Orthopedic Research and Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Mixed Reality Improves 3D Visualization and Spatial Awareness of Bone Tumors for Surgical Planning in Orthopaedic Oncology: A Proof of Concept Study.","authors":"Kwok Chuen Wong,&nbsp;Edgar Yan Sun,&nbsp;Irene Oi Ling Wong,&nbsp;Shekhar Madhukar Kumta","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S421077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S421077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In orthopedic oncology, computer navigation and 3D-printed guides facilitate precise osteotomies only after surgical exposure. Before surgeries start, it is challenging to mentally process and superimpose the virtual medical images onto patients' anatomy for preoperative surgical planning. Mixed Reality (MR) is an immersive technology merging real and virtual worlds, and users can interact with digital objects in real time. Through Head-Mounted Displays, surgeons directly visualize holographic models that overlaid on tumor patients. The technology may facilitate surgical planning before skin incisions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine bone tumor patients were included (July 2021 - Dec 2022). There were six primary bone sarcomas, two benign bone tumors, and one revision pelvic prosthesis. MR applications were created using patients' preoperative medical images. The surgeon examined each patient clinically using the conventional method of viewing 2D images and MR via HMD, Hololens 2. A Likert-Scale (LS) questionnaire and The National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) score were used to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of surgical planning and the surgeon's clinical cognitive workload for the two methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The qualitative survey of the LS questionnaire suggested that the MR group had superior spatial awareness of tumors and was considered more effective as a preoperative planning tool than the conventional group. For NASA-TLX scores, the overall cognitive workload was lower in MR 3D hologram group than in the 2D Group for preoperative clinical assessment. When using MR technology with HMDs, the surgeon reported no discomfort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MR technology may improve 3D visualization and spatial awareness of bone tumors in patients' anatomies and may facilitate surgical planning before skin incisions in orthopedic oncology surgery. With less cognitive load and better ergonomics, surgeons can focus on patients and surgical tasks with MR technology. Further studies must investigate whether MR technology improves clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f0/50/orr-15-139.PMC10402726.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10308805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Unique Way of Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Femur in a 19-Year-Old Female, a Case Report.","authors":"Elsa Daniel Alemayehu,&nbsp;Eskinder Kebede","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S402927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S402927","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Giant Cell tumors (GCT) are benign tumors with aggressive characteristics and the potential to metastasize. These are seldom lethal benign bone tumors but are associated with massive local bony architecture distraction making their treatment difficult, especially if found in peri-articular locations. Several long bone giant cell tumor (GCT) cases have been reported. We report a unique treatment of distal femur GCT in a 19-year-old in a resource-limited setup whose initial presentation was following a pathologic fracture. We used a staged surgical protocol. In the first stage, distal femur resection and implantation of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement spacer for induced membrane formation was done, followed by SIGN nail and non-vascularized fibula strut graft. There was adequate healing and no recurrence was noted during the two-year follow-up.","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"119-127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5d/b4/orr-15-119.PMC10246779.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9965003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction After En Bloc Resection of a Distal Radius Tumor. An Updated and Concise Review.","authors":"Thanapon Chobpenthai,&nbsp;Thanate Poosiripinyo,&nbsp;Chawin Warakul","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S416331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S416331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distal radius is rarely affected by either primary or metastatic bone cancers. The most frequent tumors of the distal radius are giant cell tumors, which are benign tumors with the propensity to invade. En bloc excision of giant cell tumors of the distal radius achieves a low recurrence rate but compromises the wrist joint, necessitates a significant reconstruction, and has functional consequences. Reconstruction after en bloc resection of a distal radius bone tumor is challenging. Furthermore, orthopedic oncologists disagree on treating such long bone anomalies most effectively. The present article summarizes the various biological and non-biological reconstruction techniques performed after en bloc resection of a distal radius tumor, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each reconstruction strategy, and summarizes several case studies and case reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"151-164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/a2/orr-15-151.PMC10422987.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10352061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Alkaptonuric Shoulder: Case Presentation, Review of Literature, and Technical Considerations.","authors":"Moh'd S Dawod,&nbsp;Mohammad N Alswerki,&nbsp;Asem J Darabah,&nbsp;Anas O Satari,&nbsp;Asaad O Alrwashdeh,&nbsp;Zaid N Alaqarbeh,&nbsp;Mohammed S Alisi","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S402214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S402214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>Alkaptonuric shoulder arthropathy is a challenging clinical entity in arthroplasty. In this report, we describe an atypical presentation, technical considerations, a literature review, and some recommendations of significant benefits to shoulder surgeons.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The author's objective in this report is to illustrate the deleterious metabolic effects of ochronosis on cartilage and the development of early arthritis.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This is a case report study, done in May 2021.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Middle East, Jordan.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alkaptonuria is a metabolic disease of amino acid metabolism that can affect multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system manifestations usually involve the spine, knee, and, uncommonly, the shoulder. Tissue ochronosis caused by alkaptonuria can cause significant damage to the joint and surrounding soft tissue envelope. In this case, we presented a patient who has end-stage glenohumeral arthritis and rotator cuff arthropathy secondary to ochronosis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>In this case report, we present a 42-year-old male patient who presented to the clinic with severe right shoulder pain and limitations of the range of motion, especially with abduction. The patient underwent radiographic assessment, which showed a rotator cuff arthropathy combined with advanced degenerative changes of the right glenohumeral joint. The patient underwent reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. After the surgery and on follow-up later on for a period of one year and after a period of physiotherapy and rehabilitation, the patient showed remarkable improvement in the pain and range of motion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Alkaptonuria can have a detrimental effect on the articular cartilage and the surrounding soft tissue envelope, which might manifest clinically as early degenerative arthritis changes in a young adult patient. Shoulder involvement is extremely rare and can manifest with substantial injury to the glenohumeral joint; whenever such extensive damage is present, shoulder arthroplasty is the best treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3a/fb/orr-15-69.PMC10115201.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteoporosis, Fractures, and Blindness Due to a Missense Mutation in the LRP5 Receptor.","authors":"Jake Littman,&nbsp;Chanika Phornphutkul,&nbsp;Celine Saade,&nbsp;Julia Katarincic,&nbsp;Roy Aaron","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S400111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S400111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a genetic disorder whose presentation can include osteoporosis, multiple fractures, and incomplete retinal angiogenesis leading to retinal detachment and blindness if left untreated. Discussed herein are the cases of two pediatric siblings who presented to the orthopedic service with multiple fractures and, through interdisciplinary management, were diagnosed with FEVR and treated appropriately before permanent visual impairment. The skeletal manifestations of FEVR, which have not been explored in depth in prior literature, are described. One sibling presented to orthopedic services for evaluation of a closed distal radius fracture sustained while playing sports. A comprehensive history revealed he had suffered at least four appendicular fractures in his lifetime, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan revealed his bone density to be in the first percentile for his age. Concurrent evaluation of his younger sibling revealed a similar history of multiple fractures and low bone density. Referral to genetic services and ensuing whole-exome sequencing revealed a likely pathogenic variant in both siblings' <i>LRP5</i> gene, the only known causative mutation for FEVR that leads to skeletal manifestations. While FEVR is well known in genetic and ophthalmologic settings, greater awareness of FEVR and other genetic disorders that predispose to fractures in pediatric populations is warranted in orthopedic settings. This will lead to reduced sequelae in pediatric patients with genetic disorders and improved interdisciplinary expertise. The story of these siblings illustrates that a high index of suspicion for genetic diseases is essential when treating children with osteoporosis and growth delays.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/42/9a/orr-15-39.PMC10040166.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9257843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knee Pain After Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing with Surgical Implant Generation Network of Femur Shaft Fractures at Public Hospitals in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia: Analysis of 6-Months Follow-Up Results.","authors":"Tsegalem Birlie,&nbsp;Biniam Biresaw,&nbsp;Elias Yadeta,&nbsp;Tamirat Getachew,&nbsp;Adera Debella,&nbsp;Addis Eyeberu","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S406176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S406176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The incidence of femur fractures in young and elderly people has increased, particularly in countries with limited resources like Ethiopia. Intra-medullary nailing (IM) has been an effective and cost-effective method of treating long bone shaft fractures, but it can lead to complications such as knee pain.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate knee pain and its associated factors following retrograde intramedullary nailing for femur fractures.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The study followed 110 patients diagnosed with femur fractures and treated with retrograde SIGN Standard Nail or Fin Nail from January 2020 to December 2022 at two hospitals in Ethiopia. The patients were followed up for at least 6 months, and data were collected from medical charts, patient interviews, and phone calls to patients who did not attend the follow-up appointment. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with knee pain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study showed that 40 patients reported knee pain at 6-months follow-up, making a prevalence of 36.4%. Factors significantly associated with knee pain were a time of injury to nailing (AOR=4.23, 95% CI: 1.28-13.92), use of a screw to the medial cortex (AOR=9.30, 95% CI: 2.90-12.74), and fracture site (AOR= 2.67, 95% CI: 14.01-7.03). Specifically, the longer the time from injury to nailing, the higher the risk of knee pain. The use of a longer screw to the medial cortex and a fracture site were also positively associated with knee pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concludes that although retrograde intramedullary nail fixation is an effective method for femur fractures, it often results in knee pain. Approximately 4 of 10 patients suffered from knee pain in this study. Avoiding delayed surgical management and minimizing the use of prominent metalwork may reduce knee pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/32/84/orr-15-59.PMC10106822.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9441675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dedifferentiated Low-Grade Osteosarcoma, Outcome with or Without Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Marina Pacheco,&nbsp;Rodolfo Guzmán,&nbsp;Patricia Bonilla","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S404146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S404146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of low-grade osteosarcomas is surgical resection with wide margins. In instances of dedifferentiation, a therapeutic paradigm similar to that of conventional high-grade osteosarcoma has not been adequately evaluated in these neoplasms. The main objective of this review was to define whether the addition of chemotherapy to surgical treatment has an impact on the survival of patients with dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcomas. Secondary objectives were to observe the degree of histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to describe the percentage of de novo dedifferentiation. A systematic search of articles including dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcomas, published between 1980 and 2022 was carried out in the PubMed, Cochrane and Scielo databases. A qualitative synthesis of the results was performed. Twenty-three articles comprising 117 patients were included. The survival of patients treated with surgery alone and surgery with chemotherapy was not statistically significant between the two groups. A good histological response was seen in 20% of specimens treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. De novo dedifferentiation was seen in approximately a fifth of low-grade osteosarcomas. The evidence available suggests that the addition of chemotherapy does not have an impact on the survival of patients with low-grade dedifferentiated osteosarcomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4d/87/orr-15-79.PMC10153403.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9767290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hallux Valgus Interphalangeus with Large Ossicle Formation: A Case Report.","authors":"Raden Andri Primadhi,&nbsp;Rio Aditya,&nbsp;Nucki Nursjamsi Hidajat","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S395950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S395950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hallux valgus interphalangeus (HVIP) is a deviation of the distal phalanx in relation to the proximal phalanx. Its etiology is considered multifactorial, including growth development disturbances, external pressure, and biomechanical alteration involving the interphalangeal joint. Here, we report a case of HVIP with the presence of a large ossicle at the lateral side, which was considered related to HVIP development. A 21-year-old woman presented HVIP that had developed since childhood. She complained of pain in her right great toe that worsened in the previous several months, particularly when walking and wearing shoes. Surgical correction consisted of Akin osteotomy, fixation with headless screw, ossicle excision, and medial capsulorrhaphy. The interphalangeal joint angle was improved from 28.69⁰ pre-operatively to 8.93⁰ post-operatively. The wound healed uneventfully and the patient was satisfied. Akin osteotomy with concomitant ossicle excision was effective in this case. Gaining more knowledge regarding ossicles around the foot will provide a better understanding of deformity correction, especially from the biomechanical standpoint.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"13-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/56/orr-15-13.PMC9969799.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10812294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthopedic Surgical Management of Complicated Congenital Popliteal Pterygium Syndrome: A Case Report.","authors":"Meirizal Hasan,&nbsp;Hilmi Muhammad,&nbsp;C Rayhan Cein,&nbsp;Husein Ahmad,&nbsp;Anak Agung Ngurah Nata Baskara","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S392024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S392024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) is a rare autosomal-dominant condition that causes fixed flexion deformity of the knee. The popliteal webbing and shortening of the surrounding soft tissue could limit the functionality of the affected limb unless it is surgically corrected. We reported a case of PPS in a pediatric patient encountered in our hospital.</p><p><strong>Case: </strong>A 10-month-old boy came with a congenital abnormally flexed left knee with bilateral undescended testis and syndactyly of the left foot. The left popliteal pterygium extending from the buttock to the calcaneus was observed, with an associated fixed flexion contracture of the knee and equine position of the ankle. Normal vascular anatomy was seen in the angiographic CT scan; therefore, multiple Z-plasty and fibrotic band excision were performed. The sciatic trunk was exposed on the popliteal level, and the fascicular segment was excised from the distal stump and sutured to the proximal stump under the microscope to extend the sciatic nerve for approximately 7 cm. No postoperative complications were reported. Multiple tendons and soft tissue reconstruction were performed when the patient was 2-year-old to correct the adductus and equine deformity of the left foot.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Surgical correction for popliteal pterygium demands staged techniques to deal with the shortened structure. In our case, multiple Z-plasty were performed, and the fibrotic band was excised until its base with meticulous consideration of the underlying neurovascular bundle. Fascicular shifting technique for sciatic nerve lengthening can be considered in unilateral popliteal pterygium with difficulty extending the knee due to shortened sciatic nerve. The unfavorable outcome of nerve conduction disturbance resulting from the procedure may be multifactorial. Still, the existing foot deformity, including a certain degree of pes equinovarus could be treated by multiple soft tissue reconstructions and adequate rehabilitation to achieve the desired outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multiple soft tissue procedures resulted in acceptable functional outcomes. However, the nerve grafting procedure is still a challenging task. Further study is required to explore the technique in optimizing the nerve grafting procedure for popliteal pterygium.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/92/bd/orr-15-47.PMC10051030.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9235511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures in the Elderly: Risks and Management Challenges.","authors":"Hayden P Baker,&nbsp;Joseph Gutbrod,&nbsp;Michael Cahill,&nbsp;Lewis Shi","doi":"10.2147/ORR.S340536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S340536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) are a common type of fracture, particularly in older adults, accounting for approximately 5-6% of all fractures. This article provides a comprehensive review of PHFs, focusing on epidemiology, injury mechanism, clinical and radiographic assessment, classification systems, and treatment options. The incidence of PHFs varies across regions, with rates ranging from 45.7 to 60.1 per 100,000 person-years. Females are more susceptible to PHFs than males, and the incidence is highest in women over the age of 85. The injury mechanism of PHFs is typically bimodal, with high-energy injuries predominant in younger individuals and low-energy injuries in the elderly. Clinical assessment of PHFs involves obtaining a thorough history, physical examination, and evaluation of associated injuries, particularly neurovascular injuries. Radiographic imaging helps assess fracture displacement and plan for treatment. The Neer classification system is the most commonly used classification for PHFs, although other systems, such as AO/OTA, Codman-Hertel, and Resch classifications, also exist. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as patient age, activity level, fracture pattern, and surgeon expertise. Nonoperative management is typically preferred for elderly patients with minimal displacement, while operative fixation is considered for more complex fractures. Nonoperative treatment involves sling immobilization followed by physiotherapy, with good outcomes reported for certain fracture patterns. Operative management options include closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP), open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), or arthroplasty. CRPP is suitable for specific fracture patterns, but the quality of reduction is crucial for favorable outcomes. ORIF is used when CRPP is not feasible, and various surgical approaches are available, each with its advantages and potential complications. PHFs are a significant clinical challenge due to their prevalence and complexity. Treatment decisions should be patient centered based on patient factors and fracture severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19608,"journal":{"name":"Orthopedic Research and Reviews","volume":"15 ","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2c/7b/orr-15-129.PMC10312335.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10104591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}