dogs (blood and hairs), and 41 wild lagomorphs (blood, skin, and spleen) were collected during 2022-2023. Sandflies were captured with CDC-traps, and blood-feeding was evaluated. <i>L. infantum</i> exposure was assessed using indirect immunofluorescence and/or quantitative PCR. Positivity was detected in 6.2% of humans, 73.2% of dogs, and 100% of lagomorphs. A total of 1,347 sandflies were captured, predominantly <i>Phlebotomus perniciosus</i>. Blood meal analysis identified several synanthropic animals, as well as humans, as blood-sources. <i>L. infantum</i> DNA was detected in 65.7% of pooled and 25.8% of individual sandfly specimens. A spatial cluster of <i>L. infantum</i> positivity was identified near a hunting area harboring lagomorphs. Phylogeny revealed high homology between <i>L. infantum</i> isolates from lagomorphs and sandflies. Our results reinforce the role of wild lagomorphs as pivotal <i>L. infantum</i> reservoirs, favoring the occurrence of human leishmaniosis at the wildlife-human-domestic interface. This study underscores the need to integrate One Health approaches in endemic areas of leishmaniosis to establish effective prevention and control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of toll like receptors polymorphism (<i>TLR</i>1-rs4833095, <i>TLR</i>1-rs5743611, <i>TLR</i>6-rs5743810, <i>TLR</i>6-rs5743809, <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986790, <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986791, <i>TLR</i>9 rs187084) with clinical outcome of malaria among children in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria.","authors":"Oluwayemi J Bamikole, Subulade A Ademola, Miles-Dei B Olufeagba, Babajide A Adedeji, Olukemi K Amodu","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2478362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2478362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different genetic polymorphisms, particularly in the erythrocyte receptors and immune response-related genes, have been implicated in the development of malaria. With the first immune response to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> related to the activity of toll-like receptors (TLRs), we investigated the association of <i>TLR</i> polymorphisms with the clinical outcome of malaria among 662 children in Ibadan, Nigeria. The participants were genotyped for <i>TLR</i>1-rs5743611, <i>TLR1</i>-rs4833095, <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986791, <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986790, <i>TLR</i>6-rs5743810, <i>TLR</i>9-rs187084 and <i>TLR</i>9-rs5743809 using TaqMan real-time PCR probes and analyzed using the Sequenom iPLEX platform. Statistical analyses were performed using PLINK 2.0, Haploview 4.2 and SPSS® 20.0. Overall, the <i>TLR</i> genes were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The minor allelic frequency (MAF) of TRL1-rs4833095, <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986790, <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986791, <i>TLR</i>9-rs187084, <i>TLR</i>9-rs5743809 was 0.094, 0.089, 0.011, 0.288, and 0.044, respectively. The CT genotype of <i>TLR</i>1-rs4833095 was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to clinical malaria. Similarly, the GA and CT genotypes of <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986790 and <i>TLR</i>4-rs4986791, respectively, were linked to susceptibility to complicated malaria. <i>TLR</i>9-rs187084 CT was associated with the development of uncomplicated malaria, while <i>TLR</i>6-rs5743809 showed no significant association with malaria. Notably, <i>TLR</i>1-rs5743611 and <i>TLR</i>6-rs5743810 were monomorphic in the population. This study, pioneering in its exploration of <i>TLR</i> polymorphisms among Yorubas', underscores the need for expansive, large-scale investigations involving diverse <i>TLR</i> polymorphisms across multiple malaria-endemic populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella spp</i>: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-clinical isolates from Nigeria.","authors":"Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola, Rafidah Hanim Shueb, Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman, Kizito Eneye Bello, Abdirahman Hussein Elmi, Hafeez Abiola Afolabi, Amal A Sabour, Maha A Alshiekheid, Nawal A Al Kaabi, Maha F Al-Subaie, Ali A Rabaan","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2479971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2479971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The issue of bacterial resistance remains a significant public health problem, with carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella spp</i> and <i>E. coli</i> having adverse effects on agriculture and healthcare. Nonetheless, the true prevalence of CRE in non-clinical settings in Nigeria is unknown. Thus, for the first time, this study undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to offer comprehensive data on the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella spp</i> in non-clinical isolates from Nigeria. The guideline of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) was followed. Multiple databases were searched for relevant studies and data from eligible studies were analyzed using the random effect model. From 321 retrieved records, 17 were included. The pooled prevalence of carbapenem-resistant <i>E. coli</i> was 14.2% (95% CI: 4.6-36.0, <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> = 94.51, <i>p</i> < 0.001), which was lower than carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella spp</i> at 37.8% (95% CI: 13.6-70.2, <i>I</i>² = 86.48, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The prevalence of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella spp</i> was highest in Nasarawa and Ebonyi, with estimates of 85.0% (95% CI: 70.4% - 93.1%) and 80.1% (95% CI: 69.8-87.5%), respectively. The prevalence of <i>Klebsiella spp</i>. was greater in the South-East region (63.0%) compared with the South-West region (4.5%) of the country. There was a significant variation in the prevalence of these pathogens depending on the sample sources, with a progressive increase observed over time. This study underscores a notable prevalence of carbapenem-resistant pathogens in non-clinical settings, highlighting the imperative for a holistic management approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal trends in diagnostic evolutions for rickettsial diseases including scrub typhus: a bibliometric study.","authors":"Rashi Dixit, Sandeep Manikandan, Natarajan Gopalan, Bhabani Shankar Mohanty, Sujit Kumar Behera","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2475278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2475278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The bibliometric analysis aimed to assess the bibliometric characteristics, current status and temporal trends in diagnostic evolutions related to infectious diseases caused by the genus <i>Orientia</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i>. Relevant studies were retrieved from Scopus using pre-determined standard keywords. The analysis was performed using the R package 'Bibliometrix' through the 'Biblioshiny' interface. A total of 239 studies were identified for <i>Rickettsia</i> diagnostics, while 168 studies focussed on scrub typhus diagnostics. The annual growth rate of publications in scrub typhus (1.82%) was found to be higher than that of diagnostic research in <i>Rickettsia</i> (1.44%). The Journal of Clinical Microbiology (IF: 5.8) was the most relevant source for <i>Rickettsia</i> research, whereas the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (IF: 3.7) led publications for scrub typhus. The most globally cited articles were authored by Biggs et al (2017) for <i>Rickettsia</i> and Blacksell et al. (2007) for scrub typhus. U.S.A. (<i>n</i> = 119) and India (<i>n</i> = 136) are the most productive nations, publishing in <i>Rickettsia</i> and scrub typhus diagnostics. Mahidol University (Thailand) and the University of Texas (U.S.A.) were the top-contributing institutions. Blacksell S.D. and Raoult D. were identified as the most prolific researchers in <i>Rickettsia</i> and scrub typhus diagnostics. This study provides insights into the impact, productivity, and collaborative patterns among authors, institutions, and other stakeholders in rickettsial disease diagnostics. It offers a historical overview of diagnostic developments and emphasizes the importance of continued innovation and international collaboration to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of rickettsial diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic insights into <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> resistance: exploring AMR genes and molecular interactions.","authors":"Prasanna Kumar Selvam, Santhosh Mudipalli Elavarasu, George Priya Doss C, Karthick Vasudevan","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2477337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2477337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among microorganisms remains a significant global concern in this century, posing an ongoing challenge for humanity. To solve this issue effectively, it is crucial to understand the genes responsible for AMR and how they create resistance. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, which has AMR genes imparting resistance against numerous antibiotics, was the main subject of our investigation. We conducted a phylogenetic investigation to explore the evolutionary history of the gene network comprising <i>rpl</i>, <i>rpoC</i>, <i>parE</i>, and <i>gyrB</i>, providing insights into their genetic relationships and evolutionary connections. A gene interaction network with 46 functional partners was built and examined from the STRING Database and Cytoscape to increase our understanding. According to Cluego's enrichment analysis, 20 genes are significantly involved in biological processes, as are 14 genes in cellular components and 16 genes in molecular functions. <i>RpoB, RpoC, FusA, RplI</i>, and <i>RpsL</i> had the most interactions by Cytohubba when the degree and closeness of the network were studied, according to the gene interaction network analysis. Understanding the molecular basis of AMR requires analysis of the enriched pathways and Gene Ontologies (GO). The proposed study may also help researchers find new ways to battle the multidrug resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of immunosuppression on <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> infection in Spain.","authors":"Elena Vázquez, Oscar de Gregorio, Carmen Álvarez, Vicente Soriano, Octavio Corral, Alfonso Ortega-de la Puente, Marina de la Cruz-Echeandía, Xiomara Patricia Blanco-Valencia, Ana Royuela, Mario Martín-Portugués, Jorge Esteban-Sampedro, Víctor Moreno-Torres","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2472300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2025.2472300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Immunosuppression (IS) determines a higher risk of disease severity from <i>Listeria monocytogenes (</i>LM) infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the epidemiology of IS in all patients hospitalized with LM in Spain from 2000 to 2021 in the National Registry of Hospital Discharges. IS was defined by liver disease (LD), diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), solid organ transplantation (SOT), bone marrow transplantation (BMT), primary immunodeficiencies (ID), systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD), solid organ neoplasms (SON), and hematological neoplasms (HN).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 8,152 admissions with LM, 48% were IS. There was an increase from 39.5% to 60% during the study period, mainly driven by rises in DM (from 12.6% to 26.2%), SON (from 9.9% to 17.5%), CKD (from 4.4% to 16.3%), HN (from 6.6% to 13.4%), and LD (from 4.9% to 6.6%) (<i>p</i> < 0.001 for all trends). IS fatality rate was higher than in non-IS (22.4% vs 11.3%; OR = 2.09). The proportion of LM patients with IS among LM in-hospital deaths increased from 57.1% in 2000 to 67.95% in 2021 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Fatality risk differed according to baseline IS condition: LD (OR = 2.42), CKD (OR = 1.49), SON (OR 3.01) and HN (OR 1.45).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of IS among patients hospitalized with LM in Spain has risen over the past two decades, with a growing impact on fatality rates. These findings should prompt further efforts to prevent and manage properly LM infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A possible trachoma cluster unveiling the mist of Le Rôdeur: probes in favor and against an alternative cause of the crew blindness.","authors":"Omar Simonetti, Emanuele Armocida, Benedetta Rossi, Francesco Samassa, Ylenia Gobbo, Roberto Luzzati, Verena Zerbato","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2458977","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2458977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1819, a puzzling outbreak of infectious blindness afflicted nearly all crew members and African slaves aboard the French vessel Le Rôdeur during the transatlantic slave trade. This paper investigates the etiology of this unique event, comparing different pathogens that cause blindness: <i>Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,</i> and <i>Onchocerca volvulus;</i> endemic in the African Continent. Reviewing naval medicine since the seventeenth century and eye infection knowledge in 1800, alongside historical records, we explore the singular case of Le Rôdeur's outbreak. While some clinical features favor trachoma, rapid onset, and progression align with gonococcal conjunctivitis. We suggest both as possible causes, underscoring the intricate intersection of infectious diseases and transatlantic trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"22-28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole genome analysis revealed the role of <i>bla</i>_OXA-23 and <i>bla</i>_OXA-66 genes in carbapenem resistance of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> strains.","authors":"Nurizati Mat Ghani, Kar-Wai Hong, Yvonne Jing Mei Liew, Yin Yin Lau, Hoi-Sen Yong, Kok Keng Tee, Kok-Gan Chan, Kah-Ooi Chua","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2024.2442194","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2024.2442194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is a multidrug-resistant bacterium that has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen globally and renowned for its ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. However, understanding of its resistance mechanisms to certain drug classes remains limited. This study focused on four bacterial strains (AB863, AB889, AB930, and AB960) exhibiting carbapenem resistance. They demonstrated high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (128 mg/L) to meropenem and were categorized as extensively drug-resistant strains. Subsequently, they were identified as <i>A. baumannii</i> through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and species-specific PCR targeting the <i>bla</i>_OXA51-like gene. Three strains were sequenced for their genomes to study the genetic determinants and functional relevance of carbapenem resistance. The draft genome length of the strains ranged from 3.8 to 4.0 Mbp. A total of 16 antibiotic resistance genes including the genes <i>bla</i>_OXA-23 and <i>bla</i>_OXA-66 which mediate carbapenem resistance were identified in the genomes. A comprehensive multilocus sequence typing analysis involving 95 <i>A. baumannii</i> strains from different Asian countries assigned the four strains to sequence type 2 (ST2), the most predominant ST circulating in Asia. Comparative genome analysis also revealed <i>bla</i>_OXA-66 as the most dominant variant of <i>bla</i>_OXA-51-like gene and also a widespread distribution of <i>bla</i>_OXA-23 gene. In addition, various mobile genetic elements associated with AMR genes and three efflux pumps families were detected in the genomes of the strains. Transformation of <i>bla</i>_OXA-23 and <i>bla</i>_OXA-66 genes resulted in meropenem resistance in the transformant which exhibited a MIC of 2 mg/L, thus confirming direct involvement of both genes in carbapenem resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"10-21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping anti-diphtheria toxin antibody: a systematic review and meta-analysis with multi-level meta-regression.","authors":"Amit Kumar Mital, Priyanka Choudhary, Bijaya K Padhi, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Aravind Gandhi P, Mayuri Raul, Sruthi, Prakasini Satapathy","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2024.2434773","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2024.2434773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diphtheria is a reemerging vaccine-preventable infection of public health concern. Pooled estimates of serum IgG anti-diphtheria antibody levels can assist in estimating the susceptible population. The objective was to estimate pooled estimate of protective IgG anti-diphtheria antibodies in population globally. We searched three databases until May 2023. We included studies reporting serum anti-diphtheria antibody titre > 0.1 IU/ml as seroprotection. NHLBI checklist was used for quality assessment. Heterogeneity was explored and resolved by statistical methods. 1720 articles were retrieved out of which 51 articles were included. The pooled seropositivity rate against diphtheria was 57%. After removal of two influential outlier studies, pooled seropositivity became 51%. The meta-regression results for age depicted that seroprevalence significantly decreased with increasing age. Subgroup analysis done on basis of geographical distribution significantly reduced heterogeneity and revealed that the Western Pacific region and African regions had lower seroprotectivity compared to other regions. Subgrouping done based on year of sample collection revealed seroprotection was lower (55.63%) between 1986 and 2005 which increased to 67.11% between 2006 and 2015 and again dropped to 45.75% between 2016 and 2023. We concluded that after 2015, the disease has reemerged globally, with seroprotection level below 50% (45.75%) and overall only half of the population being seroprotected against diphtheria. So, there is a need for reinforcement of immunity against diphtheria (supplementary vaccination) after screening for antibody titre. PROSPERO registration number CRD42023458131.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"48-59"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}