Parasites & Vectors最新文献

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes: insight into the inhibitory role of Trem2 on TLR4/TRAF6/JNK signaling pathway.","authors":"Yining Cao, Feifei Fu, Fei Ju, Chenyu Wu, Tiankun Yao, Mei Yang, Baolan Sun, Jinling Chen","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07000-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07000-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Decidual macrophages (dMφs) are not only essential for maintaining normal pregnancy but also serve as crucial immune defenders against infections, including Toxoplasma gondii. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), as a critical immunoregulatory receptor on dMφs, can counteract inflammation and defend against pathogen infection. However, the mechanisms underlying the Trem2 downstream pathways during T. gondii infection-particularly their impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs)-remain elusive.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The interaction between Trem2 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was initially predicted through molecular docking models and subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, using both animal models and cellular systems to examine the impact of Trem2 knockout, overexpression, and TLR4-blocking antibody treatment on downstream signaling molecules as well as cytokine production.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The interaction between Trem2 and TLR4 was validated. Trem2 downregulation during T. gondii infection coincided with increased TLR4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, while Trem2 knockout further enhanced TLR4/TRAF6/JNK signaling in mice and macrophages. Conversely, Trem2 overexpression suppressed this signaling cascade and reversed T. gondii-induced activation. Treatment with a TLR4-blocking antibody inhibited TRAF6 and P-JNK activation in macrophages but did not affect Trem2 expression. Additionally, Trem2-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) exhibited elevated transcription of TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) upon T. gondii antigen stimulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Trem2 deficiency in pregnant mice promotes the TLR4/TRAF6/JNK signaling cascade following T. gondii infection. This study demonstrates that Trem2 acts as a pregnancy-specific inhibitor of TLR4/TRAF6/JNK signaling, providing novel mechanistic insights into T. gondii-induced APOs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"396"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Vector Guard®, a mosaic alpha-cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide-treated net, for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: a non-inferiority experimental hut evaluation in Benin.","authors":"Judicael Nounagnon, Martial Gbegbo, Abel Agbevo, Estelle Vigninou, Boris N'dombidjé, Corine Ngufor","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07038-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07038-w","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) incorporating pyrethroids with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) have demonstrated enhanced effectiveness against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant vectors compared with standard pyrethroid-only ITNs. To sustain progress in malaria prevention, a broader portfolio of effective pyrethroid-PBO nets is required to promote market diversity and strengthen supply resilience. In this study, we evaluated the entomological efficacy and wash durability of Vector Guard®, a novel mosaic alpha-cypermethrin-PBO ITN, against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (An. gambiae s.l.) in southern Benin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;An experimental hut trial was conducted in Covè, Benin, against wild, free-flying An. gambiae s.l. The effectiveness of the Vector Guard® ITN was tested unwashed and after 20 standardized washes, and also compared to two WHO-prequalified ITNs: Olyset® Plus (a permethrin-PBO net) and Royal Sentry® 2.0 (an alpha-cypermethrin-only net). Primary outcomes were mosquito mortality and blood-feeding protection. Susceptibility bioassays were conducted to assess local vector resistance to insecticides. Laboratory cone and tunnel tests were also performed to help explain the finding in the experimental huts. Chemical content analyses were performed to investigate active ingredient wash retention. Vector Guard® was assessed for its non-inferiority to Olyset® Plus following WHO guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The wild An. gambiae s.l. population at Covè exhibited high frequencies of pyrethroid resistance, with PBO pre-exposure restoring partial susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin (34% vs 4% mortality) but not to permethrin (2.0% vs 2.1% mortality). A total of 6799 females were collected in the experimental huts. Vector Guard® outperformed both Royal Sentry® 2.0 and Olyset® Plus across all entomological endpoints. Mortality with Vector Guard® was significantly higher than with Olyset® Plus both when unwashed (36.4% vs 17.5%, p &lt; 0.001) and after 20 washes (17.2% vs 8.7%, p &lt; 0.001). Non-inferiority analysis with pooled data for unwashed and washed nets confirmed that Vector Guard® was non-inferior to Olyset® Plus in terms of both mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.26-3.24, non-inferiority margin [NIM] 0.423) and blood-feeding protection (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.45-0.62, NIM: 1.359). These findings were supported by the results from the cone and tunnel tests. Chemical analysis showed higher wash retention of active ingredients in Vector Guard® (83% for PBO and &gt; 94% for alpha-cypermethrin) compared to Olyset® Plus (40.2% for PBO and 69.6% for permethrin).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Vector Guard® demonstrated superior entomological efficacy and wash durability compared to Royal Sentry® 2.0 and Olyset® Plus, and fulfilled WHO non-inferiority criteria for mosquito mortality and blood-feeding inhibition. These findings support its addit","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Investigation of bacterial microbiota variability in two allopatric populations of Nyssomyia umbratilis, susceptible and nonsusceptible to Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis infection in the Amazon region.","authors":"Eric Fabrício Marialva, Keillen Monick Martins-Campos, Victor Ramos de Almeida, Claudia María Ríos-Velasquez, Antônio Jorge Tempone, Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa, Yara Maria Traub-Cseko","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07034-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07034-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12482886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental correlates and fine-scale distribution of Amblyomma americanum, Ehrlichia spp., and Rickettsia amblyommatis at a single site in south-central Virginia.","authors":"Dayvion R Adams, Roland Kays, Michael H Reiskind","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06999-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06999-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As tick-borne disease cases surge in the southeastern United States, there is a growing need to understand the ecological risk factors and distribution of the most abundant tick vector, Amblyomma americanum. While previous research has examined ecological factors influencing other tick vectors, such as Ixodes scapularis, few studies have evaluated micro-landscape variables associated with A. americanum abundance. Moreover, the spatial distribution of tick vectors is rarely studied at biologically relevant, fine-scale resolutions (i.e., < 100 m).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we applied a 5-m² sampling grid to a field site with diverse habitat structure to identify the micro-landscape variables associated with adult and nymphal abundance of A. americanum using linear modeling approaches. We also characterized the spatial distribution patterns of both life stages across our field site using hotspot analyses. Lastly, we applied the same hotspot analyses to ticks infected with Ehrlichia spp. and Rickettsia amblyommatis, two microbial agents associated with A. americanum in nature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that different landscape variables at field site influenced adult and nymphal abundance of A. americanum, with edge habitat emerging as a significant predictor for both life stages. While adults were broadly distributed across habitat types, nymphs were more spatially restricted to forested areas, aligning with previous observations of nymphal distribution patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The significance of edge habitat and forest variables on A. americanum abundance highlights promising targets for control interventions and can be used to develop public health recommendations to reduce tick encounter risk and subsequent pathogen transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Human-to-Anopheles dirus mosquito transmission of the anthropozoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi.","authors":"Chalermpon Kumpitak, Apisak Duangmanee, Waraporn Thongyod, Nattawan Rachaphaew, Chayanut Suansomjit, Khajohnpong Manopwisedjaroen, Pyae Linn Aung, Hisham Ahmed Imad, Liwang Cui, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool, Sirasate Bantuchai","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07061-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07061-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12482006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved ovitrap-based surveillance framework: facilitating cost-efficient monitoring and efficacy assessment of integrated vector management strategies for dengue outbreak control.","authors":"Xiang Guo, Shihan Liu, Xiaohua Liu, Kaihao Chen, Wushen Chen, Zhenyu Huang, Ziyao Li, Shu Zeng, Haiyang Chen, Qing He, Liu Ge, Yijia Guo, Xiaming Chen, Zhiqiang Peng, Benyun Shi, Jiming Liu, Xiao-Guang Chen, Xiaohong Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07002-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07002-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Dengue fever, transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, remains one of the most pervasive mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. In China, the mosquito oviposition trap (MOT) - based Aedes monitoring system has become a cornerstone for dengue prevention and control. However, during outbreaks, this system faces operational challenges because of its labour-intensive nature and time requirements, limiting its efficiency for rapid vector control assessment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Based on the oviposition behavior of Ae. albopictus, a novel Improved Ovitrap (IMT) was designed, featuring a bucket-shaped body and a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) oviposition band. Two field investigations were conducted in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Field Investigation 1 focused on continuous mosquito surveillance to evaluate the effectiveness of the IMT. Distance-incremental spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to determine the monitoring radius of the IMTs, and suitable sampling fractions were estimated to identify the optimal sampling density. Field Investigation 2 aimed to compare the monitoring effectiveness of the IMT and the standard MOT for Ae. albopictus. Finally, an IMT-based surveillance strategy was proposed for local dengue epidemic control and was preliminarily implemented within case-area targeted intervention (CATI) practices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Our research established a significant positive correlation between the newly developed new Ovitrap Index (NOI) and the existing mosquito or oviposition positive index (MOI), which facilitated the creation of a IMT based surveillance strategy for dengue outbreak response. This optimized system recommends deploying six IMTs per standard 120,000 m2 CATI zone, maintaining continuous 24-hour monitoring cycles until official outbreak resolution, and implementing NOI threshold categories (0, 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, and ≥40) analogous to established MOI standards. Following successful implementation during three 2024 Guangdong CATI initiatives, this strategy has proven adaptable to complex urban environments while providing daily surveillance capabilities superior to those of conventional MOI-based systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In the present study, the IMT was developed and evaluated for field surveillance of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. The core usage parameters of the IMT-based surveillance system, including the working radius and area deployment density, have been determined using systematic field investigations combined with mathematical modelling assessments. Furthermore, a novel strategy utilizing the IMT for evaluating the efficacy of integrated mosquito vector management in CATI during dengue outbreaks has been proposed. Preliminary results have confirmed the feasibility of using the IMT at outbreak sites, providing valuable support for CATI-based implementation. This innovative monitoring system offers an alternative","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12462179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early host-parasite interaction models reveal a key role for fibrinolysis in Fasciola hepatica intestinal migration.","authors":"Judit Serrat, Marta López-García, María Torres-Valle, Verónica Molina-Hernández, María Teresa Ruiz-Campillo, Mar Siles-Lucas, Javier González-Miguel","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06992-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06992-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fasciola hepatica is the most common etiologic agent of fasciolosis, a parasitic disease that affects millions of ruminants worldwide and a zoonotic human infection of public health concern. Upon ingestion of infective metacercariae, F. hepatica newly excysted juveniles (FhNEJ) emerge in the duodenum and cross the intestinal wall to initiate a migration route that culminates with their establishment within the hepatic bile ducts. The ability of FhNEJ to exploit the broad-spectrum activities of host plasmin, the central protease of the fibrinolytic system, has been proposed as a strategy employed by these parasites to migrate across the intestinal wall while minimising energy expenditure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mouse intestinal epithelial cells (mPSIEC) were stimulated with FhNEJ and plasminogen (PLG), the zymogen of plasmin, to understand whether FhNEJ-stimulated plasmin generation modulates processes relevant to parasite migration through the intestinal wall, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and the secretion of ECM-degrading enzymes. Plasmin-mediated cellular responses were further examined by proteomic analysis of mPSIEC whole-cell lysates. In parallel, the contribution of the fibrinolytic system in FhNEJ migration was studied in vivo by infecting mice with F. hepatica metacercariae following pharmacological inhibition of fibrinolysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Co-stimulation of mPSIEC with FhNEJ and PLG led to increased plasmin generation in the intestinal pericellular space, which was associated with enhanced collagen degradation and secretion of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator. In addition, using independent cell culture replicates and a stringent statistical pipeline, we identified a robust set of differentially expressed proteins in mPSIEC following stimulation with FhNEJ and PLG. These proteins were involved in cell adhesion, migration, ECM remodelling, immune evasion and fibrinolysis. Despite inter-experimental variability, FhNEJ migration in mice was reduced upon pharmacological inhibition of fibrinolysis, supporting the contribution of host fibrinolysis to parasite invasion in vivo.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Altogether, this work provides unprecedented insights into the role of the host fibrinolytic system to FhNEJ migration across mammalian host tissues, thereby advancing our understanding of host-parasite relationships during early stage fasciolosis and highlighting interesting directions for future research in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12462368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field efficacy of Febantel, Pyrantel embonate and Praziquantel (Drontal® Tasty) against naturally acquired intestinal helminths of hunting dogs in southern Italy.","authors":"Farwa Humak, Francesco Buono, Vincenzo Veneziano, Diego Piantedosi, Elisa Castaldo, Stefano Scarcelli, Francesco Locantore, Anna Paola Rivolta, Stefania Rotondi, Norbert Mencke, Katrin Blazejak","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07027-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07027-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dogs in rural areas and hunting dogs in particular, are at higher risk of intestinal helminth infections compared with family dogs. Thus, certain management practices including faecal/coprological analysis, implementing regular deworming protocols, post-treatment evaluations and high-quality hygiene are required in hunting dogs to maintain their health and activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Drontal^® Tasty (Vetoquinol S.A.) for the treatment of gastrointestinal helminths in naturally infected hunting dogs in Italy during the hunting and non-hunting season.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hunting dogs (n = 387) faecal samples were collected from Campania and Basilicata regions, and study was divided into two phases: hunting (P1) and non-hunting (P2) periods. Each sample was screened using Mini-FLOTAC technique with ZnSO₄ as flotation medium (SG: 1.350). The dogs (n = 142) were enrolled on the basis of pre-screening faecal egg counts at day 0 of P1. Dogs exhibiting ≥ 50 EPG species were treated on day 0 of P1 and sampled on day 0, 7 and 14 for faecal analysis. Dogs enrolled in P1 were again controlled in P2 (n = 128) regardless of EPG following the same scheme of P1. The primary criterion for treatment efficacy was the reduction of faecal egg count after D7 and D14 in both P1 and P2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The anthelmintic efficacy of Drontal^® Tasty against Toxocara canis was 99.7% and 100% at day 14 in P1 and P2, respectively; for Toxascaris leonina 100% at day 14 in P1, for Ancylostomatidae 100% at day 14 in both P1 and P2; for Trichuris vulpis 88.6% and 99.8% at day 14 in P1 and P2, respectively. For Dipylidium caninum and Taeniidae no positive dogs were detected at day 14 in P1. Although drug is off label for the control of Capillaria spp. the Faecal Egg Count Reduction ranging from 42.1% to 84.5% in P1 and P2, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Drontal^® Tasty was well-tolerated and safe against major nematodes and cestodes in hunting dogs. It is the optimum choice to treat helminth infection in hunting dogs under field condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12462201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticide resistance and the role of target-site insensitivity mutations among malaria vectors in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Zhiquan He, Dan Wang, Yuanjing Kou, Ying Liu, Dongyang Zhao, Chengyun Yang, Ruimin Zhou, Hongwei Zhang, Yan Deng","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07020-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-07020-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria, which is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), remains a critical global public health problem. Vector control interventions, particularly insecticide-based strategies, are pivotal for malaria control and elimination, as the efficacy of these interventions is heavily dependent on the high susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides. However, insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors poses a considerable threat to the sustainability of these control efforts. Notably, no synthesis data on insecticide resistance have been reported in China in recent decades.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the mortality rates and frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1) mutations in Anopheles mosquitoes. The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from 2000 to 2024 to identify relevant articles. Meta-analysis was performed using R and Stata software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty articles reporting 30,065 An. sinensis were included. The pooled mortality rate for insecticide resistance was 61% [95% confidence interval (CI): 53-68]. The mortality rates of various insecticides were as follows: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 49%; deltamethrin, 47%; malathion, 81%; propoxur, 69%; permethrin, 61%; beta-cyfluthrin, 28%; fenitrothion, 82%; beta-cypermethrin, 48%; cyfluthrin, 59%; and lambda-cyhalothrin, 56%. Moreover, the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) to insecticides was 36%, whereas the frequency of acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1) resistance was 78%. Kdr genotype analysis revealed that 13% of the reported mosquitoes were homozygote resistant, 13% were heterozygote resistant, and 74% were zygote susceptible. Ace-1 genotype analysis revealed that 42% of the reported mosquitoes were homozygote resistant, 25% were heterozygote resistant, and 33% were zygote susceptible.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Of An. sinensis, 36% had kdr mutations, and 78% had ace-1 mutations. These vectors were resistant to pyrethroid, organochlorine, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides. To prevent the development of resistance to alternative insecticides, it is critical to target Anopheles mosquitoes with novel chemical insecticides or biocontrol approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12462112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome diversity in mosquitoes and sand flies: implications for vector competence.","authors":"Gnanasekar Ragini, Mahima K Mani, Rohit Sharma, Nikhil Bharadwaj, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan, Manju Rahi","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06964-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06964-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquitoes and sand flies are the most important vectors of several human diseases. A comprehensive analysis of the diversity and composition of the microbiome in mosquitoes and sandflies is important. It emphasises shared traits and distinctive differences between these vector species. Recent findings have demonstrated that physiological, environmental and ecological factors influence the diversity of these microbial communities. A deeper understanding of the functional roles of specific microbial taxa, such as their ability to modulate host immune responses or directly interact with pathogens, reveals exciting opportunities for innovative vector management strategies. These strategies could leverage microbiome manipulation to disrupt the transmission of disease-causing agents. However, despite notable advancements, critical gaps remain in unravelling the precise mechanisms by which these microbiome compositions influence vector competence. Ultimately, this understanding can be leveraged to harness the potential of microbiome-based interventions in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases. This review explores the intricate relationships between microbial communities and key vectors, highlighting how these interactions influence the dynamics of pathogen transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12462317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}