Paediatric Respiratory Reviews最新文献

{"title":"The lower airway microbiome in paediatric health and chronic disease","authors":"S Campbell ,&nbsp;K Gerasimidis ,&nbsp;S Milling ,&nbsp;AJ Dicker ,&nbsp;R Hansen ,&nbsp;RJ Langley","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of next generation sequencing has rapidly challenged the paediatric respiratory physician’s understanding of lung microbiology and the role of the lung microbiome in host health and disease. In particular, the role of “microbial key players” in paediatric respiratory disease is yet to be fully explained. Accurate profiling of the lung microbiome in children is challenging since the ability to obtain lower airway samples coupled with processing “low-biomass specimens” are both technically difficult. Many studies provide conflicting results. Early microbiota-host relationships may be predictive of the development of chronic respiratory disease but attempts to correlate lower airway microbiota in premature infants and risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have produced mixed results. There are differences in lung microbiota in asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF). The increased abundance of oral taxa in the lungs may (or may not) promote disease processes in asthma and CF. In CF, correlation between microbiota diversity and respiratory decline is commonly observed. When one considers other pathogens beyond the bacterial kingdom, the contribution and interplay of fungi and viruses within the lung microbiome further increase complexity. Similarly, the interaction between microbial communities in different body sites, such as the gut-lung axis, and the influence of environmental factors, including diet, make the co-existence of host and microbes ever more complicated. Future, multi-omics approaches may help uncover novel microbiome-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets in respiratory disease and explain how we can live in harmony with our microbial companions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary fibrosis treatment in children – What have we learnt from studies in adults?","authors":"Michael B. Jia ,&nbsp;Dominic A. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in children is a rare complication of specific forms of childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILD) with extremely limited scientific evidence to guide optimal management. Whilst there continues to be significant progress in PF management for adult populations, paediatric guidelines have stagnated. New anti-fibrotic medications (nintedanib and pirfenidone) are finding regular use amongst adult PF patients but remain largely unstudied and untested in children. Although there are major differences between the two age-group populations, it is useful to learn from the evolution of adult PF management, especially in the absence of dedicated paediatric studies. Whilst there have been recent trials aimed at assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs such as nintedanib and hydroxychloroquine, there is still a dire need for more research aimed at further assessing current treatment practices and evaluating the safety and efficacy of new emerging treatments in the paediatric population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138553487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of high flow nasal Cannula (HFNC) therapy compared to standard oxygen therapy (SOT) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in bronchiolitis","authors":"Emma C Alexander ,&nbsp;Toranj Wadia ,&nbsp;Padmanabhan Ramnarayan","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span><span>High Flow Nasal Cannula<span> therapy (HFNC) is a form of respiratory support for </span></span>bronchiolitis. Recent evidence confirms HFNC reduces the risk of treatment escalation by nearly half (45%) compared to standard oxygen therapy (SOT), although most patients (75%) with mild-moderate respiratory distress manage well on SOT. The majority of children (60%) failing SOT respond well to HFNC making </span>rescue use of HFNC a more cost-effective approach compared to its first-line use. HFNC is compared to</span> <span>CPAP in the setting of moderate to severe bronchiolitis. Patients on HFNC have a slightly elevated risk of treatment failure especially in severe bronchiolitis, but this does not translate to a significant difference in patient or healthcare centred outcomes. HFNC has improved tolerance, a lower complication rate and is more easily available in peripheral hospitals. It is therefore the preferred first line option followed by rescue CPAP. HFNC is clinically effective and safe to use in bronchiolitis of all severities.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 3-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141402272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Go slow with high flow initiation in bronchiolitis","authors":"Dominic A. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141278422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post viral bronchiolitis obliterans in children: A rare and potentially devastating disease","authors":"Julie Mazenq ,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Dubus ,&nbsp;Pascal Chanez ,&nbsp;Delphine Gras","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a rare but severe disease in children. Several respiratory pathogens are incriminated but <em>adenovirus</em> is still the most represented. Risk factors are well described: the male gender, hypoxemia at diagnosis and required mechanical ventilation. No risk factor is linked to the newborn period. The clinical spectrum of PIBO is broad, ranging from asymptomatic patients with fixed airflow obstruction to severe respiratory insufficiency requiring continuous oxygen supplementation. Diagnosis includes a combination of a clinical history, absence of reversible airflow obstructions and ground glass and gas trapping on high resolution computed tomography. PIBO is primarily a neutrophilic pathology of small bronchioles characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to tissue remodeling and fibrosis of the small airways. The difficulty is to discriminate between the host’s normal response, an exaggerated inflammatory response and the potential iatrogenic consequences of the initial infection treatment, particularly prolonged mechanical ventilation. Damage to the respiratory epithelium with a possible link to viral infections are considered as potential mechanisms of PIBO. No specific management exists. Much remains to be done in this field to clarify the underlying mechanisms, identify biomarkers, and develop clear monitoring pathways and treatment protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 58-65"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141034922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review Of Host-Specific Diagnostic And Surrogate Biomarkers In Children With Pulmonary Tuberculosis","authors":"Junaid Shaik ,&nbsp;Manormoney Pillay ,&nbsp;Prakash Jeena","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common causes of mortality globally with a steady rise in paediatric cases in the past decade. Laboratory methods of diagnosing TB and monitoring response to treatment have limitations. Current research focuses on interrogating host- and/or pathogen-specific biomarkers to address this problem.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We reviewed the literature on host-specific biomarkers in TB to determine their value in diagnosis and treatment response in TB infected and HIV/TB co-infected children on anti-tuberculosis treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Conclusion</h3><div>While no single host-specific biomarker has been identified for diagnosis or treatment responses in children, several studies suggest predictive biosignatures for disease activity. Alarmingly, current data on host-specific biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing anti-tuberculosis treatment in TB/HIV co-infected children is inadequate. Various factors affecting host-specific biomarker responses should be considered in interpreting findings and designing future studies within specific clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140194367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High flow, low results: The limits of high flow nasal cannula in the treatment of bronchiolitis","authors":"Jennifer E. Lane ,&nbsp;Taylor Ford ,&nbsp;Michelle Noelck ,&nbsp;Courtney Byrd","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Bronchiolitis continues to be the most common cause of hospitalization in the first year of life. We continue to search for the remedy that will improve symptoms, shorten hospitalization and prevent worsening of disease. Although initially thought to be a promising therapy, large </span>randomized controlled trials<span> show us that high flow nasal cannula<span><span> (HFNC) use is not that remedy. These trials show no major differences in duration of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, duration of stay in the ICU, duration of oxygen therapy, </span>intubation rates, heart rate, respiratory rate or comfort scores. Additionally, practices regarding initiation, flow rates and weaning continue to vary from institution to institution and there are currently no agreed upon indications for its use. This reveals the need for evidence based guidelines on HFNC use in bronchiolitis.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141392324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous magnesium sulfate for asthma exacerbations in children: Systematic review with meta-analysis","authors":"Dominika Ambrożej ,&nbsp;Aleksander Adamiec ,&nbsp;Erick Forno ,&nbsp;Izabela Orzołek ,&nbsp;Wojciech Feleszko ,&nbsp;Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease<span> in children and constitutes a significant healthcare burden. First-line therapy for acute asthma exacerbations is well established. However, secondary treatments, including intravenous magnesium sulfate (IV-MgSO4), remain variable due to scarcity of data on its efficacy and safety.</span></div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the effectiveness and safety of IV-MgSO4 as a second line of treatment in managing children with asthma exacerbations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><span>We searched five databases from inception until April 2023 on randomized clinical trials of IV-MgSO4 in children with acute asthma exacerbations. The primary outcomes were hospitalization rate and length, and change in the severity score. Secondary outcomes included percentage increase in </span>peak expiratory flow rate<span><span> (PEFR), hospital re-admission rate, need and length for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) treatment, and </span>adverse effects. Meta-analysis was performed for three outcomes with estimated odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</span></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eleven studies met the final criteria. In comparison to control, administration of IV-MgSO4 was associated with a reduced hospitalization risk (OR 0.15; 95%CI: 0.03, 0.73) in four studies, and improvement of lung function (MD 26.77% PEFR; 95%CI: 18.41, 54.79) in two studies. There were no significant differences in the length of stay between groups. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis of other outcomes was performed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The use of IV-MgSO4 demonstrated a reduction in the hospitalization rate and PEFR improvement in children with asthma exacerbations. Adverse effects were rare. Further well-designed studies are needed to better determine the efficacy and safety profile of IV-MgSO4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139875941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing high flow overuse in bronchiolitis − Successes and future directions","authors":"Taylor Ford ,&nbsp;Jennifer Lane ,&nbsp;Michelle Noelck ,&nbsp;Courtney Byrd","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>The use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in the treatment of </span>bronchiolitis has markedly increased in the last decade, yet </span>randomized controlled trials have reported little clinical benefit with early, routine use. This article provides a concise overview of the current status of HFNC therapy, discusses successful de-implementation strategies to curtail HFNC overuse, and explores future bronchiolitis and HFNC quality improvement and research considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 14-17"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141395405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necrotizing Pneumonia In Children: A Review","authors":"Helena Teresinha Mocelin ,&nbsp;Gilberto Bueno Fischer ,&nbsp;Júlia Danezi Piccini ,&nbsp;Júlio de Oliveira Espinel ,&nbsp;Cristiano Feijó Andrade ,&nbsp;Andrew Bush","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the review was to determine the long-term outcomes of necrotising pneumonia (NP). Studies published since 1990 in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, published on PubMed and Scielo were evaluated. Our findings showed ultrasound scanning is the diagnostic modality of choice. Despite prolonged hospitalisation (median 13–27 days) and fever (median 9–16 days), most patients recover completely. Empyema and bronchopleural fistulae are frequent in bacterial NP. <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> is the most prevalent cause. Seventeen studies with 497 patients followed for 30 days to 8.75 years showed that most patients were clinically asymptomatic and had normal lung function. X-ray or CT chest imaging demonstrated that almost all lung lesions recovered within 4–6 months. We suggest that it is not necessary to request frequent chest X-rays during the treatment and recovery process. Chest CT scans should be reserved for specific cases not following the expected clinical course.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Pages 51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139927153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}