Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.609603
Changsheng Zheng, Zihao Tong, Heng Ding, Ning Zhang, Lei Zhu, Yan Gao, Hong Liu, Qinggang Gao, Tianxiang Meng, Kui Wu, Yongguang Zhao, Zhengping Wang, Huaijin Zhang, Haohai Yu
{"title":"Continuous-wave vacuum-ultraviolet generation at 192 nm by intracavity second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation.","authors":"Changsheng Zheng, Zihao Tong, Heng Ding, Ning Zhang, Lei Zhu, Yan Gao, Hong Liu, Qinggang Gao, Tianxiang Meng, Kui Wu, Yongguang Zhao, Zhengping Wang, Huaijin Zhang, Haohai Yu","doi":"10.1364/OL.609603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.609603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous-wave vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation near 190-200 nm is highly desirable for high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy, precision spectroscopy, and semiconductor metrology, yet compact all-solid-state sources in this spectral region remain challenging due to the limited nonlinear materials and complex cascaded conversion schemes. Here, we propose a straightforward approach for achieving a VUV laser in the continuous-wave regime with only two-step nonlinear conversion processes. As a proof-of-principle study, we choose a visible Pr:YLF laser platform: the 522-nm (<sup>3</sup><i>P</i><sub>1</sub>→<sup>3</sup><i>H</i><sub>5</sub>) laser is at first intracavity frequency-doubled to 261 nm and subsequently sum-frequency mixed with the 721 nm (<sup>3</sup><i>P</i><sub>0</sub>→<sup>3</sup><i>F</i><sub>4</sub>) transition in <i>β</i>-BaB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (BBO), delivering milliwatt-level continuous-wave lasers at 192 nm. The proposed approach with two-step nonlinear-frequency up-conversions offers a markedly simplified path for compact, scalable continuous-wave VUV laser sources across the 190-200 nm spectral region.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4821-4824"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.608721
Xianxin Zhang, Chi Jiang, Taixia Shi, Yang Chen
{"title":"Broadband microwave time-frequency analysis via stabilized period-one oscillation and recirculating frequency shifting with a shared fiber loop.","authors":"Xianxin Zhang, Chi Jiang, Taixia Shi, Yang Chen","doi":"10.1364/OL.608721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.608721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the need for time-frequency analysis (TFA) of broadband microwave signals-and to overcome the reliance of existing schemes on large-bandwidth swept microwave sources-we propose a broadband microwave signal TFA approach based on stabilized period-one (P1) oscillation and recirculating frequency shifting (RFS). By employing a feedback loop, a stable swept optical signal is generated from the stabilized P1 oscillation of a semiconductor laser, and its sweep bandwidth is further extended by an RFS loop to achieve multi-fold bandwidth expansion. To improve system compactness and help reduce relative delay drift, the feedback loop and the RFS loop share a common long fiber. The combined operation produces a broadband swept optical signal, which, through stimulated Brillouin scattering-based frequency-to-time mapping, enables TFA and frequency measurement of broadband microwave signals. Experimental results demonstrate an instantaneous analysis bandwidth of up to 57 GHz, a frequency resolution of 60 MHz, and a maximum mean absolute frequency measurement error of 38.16 MHz.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4992-4995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.611393
Dahao Xu, Nuo Li, Caoyuan Wang, Wenzhe Xiao, Jie Zhu, Yu Qin, Yichun Shen, Limin Xiao
{"title":"Photothermal-induced Brillouin dynamics in CO<sub>2</sub>-filled anti-resonant hollow-core fibers.","authors":"Dahao Xu, Nuo Li, Caoyuan Wang, Wenzhe Xiao, Jie Zhu, Yu Qin, Yichun Shen, Limin Xiao","doi":"10.1364/OL.611393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.611393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gas-filled anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (ARHCFs) provide a promising platform for enhancing Brillouin interactions in gases, enabling narrow linewidth and high Brillouin gain. However, at high pump powers, optical absorption induces a photothermal effect that dynamically perturbs the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process. Here, we investigate this effect in a CO<sub>2</sub>-filled ARHCF using time-resolved and wavelength-dependent measurements. At 29 dBm, the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) drifts by over 2 MHz, indicating an estimated average temperature rise of ~2°C based on the temperature calibration, and the linewidth broadens by approximately 0.6 MHz. The wavelength dependence further identifies gas absorption as the primary origin of these dynamics. These results demonstrate the significance of photothermal effects in high-power gas-based SBS systems, with direct implications for the design of Brillouin lasers and distributed sensing devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4832-4835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148874617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Noise-robust holographic data storage with implicit neural representation.","authors":"Yuan Li, Chong Zhang, Fei Wang, Yongkun Lin, Hongjie Liu, Xiaodi Tan, Guohai Situ","doi":"10.1364/OL.607861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.607861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Holographic data storage (HDS) offers high capacity and throughput, making it a promising candidate for next-generation storage technologies. However, it is susceptible to increased bit error rate (BER) due to optical/electronic non-idealities and media inhomogeneity. To address this challenge, we propose an implicit neural representation (INR)-based data representation method with a dropout training strategy for robust HDS. In this framework, image information is encoded into compact network parameters, which are subsequently written to and read from the storage medium using an off-the-shelf HDS technique. The retrieved parameters are then loaded for inference to reconstruct the image. Compared with conventional pixel-wise image storage, the global representation enhances robustness by allowing the network to compensate for partial parameter errors. Moreover, it reduces the number of required data pages, providing compression benefits for sparse images. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate consistent gains under noisy conditions, with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improved by over 50%, structural similarity index measure (SSIM) above 0.95, and a compression ratio of 2.92 for sparse images. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for reliable HDS under high BER conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4840-4843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.612581
Tianle Yang, Mingyun Li, Yuheng Jin, Zhijian Chen, Yi Lu, Weifan Lai, Danyan Li, Nan Chen, Yikun Bu
{"title":"Phase-change structural colors based on dual Tamm plasmon polariton coupling in Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> multilayers.","authors":"Tianle Yang, Mingyun Li, Yuheng Jin, Zhijian Chen, Yi Lu, Weifan Lai, Danyan Li, Nan Chen, Yikun Bu","doi":"10.1364/OL.612581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.612581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We propose a dual-coupled Tamm plasmon polariton structure based on Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>-integrated distributed Bragg reflectors for high-purity structural colors. By tailoring the coupling between the upper and lower TPP modes, enhanced resonant absorption and pronounced reflection suppression are achieved, enabling vivid cyan, magenta, and yellow subtractive primary colors. The incorporation of the phase-change material Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> enables distinct optical responses in its amorphous and crystalline states. Experimental results show that the structure maintains good angular insensitivity up to 60° and achieves a color gamut covering 40.76% of the CIE 1931 space. This dual-TPP platform provides an effective strategy for structural color printing and photonic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"5012-5015"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.603130
Hui Ma, Rekha Gautam, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar
{"title":"Real-valued intensity transmission matrix based multimode fiber beamshaping for biophotonics applications.","authors":"Hui Ma, Rekha Gautam, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar","doi":"10.1364/OL.603130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.603130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a real-valued intensity transmission matrix (RVITM) framework that enables phase-free structured illumination control through multimode fibers, overcoming long-standing challenges of modal scrambling from dispersion and bending. Unlike previous TM-based approaches that require complex-field measurements or interferometric detection, our method relies solely on 16 × 16 Hadamard intensity inputs, enabling deterministic synthesis of circularly symmetric illumination patterns that remain stable under fiber bending. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of RVITM-based ring illumination through a multimode fiber for Raman spectroscopy and the first proof-of-concept application to inverse spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (iSORS). Using a 3 mm-radius ring pattern for iSORS of a two-layer phantom, the subsurface-to-surface Raman peak ratio was enhanced by 1.5 compared with point illumination, confirming improved depth sensitivity without added system complexity. RVITM offers a calibration-friendly and mechanically robust route to fiber-delivered structured illumination, advancing minimally invasive spectroscopy and imaging applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4976-4979"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.612882
Wenlong Li, Zhenxu Wang, Lu Song, Jiangang Liang, Dashuang Liao, Fang Liu, Wenye Ji, Tong Cai
{"title":"Broadband achromatic illusion via a transmission-reflection-integrated metasurface.","authors":"Wenlong Li, Zhenxu Wang, Lu Song, Jiangang Liang, Dashuang Liao, Fang Liu, Wenye Ji, Tong Cai","doi":"10.1364/OL.612882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.612882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Illusion metasurfaces provide an effective route to reshape the electromagnetic signature of a physical object into that of a prescribed virtual target, but most existing designs are restricted to either reflection or transmission and suffer from large chromatic aberrations that hinder broadband operation. Here, we present a transmission-reflection-integrated metasurface (TRIM) for broadband achromatic illusion camouflage. The metasurface is implemented with a polarization-dependent multilayer meta-atom, in which resonant phase modulation and geometric phase control are cascaded to provide full phase coverage in the cross-polarized transmission channel and the co-polarized reflection channel while maintaining broadband achromatic responses. Experimental results demonstrate transmissive illusion over 12-18 GHz (fractional bandwidth 40%) and reflective illusion over 18-24 GHz (fractional bandwidth 28.6%) within a single platform. The proposed approach has promising implications for optical information processing, stealth, and integrated photonic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4888-4891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.610763
Yijun Xia, Mingyang Xu, Yujie Tan, Chenggang Shao
{"title":"Active feedback stabilization of a clock-transfer link for space-based gravitational-wave detection.","authors":"Yijun Xia, Mingyang Xu, Yujie Tan, Chenggang Shao","doi":"10.1364/OL.610763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.610763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In space-based gravitational wave detection, ultra-stable oscillators are employed as the primary frequency reference; however, the detection sensitivity is fundamentally constrained by the inherent clock jitter of these oscillators. To mitigate such jitter-induced noise, a clock transfer link, consisting of a frequency distribution module and an electro-optic modulator, is required to be established. In this work, an active feedback control scheme is proposed for the suppression of noise within this transfer link. By extracting the GHz-order sidebands generated from the electro-optic modulator, an error signal is constructed that is then utilized to regulate the voltage-controlled oscillator, thereby enabling closed-loop noise suppression. Experimentally, a phase noise of 1×10<sup>-6</sup>rad/Hz<sup>1/2</sup> at 1 mHz is achieved for the inner loop, which exceeds the detection requirement by more than one order of magnitude. For the outer loop, a phase noise of 1×10<sup>-5</sup>rad/Hz<sup>1/2</sup> at 1 mHz is obtained, also meeting the mission specification. The proposed scheme is therefore demonstrated to offer a feasible technical solution for high-precision clock transfer in future space-based gravitational wave missions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4928-4931"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.608371
Imre Seres, Barnabás Gilicze, Szabolcs Hack, Attila Czirják, Péter Jójárt, Tamás Bartyik, Zsolt Kovács, Zsolt Bengery, Rajaram Shrestha, Levente Ábrók, Ádám Börzsönyi, Katalin Varjú, Gábor Szabó, Zoltán Várallyay
{"title":"Helium-enhanced spectral broadening in CO<sub>2</sub>-filled hollow-core fiber.","authors":"Imre Seres, Barnabás Gilicze, Szabolcs Hack, Attila Czirják, Péter Jójárt, Tamás Bartyik, Zsolt Kovács, Zsolt Bengery, Rajaram Shrestha, Levente Ábrók, Ádám Börzsönyi, Katalin Varjú, Gábor Szabó, Zoltán Várallyay","doi":"10.1364/OL.608371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.608371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate enhanced spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses (330 fs, 1030 nm, 5-200 kHz) in a hollow-core fiber (HCF) using CO<sub>2</sub>/helium gas mixtures. While increasing pure CO<sub>2</sub> pressure broadens the spectrum and induces a Raman redshift, it causes substantial optical loss. Introducing a helium buffer enables strong broadening at reduced CO<sub>2</sub> pressures, significantly decreasing loss. Propagating pulses through a 1-m-long, 300-μm-core HCF, we show that helium enhances spectral width, extends the Raman shift, and improves transmitted power by facilitating spatial cooling. This binary molecular/noble gas approach provides a robust, low-loss route for spectral engineering in HCFs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4813-4816"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement of the coherence-OAM polarization matrix of a partially coherent vector light beam.","authors":"Yonglei Liu, Hongxiang Wei, Daocheng Guo, Yahong Chen, Yangjian Cai, Haiyun Wang, Fei Wang","doi":"10.1364/OL.606821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.606821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The second-order correlations of two orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes contained in a partially coherent vector light beam exhibit rich polarization-like geometric structures. In this Letter, we present a general method to measure the coherence-OAM-polarization (COAMP) matrix of such a beam, revealing OAM-resolved polarization properties. The principle of our method is thoroughly discussed and validated in the proof-of-principle experiment. The OAM-resolved generalized Stokes parameters and degree of polarization of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model source are retrieved from the measured COAMP matrix and analyzed in detail. Our protocol paves the way for exploiting OAM-resolved polarization properties in optical sensing, imaging, and information processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"51 17","pages":"4860-4863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}