Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Enantioselective evaluation of the chiral pesticide cyclaniliprole: Bioactivity, toxicity, and effects on strawberries flavor quality","authors":"Yuping Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Dier Song ,&nbsp;Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Yufan Nie ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Guan ,&nbsp;Wentao Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinling Diao","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chiral pesticide enantiomers often exhibit different bioactivities, ecotoxicity and environmental fate. In this study, the separation conditions were systematically optimized based on HPLC combined with chiral stationary phases. The novel chiral insecticide cyclaniliprole enantiomers were well separated using a CHIRALPAK AD-H column with hexane/isopropanol (80/20, <em>v</em>/v) as mobile phase at 1 mL/min flow rate and 25 °C column temperature. The absolute configuration of cyclaniliprole enantiomers was determined using density functional theory. Bioactivity and toxicity results showed <em>S</em>-CYP exhibited higher bioactivity against <em>Myzus persica</em> and <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> than <em>R</em>-CYP and racemate, while acute toxicity to <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Apis mellifera</em> showed minimal enantioselectivity. The degradation half-life of <em>R</em>-CYP on strawberries (33.08d) was significantly higher than <em>S</em>-CYP (24.90d) and racemate (24.40d). Additionally, racemate and two enantiomers all promoted fruit growth and ripening by increasing GA, IAA, and ABA levels, with <em>S</em>-CYP showing more effective. However, fruit growth may come at the cost of sacrificing flavor. All three pesticide treatments triggered oxidative stress in strawberries, suppressed sugar-metabolism related genes expression, lowered soluble sugar content, and disrupted volatile synthesis, ultimately reducing fruit flavor. Moreover, cyclaniliprole and its enantiomers increased anthocyanins and vitamin C contents, but decreased total phenolic content. At the enantiomeric level, <em>S</em>-CYP suppressed volatiles more strongly but had less impact on sugars than <em>R</em>-CYP, and promoted nutrients more strongly. Therefore, from the perspective of strawberry fruit development and flavor quality, application of <em>S</em>-CYP was more superior. However, commercialization of the pure isomer requires further stereospecific data on its bioactivity, toxicity, and environmental behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106700"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omics analysis reveals key genes mediating herbicide resistance in Digitaria sanguinalis","authors":"Yidi Guan,&nbsp;Liru Liu,&nbsp;Zhi Xiong,&nbsp;Caiwen Li,&nbsp;Chunyuan Liu,&nbsp;Yuan Sun,&nbsp;Mingshan Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Digitaria sanguinalis</em> (L.) Scop is recognized as one of the most problematic agricultural weeds, with chemical control remaining a crucial management strategy. However, increased selection pressures have led to the emergence of resistant populations that reproduce and establish themselves as dominant communities, thereby severely jeopardizing crop yields. It is especially crucial to reveal the resistance mechanism of <em>D.Sanguinalis</em>, and the lack of weed histology resources has always been an obstacle to the study of resistance mechanism, nowadays, with the development of histology technology, the combination of multi-omics applied to the identification of weed resistance genes is becoming more and more perfect. In our previous study, we have preliminarily demonstrated that the resistance of <em>D.Sanguinalis</em> to ALS inhibitors is related to the increase of P450 enzyme activity. Here, we employed single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to obtain full-length transcripts of <em>D. sanguinalis.</em> Using DIA proteomics, we identified upregulated herbicide-metabolizing proteins, which were validated via PRM analysis. By integrating the transcriptomic and proteomic results, we identified <em>CYP709B2</em> and <em>CYP74B2</em> as key effector genes that mediate resistance in <em>D. sanguinalis</em>. We elucidated the resistance patterns and specific genes associated with <em>D. sanguinalis</em>, thereby enriching the bioinformatics resources available for this species and providing a foundation for herbicide-resistant weed management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106693"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target identification and mechanism of action of the neonicotinoid Cycloxaprid","authors":"Xiaomu Qiao ,&nbsp;Yan-Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianhui Qin ,&nbsp;Xusheng Shao ,&nbsp;Cong-Feng Gao ,&nbsp;Jia Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neonicotinoid insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are critical for agricultural pest control but face challenges from rapid resistance and environmental toxicity. Cycloxaprid, a <em>cis</em>-nitro-configured neonicotinoid analog, shows unique pharmacological properties that may circumvent cross-resistance. Here, we elucidated its mode of action in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> through integrated genetic, electrophysiological, and computational approaches. Cycloxaprid induced excitatory neurotoxicity, including hyperactivity, uncoordinated locomotion, and tremors, consistent with nAChR overactivation. Bioassays with <em>Drosophila</em> nAChR subunit mutants demonstrated that the α1, α2, β1, and β2 subunits are essential for insecticidal activity. Heterologous expression of the α1α2β1β2 nAChR in <em>Xenopus</em> oocytes revealed cycloxaprid acts as a partial agonist (EC₅₀ = 34.7 nM; 37.7 % maximal acetylcholine response) and enhances acetylcholine-evoked currents at sub-saturating doses. AI-driven structural modeling (Chai-1) localized cycloxaprid within the canonical agonist-binding site at the α1–β1 interface, forming key electrostatic interactions with residues like Arg81 in the β1 subunit. Collectively, these results elucidate the molecular basis of cycloxaprid's insecticidal activity and underscore its potential as a valuable tool for resistance management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106702"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-based molecular design of fungicidal β-ketonitrile derivatives with biphenyl moiety as novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors","authors":"Cong Zhou ,&nbsp;Ziye Cao ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Na Zhai ,&nbsp;Liangliang Cheng ,&nbsp;Zheyi Feng ,&nbsp;Zhong Li ,&nbsp;Xuhong Qian ,&nbsp;Jiagao Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) remains one of the most important subclasses of chemical fungicides for the effective control of plant diseases. <em>β</em>-Ketonitrile has been identified as a novel pharmacophoric scaffold in SDHI fungicide research. In this study, a series of innovative biphenyl moiety containing <em>β</em>-ketonitrile compounds were rationally designed and synthetized based on the binding mode with SDH, aiming to strengthen the aromatic interactions and improve the fungicidal activities. The optimal target compounds <strong>B24</strong> and <strong>B29</strong> exhibited significant <em>in vitro</em> fungicidal activities against <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> and <em>Sclerotiorum sclerotiorum</em>, with EC₅₀ values of 0.096 μg/mL and 0.072 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the promising <em>in vivo</em> protective fungicidal activities were further validated, with <strong>B24</strong> showed certain activity against rice sheath blight and <strong>B29</strong> effectively controlled oilseed rape sclerotinia disease. In addition, both compounds demonstrated potent SDH inhibitory activities, with IC₅₀ values of 0.042 μM for <strong>B24</strong> and 0.030 μM for <strong>B29</strong>, respectively. Molecular docking studies further demonstrated that the incorporation of biphenyl moieties enhanced ligand-target aromatic interactions through forming T-shaped π interaction or π-π stacking interaction, thereby contributing to the improved binding affinity and fungicidal activity. Compounds <strong>B24</strong> and <strong>B29</strong> also exhibited lower toxicities to non-target aquatic organisms, <em>Danio rerio</em> and <em>Daphnia magna</em>, compared to fluxapyroxad. The present work identified potential innovative <em>β</em>-ketonitrile fungicidal lead compounds for following optimization, giving valuable clues to the research and development of agricultural SDHI fungicides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106703"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond gut and neural mechanisms: A multi-organ system perspective on insecticide resistance","authors":"Seena R. Subhagan ,&nbsp;Berin Pathrose ,&nbsp;Mani Chellappan ,&nbsp;Dhalin Dharaneedharan","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insecticide resistance has usually been studied through isolated mechanisms, primarily focusing on target-site insensitivity, metabolism and cuticular modifications. However, substantial gaps remain in understanding how various organs and systems interact and work together to contribute to resistance. Emerging research, highlights resistance as a multi-organ phenomenon, where multiple physiological systems contribute to detoxification, toxin transport, immune modulation, trade-offs, stress adaptation and survival under insecticidal pressure. This review explores the role of fat body metabolism, circulatory transport, transgenerational effects, respiratory adjustments, Malpighian tubule excretion and endocrine regulation in shaping insecticide resistance. These organ systems engage in complex inter-organ signaling and compensatory mechanisms, allowing resistant insects to mitigate the toxic effects of insecticides while maintaining fitness. Advancements in research such as multi-omics technologies, single-cell RNA sequencing and advanced imaging techniques can provide deeper insights into these systemic adaptations and help develop more precise and targeted management strategies. However, challenges remain in deciphering inter-organ communication, identifying tissue-specific resistance markers, and developing field-ready diagnostic methods. Addressing these gaps through functional genomics, systems biology, and microbiome-targeted strategies will be crucial for sustainable pest control. By integrating multi-organ system perspectives, future research can develop more effective and targeted resistance management approaches, ensuring the long-term efficacy of insecticides used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106701"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caspase cascade in the apoptosis induced by camptothein in IOZCAS-Spex-II cells","authors":"Liping Wang,&nbsp;Jingjing Yang,&nbsp;Liangang Mao,&nbsp;Lizhen Zhu,&nbsp;Chi Wu,&nbsp;Xingang Liu,&nbsp;Lan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Camptothecin (CPT) has been found to have insecticidal and fungicidal activities, and gives potential to be developed for use in agrochemicals. Our previous studies demonstrate that caspase-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathways regulate CPT-induced apoptosis in <em>Spodoptera exigua</em>. However, the underlying mechanisms for caspase cascades remains unclear. In the present study, six caspases (Cas-1 to −6) were identified in IOZCAS-Spex-II cells derived from <em>S. exigua</em> fat bodies. Phylogenetic, biochemical, and immunoblot analyses confirmed a conserved Cas5-Cas1 cascade in apoptosis induced by CPT and its derivative hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). Cas-5 functioned as the initiator caspase, showing early upregulation and autoactivation. Cas-1 acted as the executioner via proteolytic cleavage. Pre-treatment of cells with <em>Z</em>-VAD-FMK before CPT exposure significantly reduced cytotoxicity by 75.7 % at 48 h and 86.8 % at 72 h. Furthermore, the caspase activities, as well as the cleavage of Cas-1 and Cas-5 triggered by CPT, were effectively suppressed. Additionally, the relative mRNA expression analysis revealed that <em>S. exigua</em> caspases exhibited different responses between CPT and HCPT in IOZCAS-Spex-II cells. Beyond the Cas5-Cas1 cascade activation, HCPT treatment induced stronger upregulation of Cas-2, Cas-3, and Cas-6 compared to CPT treatment. These differential expression profiles suggested that HCPT may engage additional caspase cascade in IOZCAS-Spex-II cells. Given that <em>S. exigua</em> is a major agricultural pest, understanding these apoptotic pathways could reveal potential targets for pest control by disrupting its apoptotic regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitric oxide postharvest treatment improves disease resistance in ginger by regulating ROS homeostasis, phenylpropionic acid metabolism and S-nitrosylation levels","authors":"Xiuqiao Wu ,&nbsp;Lingling Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue Zhong ,&nbsp;Jinlian Yuan ,&nbsp;Jianfei Yang ,&nbsp;Pan Wan ,&nbsp;Jiaying Liu ,&nbsp;Shouhui Wei ,&nbsp;Lijuan Wei ,&nbsp;Yiqing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitric oxide (NO), as a widely used preservative for fruit and vegetables, can effectively extend shelf life and improve disease resistance<em>. Fusarium solani</em> (<em>F. solani</em>) causes a soft rot that seriously impacts the quality and production of ginger. Thus, control of diseases in postharvest ginger is necessary. In this study, 1 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) was used to explore the disease resistance of postharvest ginger after infection with <em>F. solani</em>. We found that NO inhibited further infestation of <em>F. solani</em> in ginger and had a direct inhibition of <em>F. solani</em> growth in vitro. NO reduced the damage of <em>F. solani</em>, activated the activity of disease-resistant enzymes, increased the content of antioxidants and phenylalanine metabolites. Besides, NO increased endogenous NO level and SNO content and down-regulated GSNOR activity and transcriptional expression, implicating that <em>S</em>-nitrosylation might be involved in NO-enhanced disease resistance in ginger. Thus, NO enhances the ginger resistance against <em>F. solani</em> by regulating ROS homeostasis, phenylpropionic acid metabolism, endogenous NO content and <em>S</em>-nitrosylation level. Thus, NO treatment was found to be beneficial in improving disease resistance in ginger during storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106694"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel 2,4-dichlorobenzene-3-morpholine derivatives as potential hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors","authors":"Qing-Guo Wu ,&nbsp;Ren-Long Liang ,&nbsp;Jing-Fang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27) is a key target for herbicide development, especially in the management of herbicide-resistant weeds. However, many existing HPPD inhibitors suffer from poor crop selectivity, limiting their widespread application. To address this problem, a series of novel 2,4-dichlorobenzene-3-morpholine derivatives were designed and synthesized. Greenhouse activity tests demonstrated that a large class of molecules obviously inhibited dwarfing in the tested weeds. Notably, compound B₂ exhibited superior herbicidal activity against broadleaf weeds, such as <em>Abutilon theophrasti</em>, <em>Zinnia elegans</em>, and <em>Portulaca oleracea</em>, at 9.375 g ai/ha, which is superior to that of the widely used herbicide mesotrione. Moreover, compared with mesotrione, compound B₂ showed no obvious injury on the growth of peanuts at 150 g ai/ha and was safer for peanuts, even at the higher dosage of 600 g ai/ha. These results suggest that B₂ is a promising new candidate herbicide for use in peanut fields. Molecular simulations of the representative molecule further revealed a binding mode that fit into the active site of HPPD, similar to most known HPPD inhibitors. Met338 in <em>P. oleracea</em> HPPD plays a crucial role in the binding of compound B₂, whereas Ile453 and Ile455 in peanut HPPD may contribute to reduced inhibition in peanuts. Additionally, the entry pathways of compounds, along with their polarity and lipophilicity, could increase their selectivity for different plant species. This study provides valuable insights for the future development of highly selective HPPD inhibitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106692"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induced resistance in cucumber by oleamide from Streptomyces lydicus JCK-6019 against cucumber Fusarium wilt and damping-off","authors":"Feng Luo ,&nbsp;Ying Gong ,&nbsp;Ae Ran Park ,&nbsp;Jin-Cheol Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oleamide (<em>cis</em>-9-octadecenamide), a primary fatty acid amide derived from oleic acid, is well known in mammalian systems for its roles in neural and immune regulation. However, its function in plant immunity has remained unexplored. In this study, oleamide was identified as the major bioactive metabolite of <em>Streptomyces lydicus</em> JCK-6019 and was characterized as a novel plant resistance inducer (PRI) in cucumber. Although oleamide exhibited no direct antifungal activity against <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>cucumerinum</em> and <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> AG-4 in vitro, in vivo assays demonstrated strong disease suppression. Preventive application of oleamide achieved 66.28 % control of Fusarium wilt at 0.1 ng/mL, comparable to the commercial PRI Bion (69.77 %), and 80 % control of damping-off at 0.01 ng/mL, whereas Bion was ineffective. Physiological assays revealed that oleamide reduced malondialdehyde accumulation while enhancing peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, indicating activation of antioxidant defense. Gene expression analysis further revealed upregulation of key defense-related genes (<em>PR1</em>, <em>PR2</em>, <em>PR4</em>, <em>WRKY30</em>, <em>WRKY67</em>, <em>ERF003</em>, <em>peroxidase</em>, and <em>cellulose synthase</em>), which are involved in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling, transcriptional regulation, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and cell wall strengthening. Collectively, these results indicate that oleamide primes cucumber defense responses rather than acting as a fungitoxic compound. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying oleamide as a PRI effective against two major soil-borne cucumber diseases. Its nanogram-level efficacy, non-toxic nature, and capacity to activate plant immunity highlight its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for sustainable crop protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106698"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated biomarker response-based investigation of oxidative stress in Hemolymph, gills, and digestive glands of freshwater mussels (Unio delicatus) exposed to Etoxazole","authors":"Semra Benzer ,&nbsp;Pınar Arslan Yüce ,&nbsp;Aysel Çağlan Günal ,&nbsp;Recep Benzer ,&nbsp;Göktuğ Gül","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pesticides extensively used in agriculture pose risks to non-target aquatic organisms. This study assessed the acute and sublethal effects of etoxazole (ETX), an isoxazoline-derived acaricide, on the freshwater mussel <em>Unio delicatus</em>. The 96 h LC₅₀ was calculated as 463.97 mg/L (316.29–662.47 mg/L, 95 % CI). Mussels were exposed to sublethal ETX concentrations for 96 h and 7 days. Total hemocyte counts (THCs), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured in hemolymph. In this study, elevated total hemocyte counts (THCs) indicated activation of cellular immune responses, while reduced TAS together with increased TOS reflected systemic oxidative stress, particularly at higher ETX concentrations. Oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, MDA) were analyzed in gill and digestive gland tissues. A progressive TAS decline was observed in hemolymph over 7 days. Biomarker responses were evaluated using Min-Max normalization and the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index. IBR profiles revealed tissue-specific stress patterns: in hemolymph, THCs &gt; TOS &gt; TAS suggested pronounced immune activation. In gills, CAT &gt; GSH &gt; GPx &gt; MDA &gt; SOD indicated oxidative defense, while in digestive glands, GSH &gt; GPx &gt; SOD &gt; CAT &gt; MDA reflected detoxification. Although ETX showed low acute toxicity, it significantly altered immune and antioxidant systems. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of <em>U. delicatus</em> to sublethal pesticide exposure and support its use as a sentinel species in ecotoxicological studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106695"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}