Parasites & Vectors最新文献

{"title":"Integrative taxonomy in helminth analysis: protocols and limitations in the twenty-first century.","authors":"Alicia Rojas, Laura G Bass, Josué Campos-Camacho, Fernando A Dittel-Meza, Cristian Fonseca, Ying Yi Huang-Qiu, Roberto W I Olivares, Luis M Romero-Vega, Fabián Villegas-Rojas, Alberto Solano-Barquero","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06682-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06682-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The term integrative taxonomy was coined in 2005 for the identification of microorganisms using morphological, molecular, pathological and ecological components. Since then, more than 200 scientific articles have been published using this term in the helminthology field in different geographical regions of the world, leading to accurate identifications of specimens and expanding the known biodiversity by describing novel species. Importantly, the responsible use of this approach has led to balanced results in which molecular data do not overshadow morphological, pathological or ecological information. By having different perspectives, new taxonomic situations have arrived including the definition of cryptic diversity, species complex and genotypes. In the present work, we present the main procedures and principles for conducting an integrative taxonomy study of parasitic helminth including collection and preservation of specimens, fixation and staining of worms for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and histopathological, ecological and DNA analysis. This guide is aimed at researchers in their endeavor to analyze helminth parasites collected from wild or domestic animals with examples provided, but the protocols presented herein may be extrapolated for the analysis of helminths collected from other hosts (e.g. human or fish). One important aspect is that the recommendations presented herein derive from the authors' experiences, which will hopefully be of use to the reader.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot investigation of bovine schistosomiasis on Unguja Island, Zanzibar, raises a new concern for elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis.","authors":"Shaali Ame, Othman Juma, Alexandra Juhász, Mtumweni Ali, Talib S Suleiman, Geoffrey N Gobert, Lucas J Cunningham, Abigail Cawley, Lilly Atkins, Sam Jones, E James LaCourse, Fatma Kabole, J Russell Stothard","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06698-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06698-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our pilot parasitological investigation of cattle, supplemented with molecular DNA characterisation of encountered schistosomes, sheds first light upon bovine schistosomiasis on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. During February 2024, a total of 99 cattle were examined. Of these, 47 were exported animals from the Tanzanian mainland, designated for slaughter at two governmental abattoirs (Kisakasaka and Muwanda), and 52 were free-grazing animals sampled from four grazing locations within the island's North and West-B regions. Upon visual inspection of 31 cattle carcasses at Kisakasaka for adult worms, the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis was 51.6%; however, upon faecal miracidia hatching test (MHT) it was 80.6%. At Muwanda, only faecal MHT was used, finding a much lower prevalence of 12.5%. In free-grazing animals, the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis by MHT was 0.0%. At Muwanda, the animal quarantine paddock was in disrepair, inclusive of a large pond now acting as a watering point. Here, numerous Bulinus forskalii sp. were found. Whilst no snails were observed to shed schistosome cercariae, molecular xenomonitoring did detect a pre-patent infection prevalence of 10.8%, with Schistosoma bovis firmly incriminated. Molecular DNA characterisation of adult schistosomes (n = 19) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-resolution melt profiling, alongside DNA sequencing, also identified S. bovis, although two worms were putative S. bovis-S. mattheei hybrids. Atypical intrauterine eggs of S. bovis were noted upon microscopy of a worm pair. A broader screen of 92 miracidia confirmed S. bovis and three miracidia as S. bovis-S. mattheei hybrids. Contrasting with Pemba Island, Zanzibar, where autochthonous transmission of S. bovis can occur, bovine schistosomiasis on Unguja Island currently appears restricted to imported animals alone. However, the seminal detection of putative S. bovis-mattheei hybrids, alongside the current inadequate quarantine facilities at Muwanda, raises a new concern that such hybrid schistosomes may escape and enter the island's hinterland. Should this happen, surveillance and control of urogenital schistosomiasis on Unguja would be compromised and further complicated. We therefore strongly recommend immediate repair and improved maintenance of governmental animal quarantine facilities. Future epidemiological surveys of imported cattle are now well justified, not only to better understand the full repertoire of hybrid schistosomes present but also to develop appropriate mitigating interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11883948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breed-dependent associations of production characteristics with on-farm seropositivity for Ostertagia ostertagi in dairy cows.","authors":"Lisa Kuehne, Martina Hoedemaker, Christina Strube, Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer, Andrea Springer, Andreas W Oehm","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06728-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06728-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pasture-borne parasites like Ostertagia ostertagi have a negative effect on dairy cow health and productivity. The aim of the present study was to assess potential breed-dependent associations of O. ostertagi seropositivity with dairy cow production traits, i.e. milk yield, milk fat and milk protein.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We describe these associations in German Holstein (GH) cows, a specialised dairy breed, compared with a dual-purpose breed, i.e. German Simmental (SIM). Data from 560 farms across Germany housing 93,030 dairy cows were included. Of the 560 farms, 383 farms housed GH cows and 177 housed SIM. Potential breed-dependent associations of O. ostertagi seropositivity with production characteristics were explored via a two-way interaction term using quantile regression. Pasture access, farming type (organic vs. conventional), herd size (number of cows) and study year were included as confounders. The relationship of O. ostertagi seropositivity with production traits based on breed was further examined via estimated marginal means.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ostertagia ostertagi bulk tank milk (BTM) seropositivity was associated with lower median milk yield, milk fat and milk protein on GH farms, whereas no differences could be detected between seropositive and seronegative SIM farms. The difference in the production parameters per cow and year at GH farms associated with O. ostertagi seropositivity were 631.6 kg milk yield (P < 0.001), 20.0 kg milk fat (P < 0.001) and 17.0 kg milk protein (P = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicated differential associations of O. ostertagi seropositivity and production level of cows depending on breed. Our results suggest that seropositivity is associated with lower milk yield, milk fat and milk protein in high-performance dairy breeds, whereas no such association may be present in dual-purpose breeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11883928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment of an Aedes flavivirus and its effect on pathogenic flavivirus replication in mosquitoes.","authors":"Yumei Fu, Wan Zhao, Shaohui Wu, Jinqian Li, Qing Liu, Feng Jiang, Hong Lu, Le Kang, Qianfeng Xia, Feng Cui","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06711-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06711-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mosquitoes are efficient vectors of medically significant flaviviruses and serve as hosts for insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs). Aedes flavivirus (AEFV) is a classical ISF. Given the increasing discovery of ISFs, it is urgent to evaluate the potential risk of ISFs to human health as well as their impact on the transmission of pathogenic flaviviruses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We isolated a strain of AEFV from wild Aedes albopictus populations in Hainan Province, China, using iodixanol density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The infection of the AEFV Hainan strain in Aedes, Culex, and four mammalian cell lines was investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, and relative and absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Whether AEFV alters the vector competence of Ae. albopictus for pathogenic arboviruses and the underlying immune mechanisms were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AEFV Hainan strain showed close genetic similarity to strains from Yunnan province of China, Thailand, and Peru. This strain was capable of infecting Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti but not Culex quinquefasciatus. Cell entry was the critical barrier for AEFV infection in Cx. quinquefasciatus cells. The infection risk of the AEFV Hainan strain in four mammalian cells (BHK-21, Vero, 293 T, and HeLa) was quite low due to the failure of cell entry or extremely limited replication. Prior infection of AEFV was detrimental to the replication of Zika virus and dengue virus serotype 2 in Ae. albopictus through activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, Toll, or RNA interference pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our work excludes the risk of the AEFV Hainan strain to human health and highlights its potential as an immune inducer to sabotage Aedes mosquito ability for viral transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asian tiger mosquito in the oil-producing city of Soyo: the first report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Angola.","authors":"José Franco Martins, Arlete Dina Troco, Cátia Marques, Vicente Chipepa, Gonçalo Seixas, João Pinto, Luzala Garcia, Cani Pedro Jorge, Eusébio Manuel, Gonçalo Alves","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06741-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06741-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894), is a highly invasive species that has successfully colonized many tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Its rapid global spread is strongly associated with human activities and has created favorable conditions for the emergence of human arboviruses in new geographic areas.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mosquito larvae were collected by community health workers from different breeding sites and reared to adults in a field insectary. Adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species level. Species identification was confirmed by cytochrome oxidase subunit I DNA barcoding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report the first detection of Aedes albopictus in Angola during an Anopheles stephensi survey conducted in Soyo, Zaire Province. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Angolan Ae. albopictus population clusters with sequences from Central African countries, suggesting an introduction from within the continent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presence of Ae. albopictus in Angola highlights the need for enhanced vector surveillance and control measures to prevent the emergence of arboviral diseases. This finding emphasizes the relevance of collaboration between local health authorities, communities, and international organizations in monitoring the spread of invasive mosquito species.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory proteins ameliorate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.","authors":"Moon-Ju Kim, Hee Min Yoo, Yu Jeong Lee, Hyun Hee Jang, Seung Cheol Shim, Eun Jeong Won, Tae-Jong Kim","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06677-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06677-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to investigate whether substances secreted by Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory protein (CS-ESP) have an effect on the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to identify specific peptides through related proteomic analysis to determine which proteins exhibit anti-inflammatory effects more specifically.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from healthy controls (HCs), RA and AS patients. Cytotoxicity of CS-ESP at different doses was assessed by MTS and flow cytometry before performing experiments. Inflammatory cytokine producing cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. To determine the effect of CS-ESP in an arthritis mouse model, 8-week-old SKG mice were injected intraperitoneally with curdlan and treated with CS-ESP; body weight and paw swelling were checked twice a week. Inflammation was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. We conducted proteomic analysis on CS-ESP and identified specific Cs-GT and Cs-Severin proteins. In vitro effect of coculture with Cs-GT and Cs-Severin was determined by inflammatory cytokine measurements.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Treatment with CS-ESP resulted in no reduced cell viability of PBMCs. In experiments culturing PBMCs, the frequencies of IL-17A and GM-CSF producing cells were significantly reduced after CS-ESP treatment. In the SKG mouse model, CS-ESP treatment significantly suppressed clinical score, arthritis and enthesitis. Treatment with Cs-GT and Cs-Severin resulted in no reduced cell viability of HC PBMCs. After Cs-GT and Cs-Severin treatment of HC PBMC, the frequencies of IL-17A and GM-CSF producing cells were significantly reduced.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We provide evidence showing that CS-ESP, Cs-GT and Cs-Severin can ameliorate clinical signs and cytokine derangements in AS.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemozoin: a waste product after heme detoxification?","authors":"Jun Sun, Chuantao Fang, Xixi Qin, Wenwen Si, Fei Wang, Yanna Li, Xiaoli Yan","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06699-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06699-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hemozoin is considered a waste byproduct of heme detoxification following hemoglobin digestion; consequently, the biological functions of hemozoin in hemozoin-producing organisms have often been overlooked. However, recent findings indicate that Schistosoma hemozoin facilitates the transfer of iron from erythrocytes to eggs through its formation and degradation, thereby increasing interest in the role of malarial hemozoin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using transmission electron microscopy, we compared the formation of Schistosoma hemozoin and malaria hemozoin. Through transcriptome analysis of different stages of P. falciparum 3D7^WT and P. falciparum 3D7^C580Y,- where the latter serves as a control with reduced hemozoin production, -we analyzed expression patterns of genes related to DNA synthesis, iron, and heme utilization. Using light microscopy, we observed hemozoin aggregation following artemether treatment, and macrophage morphology after ingesting hemozoin in vivo and in vitro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Similar to Schistosoma hemozoin, malaria hemozoin consists of heme aggregation and a lipid matrix, likely involved in lipid processing and the utilization of heme and iron. Transcriptome analysis reveals that during the trophozoite stage, the expression levels of these genes in P. falciparum 3D7^WT and P. falciparum 3D7C580Y are higher than those during the schizont stage. Correspondingly, less hemozoin was detected at the trophozoite stage, while more was observed during the schizont stage. These results suggest that when more heme and iron are utilized, less heme is available for hemozoin formation. Conversely, when less heme and iron are utilized, they can accumulate for hemozoin formation during the schizont stage, likely benefiting lipid remodeling. Disruption of heme utilization and hemozoin aggregation may lead to parasite death. In addition, the hemozoin released by schizonts can impair macrophage functions, potentially protecting merozoites from phagocytosis. Furthermore, it may be carried by gametocytes into the next host, fulfilling their requirements for iron and heme during their development in mosquitoes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hemozoin is not a waste byproduct of heme detoxification but instead plays a crucial role in the parasite's life cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational histology reveals that concomitant application of insect repellent with sunscreen impairs UV protection in an ex vivo human skin model.","authors":"Sophie Charrasse, Titouan Poquillon, Charlotte Saint-Omer, Audrey Schunemann, Mylène Weill, Victor Racine, Abdel Aouacheria","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06712-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06712-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Histological alterations such as nuclear abnormalities are sensitive biomarkers associated with diseases, tissue injury and environmental insults. While visual inspection and human interpretation of histology images are useful for initial characterization, such low-throughput procedures suffer from inherent limitations in terms of reliability, objectivity and reproducibility. Artificial intelligence and digital morphometry offer unprecedented opportunities to quickly and accurately assess nuclear morphotypes in relation to tissue damage including skin injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this work, we designed NoxiScore, a pipeline providing an integrated, deep learning-based software solution for fully automated and quantitative analysis of nucleus-related features in histological sections of human skin biopsies. We used this pipeline to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three dermato-cosmetic products massively sold at the time of the study in the Montpellier area (South of France): a sunscreen containing UV filters, a mosquito repellent (with synthetic active ingredient IR3535) and a product combining a natural insect repellent plus a sunscreen. Hematoxylin and eosin or hematoxylin-eosin saffron staining was performed to assess skin structure before morphometric parameter computation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report the identification of a specific nuclear feature based on variation in texture information that can be used to assess skin tissue damage after oxidative stress or UV exposure. Our data show that application of the commercial sun cream provided efficient protection against UV effects in our ex vivo skin model, whereas application of the mosquito repellent as a single product exerted no protective or toxic effect. Notably, we found that concurrent application of the insect repellent with the sunscreen significantly decreased the UVB protective effect of the sunscreen. Last, histometric analysis of human skin biopsies from multiple donors indicates that the sunscreen-insect repellent combo displayed variable levels of protection against UV irradiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To our knowledge, our study is the first to evaluate the potential toxicity of combining real-life sunscreen and insect repellent products using ex vivo human skin samples, which most closely imitate the cutaneous physiology. The NoxiScore wet-plus-dry methodology has the potential to provide information about the pharmaco-toxicological profile of topically applied formulations and may also be useful for diagnostic purposes and evaluation of the skin exposome including pesticide exposure, air pollution and water contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"84"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Toscana virus in blood donors in mainland Portugal.","authors":"Rafael Rocha, Elif Kurum, Nazli Ayhan, Rémi Charrel, Carla Maia","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06726-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06726-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Toscana virus (TOSV; Phlebovirus toscanaense), a phlebovirus transmitted by sand flies, is a growing public health concern in the Mediterranean region, with infections often being asymptomatic but potentially leading to neuroinvasive disease. Despite its presence in neighboring countries, data on TOSV seroprevalence in Portugal are limited. This study aimed to estimate the national seroprevalence of TOSV among blood donors in mainland Portugal and explore associations with sociodemographic factors and Leishmania infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted using serum samples from 3593 blood donors across mainland Portugal, collected between February and June 2022. Anti-TOSV antibodies were detected via microneutralization assay, and anti-Leishmania antibodies had previously been tested using ELISA. Sociodemographic data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Seroprevalence was estimated by region, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with TOSV infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the estimated national true seroprevalence of TOSV was 2.6% (95% CI 2.1-3.1%). Regional seroprevalence varied significantly, with the highest values (up to 14.8%) in Alto Alentejo, Baixo Alentejo, Douro, Alto Tâmega e Barroso and Oeste regions. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 50 years (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.04-2.77), residing in the Alentejo region (aOR 3.05, 95% CI 1.85-5.02) and positive/borderline Leishmania serology (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.29-4.15) were significantly associated with TOSV infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights new areas of TOSV circulation in Portugal, particularly in regions with higher Leishmania seroprevalence and visceral leishmaniasis incidence, suggesting co-circulation of these pathogens. Although a lower seroprevalence was obtained compared to neighboring countries, TOSV should still be considered in the differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and encephalitis in Portugal, especially in potentially high-risk regions. Further research is needed to better understand the ecological drivers of TOSV distribution in Portugal.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11874794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection with Babesia bovis alters metabolic rates of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks across life stages.","authors":"Kayla N Earls, Karen Poh, Massaro Ueti, Kennan Oyen","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06645-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06645-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic responses to infection differ based on arthropod and pathogen. Increased metabolic rates can result in faster depletion of energetic resources, and decreases may allow for energy conservation. Babesia bovis is a protozoan pathogen transmitted by the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. Adult female ticks acquire B. bovis by feeding on an infected animal. Babesia bovis undergoes development and invades the ovaries where it is transmitted transovarially to tick offspring. The effects of infection on R. microplus metabolic rate are not well studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested the hypothesis that R. microplus infected with B. bovis would have altered metabolic rates (volume of carbon dioxide [VCO₂]) across life stages using flow-through respirometry. Replete females from either an infected or naïve calf were measured across 3 days to determine differences in VCO₂. Hemolymph smears were used to categorize the number of B. bovis kinetes present in the hemolymph of replete females during egg oviposition. The VCO₂ for groups of their offspring were measured twice as eggs and once as larvae. The number of individuals and successfully hatched larvae in each group were enumerated at the end of the experiment to determine the average VCO₂ per individual.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Infected replete females have decreased VCO₂ while their offspring have increased VCO₂ at the egg and larval stages. Interestingly, replete females had a 25% reduction in body mass compared to uninfected female tick controls. Uninfected larvae were twice as likely to hatch than larvae from infected replete female ticks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>VCO₂ varied between control and infected ticks depending on life stage. Infected replete females had lower VCO₂ and body mass while their offspring had higher VCO₂ than their control counterparts. Higher larval VCO₂ may promote earlier questing and a shorter lifespan. Changes in metabolic and hatch rates have implications that may promote disease spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11872307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}