Open Veterinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome developments: An in-depth review of recent findings.","authors":"Rimayanti Rimayanti, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Tita Damayanti Lestari, Tatik Hernawati, Sri Mulyati, Suzanita Utama, Ratna Damayanti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ricadonna Raissa, Ima Fauziah, Syahputra Wibowo, Agung Prasetyo, Mo Awwanah, Kartika Afrida Fauzia","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.3","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) belonging to the Arteriviridae family is the cause of PRRS disease. After being discovered for the first time in the United States in 1987, this illness quickly expanded to Canada. The disease was initially discovered in late 1990 in Germany, from where it quickly spread throughout Europe. The consequences of PRRSV lead to a number of epidemiological issues, including a sickness with a delayed immune response that permits extended viremia, which facilitates viral transmission. The virus penetrates the nasal epithelium, tonsils, lung macrophages, and uterine endometrium through the oronasal and genital pathways. Abortions performed late in pregnancy and premature or delayed deliveries resulting in dead and mummified fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakly born piglets are indicative of reproductive syndrome. In the meanwhile, dyspnea, fever, anorexia, and lethargic behavior are signs of respiratory syndrome. The virus can be isolated from the tissue or serum of animals that have been infected to confirm the diagnosis. Pig movements and potential airborne dissemination are two ways that the virus can enter new herds and propagate through nose-to-nose contact or aerosols. Various supportive therapies may enhance infant survival, and antibiotics may or may not lessen the impact of secondary bacterial infections. The absence of simple diagnostic tests, the virus's airborne transmission, the occurrence of subclinical infections, and the virus's persistence in infected populations have all contributed to the failure of control efforts for PRRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2138-2152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crude aqueous <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> extract with quorum sensing inhibitory activity can increase the susceptibility of multidrug resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> to antimicrobials.","authors":"Samer Raad Abdul-Hussain, Inam Jasim Lafta","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.22","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suppression of quorum sensing (QS) that regulates many virulence factors, including antimicrobial resistance, in bacteria may subject the pathogenic microbes to the harmful consequences of the antibiotics, increasing their susceptibility to such drugs.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The current study aimed to make an aqueous crude extract from the soil <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> isolate with the use of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique for its analysis, and then, study the impact of the extract on clinical isolates of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</i></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Preparation of crude extracts from <i>P. mirabilis</i> (both organic and aqueous), which were then analyzed by GC-MS to detect the bioactive ingredients. Furthermore, the extract's capability to interfere with both the expression of the QS of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and its antibacterial resistance was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest GC-MS peak (37.11%.) appeared for 1,3-benzodioxole, 4-methoxy-6-(2-propenyl), along with the presence of other components of antibacterial activities. When the aqueous extract was added to the culture of two multi-drug resistant (MDR) <i>P. aeruginosa,</i> a significant reduction in the expression of the QS regulatory gene <i>LasI</i> occurred<i>,</i> indicating its interference with QS<i>.</i> Moreover, upon adding the extract to the culture of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (MDR) and then subjecting it to Amikacin and Colistin, already not effective on the bacteria, the isolates became more susceptible to these antibiotics showing zones of inhibition of 25 and 17 mm, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The crude aqueous extract of the soil <i>P. mirabilis</i> isolate might be a potential producer of QS inhibitors with antibacterial activities that render the MDR <i>P. aeruginosa</i> more susceptible to antibiotics to whom they already exerted resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2334-2347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare case of traumatic reticulopericarditis in camel (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>).","authors":"Hussein A Babiker, Turke Shawaf, Taleb Al Khamis, Izzeldin Babiker Ismail, Meshari Nasser Almuaqqil, Isam Eljalii, Khuzayyim AlShammari, Zakriya Al Mohamad, Mohamed Marzok","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.38","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Traumatic reticulopericarditis (TRP) is rarely reported in camels. This report provides TRP in camels.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>She-camel (3 years old) with a history of anorexia, and stinky smell-bloody diarrhea for more than 3 weeks associated with pain, ventral thoracoabdominal edema, positive for metal detection examination that raised the suspicion of TRP. The result of the plasma cardiac troponin I level was 0.253 ng/ml. Electrocardiography on admission using a standard base-apex ECG revealed an irregular rhythm of heart rate and abnormal complex morphology in QRS duration and segments (ST and TP). Elevation of the S-T segment with a slight depression in the P-R segment matched with pericarditis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report suggests a rare case of TRP and demonstrated for the first time cTnI and ECG patterns of camel with TRP.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2493-2496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of sappan wood extract cream (<i>Caesalpinia sappan</i>) in <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>-induced gingivitis rats models.","authors":"Vinna Kurniawati Sugiaman, Jeffrey Jeffrey, Wahyu Widowati, Nindia Salsabila Mia Dewi, Rival Ferdiansyah, Dhenta Maulana Muchtar, Dhanar Septyawan Hadiprasetyo","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.10","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gingivitis is a dysbiotic condition characterized by persistent inflammation caused by a disease-associated multispecies bacterial population that has established itself in the subgingival region.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objectives of this study are to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity of sappan wood extract cream (SWC) in <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> induced-periodontitis rats model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, rats were infected with the gingiva with <i>P. gingivalis</i> as an inducer for gingivitis rats model for 14 days. The SWC were treated topically into the infected tissue. The inflammation and angiogenesis of gingival tissue was analyzed using histological examination. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was used to analyze the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) protein expression. Masson Trichrome (MT) assay was used to analyze the histopathology of collagen Scores. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), IL-6, and P38 genes expression were measured using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The induction of <i>P. gingivalis</i>-induced gingivitis in rats model was indicated by reddish gingiva and bacterial plaque. MT tests showed that SWC increased collagen density, and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) test showed increased angiogenesis and in contrast, lowered inflammation score. IHC test showed that SWC decreased the expression of NF-kB protein. The TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and P38 gene expression were also decreased due to the SWC treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SWC proves that it has anti-inflammatory activity which has the potential to prevent or treat gingivitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2224-2236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology features and microanatomy of the tongue papillae of the <i>Eonycteris spelaea</i>: Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.","authors":"Yulfia Nelymalik Selan, Golda Rani Saragih, Ulayatul Kustiati, Aris Haryanto, Dwi Liliek Kusindarta, Hevi Wihadmadyatami","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.4","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Eonycteris spelaea</i> (<i>E. spelaea</i>) is a sizable nectar-feeding bat that falls within the taxonomic classification of order Chiroptera and family Pteropododae. The form and structure of the tongue play a crucial role for bats in the intake and digestion of food in their mouth. Each papilla's morphology, dimensions, spatial arrangement, and physiological role exhibit variations among different animal species, contingent upon their respective lifestyles.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This research attempts to examine the morphology and microstructure of the <i>E. spelaea</i> tongue papillae, collected from Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to achieve a scanning electron microscope and a light microscope in the presence of hematoxylin-eosin staining and employed a sample of 6 sexually indiscriminate adult <i>E. spelaea</i> bats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The tongue of <i>E. spelaea</i> is separated into three distinct parts: the apex, corpus, and radix. The structure's apex contains filiform papillae, which come in many varieties, such as scale-like filiform papilla, enormous trifid papilla, and little crown-like papilla. Additionally, there is a cluster of fungiform papillae on the outside edge of the highest point and transitional papillae connecting the large trifid papillae with the smaller crown-like papillae. The corpus section comprises two papilla types: filiform papilla (leaf-shaped filiform papilla and big crown-like papilla) and fungiform papilla. The radix comprises the elongated conical papilla, rosette-shaped filiform papilla, short conical papilla, transitional papilla, and three circumvallate papillae at the back of the tongue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The tongue papillae of <i>E. spelaea</i> comprise a wide variety of mechanic papillae and also sensory papillae which have specific dietary regimens in their living habitat.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2153-2162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in poultry and its risks to public health: A comprehensive review.","authors":"Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Agus Widodo, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ima Fauziah, Abdullah Hasib, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ricadonna Raissa, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Sancaka Chasyer Ramandinianto, Daniah Ashri Afnani","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.1","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The livestock-associated methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (LA-MRSA) strains are prevalent in the poultry farming environment and are a common component of the bacterial microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy animals. The origin and spread of LA-MRSA are attributed to the use of antibiotics in animals, and close contact between people and different animal species increases the risk of animal exposure to humans. The epidemiology of LA-MRSA in poultry significantly changed when ST398 and ST9 were found in food-producing animals. The significance of LA-MRSA and zoonotic risk associated with handling and processing foods of avian origin is highlighted by the LA-MRSA strain's ability to infect chickens. People who work with poultry are more prone to contract LA-MRSA than the general population. There is scientific consensus that individuals who have close contact with chickens can become colonized and subsequently infected with LA-MRSA; these individuals could include breeders, medical professionals, or personnel at chicken slaughterhouses. The prevention of LA-MRSA infections and diseases of poultry origin requires taking precautions against contamination across the entire chicken production chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2116-2128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with success rate of oral force-feeding ammonium chloride administration to acidify urine in goats.","authors":"Phitcha Pongphitcha, Kanyarat Chuchoed, Thitiporn Thetsana, Napassorn Dachphun, Patskit Sukhong, Niorn Ratanapob","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.19","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ammonium chloride is the most common urine acidifier used for urolithiasis treatment and prevention in goats.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objective of this study was to determine a guideline for ammonium chloride administration to acidify urine in goats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A three-period, three-treatment crossover study was conducted in three groups, with 10 female goats in each group. Three dosages of ammonium chloride were used (250, 350, or 450 mg/kg). In each experimental period, ammonium chloride was orally administered for three consecutive days or until the urine pH dropped below 6.5. Urine samples were collected to measure the pH before each administration and 1 day after the last administration. The Cox proportional hazards model was conducted to identify factors associated with the success rate in reducing the urine pH below 6.5 at a time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The dosage of ammonium chloride and period of administration were significantly associated with the success rate (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The success rates during a unit of time for goats receiving 350 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg were greater than that of goats receiving 250 mg/kg. The second and third periods of ammonium chloride administration provided higher success rates during a unit of time compared to the first period. The success rate was also associated with the pretreatment urine pH (<i>p</i> = 0.044). There was a higher success rate for goats with a lower pretreatment urine pH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The recommended ammonium chloride dosage was 350 mg/kg. Periodic use can be considered to achieve better outcomes. The pretreatment urine pH should be measured to anticipate the clinical response.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2310-2314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia in water and soil in Mosul city.","authors":"Narmen Tariq Fadhel Tekeli, Senaa Abdullah Ali Al-Jarjary, Omar Hashim Sheet","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.31","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microsporidia are opportunistic intracellular parasites that cause a variety of illnesses in humans. There is little information available regarding the frequency of this parasite in human cases of diarrhea and cancer.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study's primary objectives are to identify microsporidia in soil and water samples, determine the relationships between microsporidia by using sequencing analysis in the targeted area, and look into the genetic diversity of microsporidia originating from domestic, farm, and wild animals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current investigation was conducted from March to December of 2023. In total, 35 water samples and 20 soil samples have been obtained from 12 and 5 locations in Mosul city, respectively, for this investigation. Every sample was moved to the main laboratory of the College of Science and Veterinary Medicine at the University of Mosul, Iraq.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the present study showed that Microsporidia were found in water at a prevalence rate of 45.7% (16/35) and in soil at a rate of 45% (9/20). In Mosul, the various regions have varying rates of Microsporidia prevalence. Microsporidia having a molecular weight of 1,300 bp were found using the polymerase chain reaction technique, which was attributed to the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Furthermore, the results of the current investigation indicate that three of the Microsporidia were <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>, which has a molecular weight of 400 bp, based on the ITS gene utilizing the inner primer, while none was found in soil. With a molecular weight of 260 bp, the SSU rRNA gene of Microsporidia was found in water and in soil. However, in accordance with each species' unique DNA discovered in soil and water, none of the <i>Encephalitozoon intestinalis</i>, <i>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</i>, or <i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> were found. Twelve novel sequences found 9 sequences of Microsporidia and 3 sequences of <i>E. bieneusi</i>).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated a water is the main source of Microsporidia and is highly similarity to some of the microsporidia detected in this study. Furthermore, Microsporidia found in our study showed a close relationship with Microsporidia isolated from different countries in the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2421-2432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vivo</i> toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving different doses of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> extract.","authors":"Norma Tiku Kambuno, Melva Louisa, Puspita Eka Wuyung, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Taniawati Supali","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.18","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Protein deficiency poses a significant challenge during the growth and development of children. <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam (MO) leaves, renowned for their high protein content, present a potential solution to address amino acid imbalances in protein-deficient conditions.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of MO leaf extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Protein extraction from <i>Moringa oleifera</i> (MO) leaves was performed using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol. The ethanol leaf extract of MO (EEMO) was then characterized for protein content, amino acids, minerals, phytic acid, and phytochemicals. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) test, while cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on HepG2 and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. EEMO was tested for acute toxicity in 60 healthy male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into five groups of five rats each, receiving single oral doses of 5, 50, 300, 2,000, and 5,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of EEMO. Observations were conducted daily till day 14 before the necropsy of rats. Liver and kidney tissues were harvested and preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The extraction process revealed a protein content of 45.5%, with phenylalanine being the predominant essential amino acid at 22.25 mg/g, and glutamic acid as the dominant non-essential amino acid at 60.03 mg/g. Potassium (1174.23 mg/100 g) and selenium (149 mg/100 g) were identified as the primary macro and micro minerals, respectively. The IC₅₀ and CC₅₀ values for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in HepG2 and MDCK were found to be 41.04,182.66, and 121.04 ppm, respectively. Toxicity testing on experimental animals resulted in an LD₅₀ value of 5,000 mg/kg BW for EEMO, indicating its relative safety upon oral administration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MO extract produced by the UAE extraction method, containing high-quality food-grade protein, showed no cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and MDCK cells and exhibited no acute toxicity in rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2294-2309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory effect of propolis <i>Trigona</i> spp. in mice infected with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>.","authors":"Venri Novryantoro, Anissa Septiara, Kunti Tirtasari, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Ryanka Edila, Mufasirin Mufasirin, Suryo Kuncorojakti, Heni Puspitasari","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.16","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>. Infection with virulent strains of <i>T. gondii</i> induces excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases fatality. Propolis has potential as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the pro-inflammatory cytokines response of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-17, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice infected with <i>T. gondii</i> RH strain and treated with ethanol extract of <i>Trigona</i> bee propolis (EEP) from Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 36 mice were divided into six groups with six mice per group. Group 1 was considered as a negative control; mice were not infected and not treated while in groups 2 to 6, mice were infected with 100 <i>T. gondii</i> (tachyzoites). Mice in group 2 were infected but not treated whereas in groups 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively, were treated orally with Cotrimoxazole 40 mg/kg body weight, EEP 1 mg, EEP 2 mg, and EEP 4 mg, the day after infection for 3 days. All mice under study were euthanized following ethical considerations with prior approvals, on the fifth day post-infection and spleens were taken to observe cytokines using flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (you may add any statistical tool/software if used?? Like R version?, SPSS, version? If you used any of these/others)?</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EEP (1-4 mg) increased CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD11b+ cells in infected mice, though not significantly (<i>p</i> > 0.05), unlike cotrimoxazole, which showed significant increases (<i>p</i> < 0.05). EEP at 2 mg and 4 mg (G5 and G6) reduced IL-2 and IL-17 in CD4+ T cells, and at 4 mg (G6) in CD8+ T cells. IL-10 expression increased in CD11b+ cells at 1 mg and in CD4+ T cells at 4 mg (G6).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Propolis ethanol extract from <i>Trigona</i> spp. bees acts as an immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory in <i>T. gondii</i>-infected mice, supporting its potential as an anti-toxoplasmosis agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"14 9","pages":"2280-2286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}