Optics and Laser Technology最新文献

{"title":"Nanojoule-energy-level, polarization-maintaining, dissipative-soliton mode-locked thulium fiber laser at 1876 nm","authors":"Panuwat Srisamran ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Abughazaleh ,&nbsp;Matthew Gerard ,&nbsp;Duanyang Xu ,&nbsp;Yongmin Jung ,&nbsp;Jing He ,&nbsp;Jeremiah Marcellino ,&nbsp;Boyang Mao ,&nbsp;Andrea C. Ferrari ,&nbsp;David Richardson ,&nbsp;Lin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report an environmentally robust, dissipative-soliton, mode-locked Tm-doped fiber laser operating in the short-wavelength infrared region at 1876 nm, using all-polarization-maintaining (all-PM) fibers. Self-starting, mode-locked operation is enabled by a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) based saturable absorber (SA). Cavity dispersion is managed by using a commercially available PM dispersion compensating fiber (DCF). A PM fiber Lyot filter enables dissipative-soliton mode locking at a central wavelength of 1876 nm. The laser generates stable pulses at a repetition rate ∼ 19.2 MHz with an average power ∼ 21.5 mW, corresponding to a pulse energy ∼ 1.1 nJ. The output pulse has a duration of 4.2 ps and can be compressed down to 391 fs using a grating-based compressor. A higher pulse energy ∼ 3.2 nJ can be obtained with a compressed pulse width of 566 fs by varying the net cavity dispersion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nJ-energy-level, all-fiberized PM dissipative-soliton mode-locked Tm-doped fiber laser based on SWNT, with potential for applications in high-penetration nonlinear biomedical imaging microscopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 112978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of intra-pulse number during burst mode picosecond laser ablation of 316 stainless steel: Experimental and numerical modelling","authors":"Yuchao Hong ,&nbsp;Tong Zhou ,&nbsp;Walter Perrie ,&nbsp;Lei Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Fei ,&nbsp;Youyou Hu ,&nbsp;Stuart Edwardson ,&nbsp;Geoff Dearden","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental and numerical analysis of 10 ps laser ablation on 316 L stainless steel at 100 KHz with 30 MHz intra-burst frequency and varying intra-burst number is reported. This research experimentally revealed how intra-pulse number <strong><em>N</em>_int (1</strong>–<strong>5)</strong> influences the ablation threshold and ablation depth while a Two-Temperature Model (TTM) coupled with material removal method is used to predict the transverse temperature and ablation profile during pulse burst ablation. It was found that the intra-pulse ablation threshold <strong><em>F</em>_int</strong> decreases and ablated depth <strong><em>D</em>_exp</strong> increases with increasing <strong><em>N</em>_int</strong>. The numerical results align well with the experimental data, assuming that the heat accumulation is the main mechanism. However, melting and thermal stress is more pronounced when <strong><em>N</em>_int</strong> &gt; 3 resulting in the highest annular bulge at <strong><em>N</em>_int</strong> = 5. The results not only highlight the importance of intra-pulse number on the ablation efficiency, but also provide an insight into the physics of MHz burst mode in picosecond laser ablation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 113041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A thermal model on thulium fiber laser lithotripsy of kidney stone","authors":"Khwairakpam Shantakumar Singh ,&nbsp;Thangjam Premabati","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper presents a thermal model for pulsed thulium fiber laser lithotripsy using the finite element method. We simulated the temperature and vaporization rate of kidney stones (calcium oxide monohydrate). When the laser energy increased from 35 mJ to 50 mJ, the vaporization rate increased from 131 µg/s to 1118 µg/s. Additionally, we investigated the effect of the pulse repetition rate on the vaporization rate. The vaporization rate increased significantly from 21 μg/s to 131 μg/s for 35 mJ when the pulse repetition rate increased from 10 Hz to 100 Hz. Our simulated results are in excellent agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. Further, the simulation showed that the water-filled micropores of kidney stones achieved a temperature of 5000 K while its remaining part gained 2600 K. This large variation is due to the strong absorption of radiation in water. The pressure of the superheated vapor inside the micropores is 2.6 times higher than the mechanical strength of kidney stones, which leads to a microexplosion of stone. This study also revealed that the thermal stress would play a crucial role in the fragmentation of kidney stones. The retropulsion effect is a well-known lithotripsy issue for urologists. We estimated the retropulsion distance and found it to be negligible under the laser settings used in the present study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 113016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alleviating high PAPR and noise issues for optimized performance in ACO-OFDM-Based VLC systems","authors":"Yasser A. Zenhom ,&nbsp;Ehab K.I. Hamad ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abd Elkarim ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Elnabawy","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visible Light Communication (VLC) is an emerging technology poised to complement radio frequency (RF) communication systems in various high-demand applications. By employing optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) techniques, VLC enhances data transmission rates and minimizes intersymbol interference. Among these techniques, asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM (ACO-OFDM) is notable for its high power efficiency and superior performance. However, a significant challenge in ACO-OFDM-based VLC systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which forces light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to operate beyond their linear range, leading to signal distortion, power inefficiency, thermal stress, and reduced LED lifespan. Additionally, high PAPR increases receiver complexity and limits system scalability, necessitating effective mitigation strategies for reliable VLC deployment. This study addresses the PAPR challenge by introducing a hybrid reduction strategy that combines precoding with nonlinear companding techniques. The proposed approach attains a PAPR reduction of 6.1855 dB compared to basic ACO-OFDM without degrading bit error rate (BER) performance. Additionally, the study enhances BER performance by integrating two noise mitigation models at the receiver. These models improve system performance by 2.275 dB relative to standard ACO-OFDM while maintaining the same BER level. When applied together, the PAPR reduction strategy and noise mitigation models yield a total PAPR diminution of 6.2611 dB and an enhancement in BER performance of 0.76 dB. A detailed comparative analysis with established methods from the literature confirms the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach. This systematic evaluation underscores its potential to address key limitations of traditional ACO-OFDM, positioning it as a viable solution for next-generation VLC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 112950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High addition content WC particle reinforced titanium matrix composites fabricated by concurrent wire powder feeding laser directed energy deposition","authors":"Chenyang Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Xing ,&nbsp;Guojian Xu ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Liu ,&nbsp;Hongyou Bian ,&nbsp;Weijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concurrent wire powder feeding laser directed energy deposition (L-DED-WP) combines the advantages of both powder feeding and wire feeding laser deposition. This technique offers distinct advantages in producing composites with high addition content. A key challenge in composite fabrication methods is achieving high addition content without compromising quality or mechanical properties. This work addresses this gap by fabricating WC/Ti6Al4V composites with varying WC additions (40 wt%, 60 wt%, and 80 wt%) and analyzing their microstructure and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of composites are influenced by the matrix, reinforcing phase, and the reaction layer. The study examines the evolution of phase composition, including W₂C, WC, W, TiC, and [W, Ti]C_1-X, and the effect of WC content on microstructures and tribological properties. The results show that TiC precipitation increases with higher WC content, with TiC morphology transitioning from chain eutectic to equiaxed and dendritic primary TiC. The reaction layer thickness increases from 4.12 μm to 11.76 μm as WC content increases. Increased precipitation of TiC and [W, Ti]C_1-X facilitates the heterogeneous nucleation of β(Ti, W). The matrix’s β(Ti, W) is refined, reducing the texture strength. During the wear process, the un-melted WC (UMWC) particles share part of the frictional force, thereby preventing severe wear of the matrix. The composites exhibit significant improvements in tribological performance compared to Ti6Al4V, with a 53.19 % reduction in the friction coefficient and a 94.55 % decrease in wear mass loss for the 80WC/Ti6Al4V composite. This research demonstrates the potential of L-DED-WP for fabricating high performance composites with high WC content, offering a cost effective and efficient approach for aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 113026"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CVT growth and optical properties of Cr,Fe:ZnSe single crystals for mid-infrared laser applications","authors":"Tingting Zhang,&nbsp;Guanrong Zhu,&nbsp;Guorong Zhang,&nbsp;Yucheng Wei,&nbsp;Changyou Liu,&nbsp;Wanqi Jie","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, the research of transition metal ions doped ZnSe (TM:ZnSe) materials is confronted with the uneven TM-doping and the difficulty of growing high-quality single crystals. In this work, Cr,Fe:ZnSe single crystals with expected elemental doping concentrations were grown at lower temperature by the CVT method using NH₄Cl as a transport agent. The UV–VIS–NIR absorption spectrum shows that the concentrations of Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions are 9.61 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ and 1.45 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³, respectively. The element doping efficiency is as high as 96–97 %. Compared with other doping methods, the CVT method can effectively control the doping concentrations of Cr and Fe elements of the as-grown Cr,Fe:ZnSe single crystals, the ratio between which is also very close to the design value. The XPS results demonstrate that the Cr and Fe elements are mainly present as Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions in the Cr,Fe:ZnSe single crystals. The fluorescence spectra under 1770 nm excitation at room temperature show a luminescence peak at about 3400–4900 nm resulting from the energy transfer between Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions. Based on the fluorescence decay lifetime, the energy transfer process can be explained by a non-radiative energy transfer mechanism. The maximum intensity ratio of the luminescence peaks of Fe²⁺ and Cr²⁺ ions is about 1:2, and the ratio of the emission peak areas of Fe²⁺ and Cr²⁺ ions is 0.852, which indicating that the energy transfer process is more effective. The fluorescence lifetimes of Cr,Fe:ZnSe single crystals at 2200 nm and 4400 nm are 6.3 μs and 6.5 μs, and the emission cross sections are calculated to be 2.02 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm² and 1.80 × 10⁻¹⁷ cm², respectively. Therefore, it is believed that the unintentional doping of Cl⁻ ions has no obvious effect on the optical and luminescent properties of the as-grown crystals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 113003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation mechanism and suppression method of surface deterioration in CO2 laser polishing for fused silica","authors":"Yichi Han ,&nbsp;Songlin Wan ,&nbsp;Xiaocong Peng ,&nbsp;Huan Chen ,&nbsp;Zhen Cao ,&nbsp;Chaoyang Wei ,&nbsp;Jianda Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser polishing is a highly effective technique for achieving a super smooth fused silica surface. However, significant temperature fluctuations lead to scanning ripple and further destroy surface quality. The underlying mechanism behind the formation of this ripple remains unelucidated. In this letter, a multi-field coupling model is proposed to reveal the deterioration process of polished surface and the formation mechanism of scanning ripple. The findings reveal that optimizing the polishing time can minimize surface roughness while simultaneously preventing the generation of scanning ripple due to recoil pressure and the Marangoni effect. However, the fluctuation of power increases the difficulty of controlling polishing time. Thus, a double-side polishing method is proposed as a solution to suppress the scanning ripple and decrease roughness. Compared to single-side polishing, form error Root Mean Square (RMS) reduces from 0.433 λ (λ = 632.8 nm) to 0.194 λ, and surface roughness decreases from 0.371 nm to 0.270 nm by double-side polishing with a power density of 4.244 kW/cm² and a scanning speed of 1.3 mm/s. Plus, the laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDT) after double-side polishing at 0 % and 100 % probability demonstrated a marked improvement, rising from 19.4 J/cm² and 39.2 J/cm² to 21.2 J/cm² and 41.5 J/cm², respectively. The enhancement of the form error, surface roughness and LIDT is attributed to the offset of residual thermal stress and secondary surface melting flow. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing the processing quality and performance of fused silica.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 113007"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagation properties and spatial-mode UWOC performance of quasi-perfect optical vortex beam in an improved oceanic channel","authors":"Zhiwei Xiao ,&nbsp;Jian Zhou ,&nbsp;Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Guizhen Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongjun Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the Quasi-perfect optical vortex (Quasi-POV) beam with topological charge-independence radial distribution is investigated to enhance the performance of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system based on spatial modes. Additionally, the oceanic channel model is modified to obtain more reliable simulation results. The propagation and communication performance of perfect optical vortex (POV) beam and Quasi-POV beam are compared and analyzed through the modified model. With the optimization of beam’s parameters, Quasi-POV beam achieves lower bit-error rate (BER) and higher average capacity in multiple phase shift keying (M−PSK) modulated UWOC system. The results indicate that Quasi-POV beam receives higher normalized intensity and lower crosstalk probability than the POV beam, the average simulation results for the three topologic charge cases show that the BER of Quasi-POV beam at 100 m reduced by approximately 52%, the average capacity of Quasi-POV beam increased by approximately 13.3%. The Quasi-POV beam has better performance than the POV beam in Spatial-Mode UWOC system according to the simulation results, which is more suitable for UWOC system based on spatial modes with smaller values of topologic charge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 112957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced vibration measurement using differential dynamic holographic interferometry with dual photorefractive crystals","authors":"Jiongye Gao,&nbsp;Bin Zhang,&nbsp;Qibo Feng,&nbsp;Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Liwen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A differential dynamic holographic interferometry based on dual BSO photorefractive crystals without the need for an external electric field is studied theoretically and experimentally in this work. The proposed system allows for simultaneous measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations by using a dual-crystal symmetrical optical path and corresponding differential processing. By adjusting the polarization state of the reference beam to introduce an additional phase shift of <span><math><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, high sensitivity linear demodulation of small phase-intensity vibration signals can be achieved without an external electric field on the crystals. By ensuring the polarity of this additional phase shift the same or opposite in two symmetrical interference optical paths, dual-path differential signals corresponding to in-plane or out-of-plane components can be obtained. The signal noise can be effectively suppressed and the sensitivity is improved by the differential processing of the dual-path signals, by which the high-sensitivity detection of high-frequency micro vibrations can be achieved. Both the numerical analysis and experiments have been carried out to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method, demonstrating its ability to accurately detect vibrations without the risk associated with high voltage. Furthermore, a built-in phase modulator is added in the system to simulate out-of-plane vibration, which serves to calibrate the symmetry and accuracy of the system. The proposed system provides a powerful and reliable tool for contactless detection both in-plane and out-of-plane components of high-frequency micro vibrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 113000"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local defects prediction in laser additive manufacturing via multisensor monitoring strategy and multi-feature fusion convolutional neural network","authors":"Kaiyu Niu ,&nbsp;Ming Yin ,&nbsp;Luofeng Xie ,&nbsp;Xinyu Ding ,&nbsp;Yuhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Peng ,&nbsp;Qingyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Online monitoring is essential for enhancing in-process quality control in laser additive manufacturing (AM) by enabling the early detection of defects, thereby preventing build failures. However, considering the intricate interplay of cross-scale multiphysics phenomena within the laser AM process, acquiring comprehensive state information that entirely depicts the mechanism of the forming process remains challenging when relying solely on a single sensor. Moreover, existing monitoring strategies lack sufficient exploitation of the heterogeneous features embedded in various types of process state information. Hence, accurately predicting localized defects in the laser AM process remains challenging. This paper proposes a localized defect prediction method in the laser AM process based on a multisensor monitoring strategy and the multi-feature fusion convolutional neural network (MFFCNN). A coaxially integrated CCD camera and dichromatic pyrometer are utilized to capture the morphological and thermal dynamics of molten pool, enabling in-situ sensing within the zone of laser-material interaction. To establish dataset labels, internal defects are detected using X-ray CT scanning, enabling the extraction of defect information for accurate annotation. A multisensor monitoring strategy is proposed, which maps the multisensor-captured process data to local defects according to their spatiotemporal relationships. Furthermore, a sampling mode using a rolling time window is employed for continual online monitoring, and three window lengths (0.2 s, 0.3 s, and 0.4 s) were evaluated to determine the optimal one. Given the purpose of sufficiently exploiting the wealth quality-related information found in multisensor-captured process data of molten pool, we propose the MFFCNN, incorporating a feature extraction module, a feature fusion module, and a decision-making module aimed at achieving precise defect prediction. Four feature fusion techniques, including feature concatenation, feature overlay, feature maximum coupling, and feature mean coupling, are systematically investigated to ascertain the most suitable method. Experimental results show that a rolling time window of 0.4 s, using the feature overlay method to fuse two-dimensional process temperature and in-process images, achieved the highest average accuracy of 93.68 %. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is further validated through comparative analysis with a single-sensor-based method without feature fusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19511,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Laser Technology","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 113005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}