Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development最新文献

{"title":"Employment Intensity of Agricultural Growth in Nigeria","authors":"A. Adeniyi, T. Adeniyi","doi":"10.7176/jpid/60-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/60-03","url":null,"abstract":"At over 50 per cent employment contribution, agriculture will continue to provide the bulk of employment in Nigeria for some time to come. It, therefore, becomes imperative to determine the employment intensity of agricultural growth with a view to advancing policies that will help to tame the unemployment problem. Time series secondary data covering 1981 to 2014 on the rebased Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and sectoral Gross Value Added (GVA) at 2010 constant basic prices, employment, wage rate, inflation rate and interest rate were collected from the National Bureau of Statistics and the Central Bank of Nigeria on the agricultural sector. The variables were collated and summarised into a table of data. The unit root test was carried out to test for stationarity of variables. Sectoral employment elasticities of growth were measured using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) regression. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and VECM at α 0.05. Agriculture sectoral elasticity of employment was -0.13, indicating that output growth in the sector, during the period, was achieved through productivity increases rather than the employment of more persons. Agricultural sectoral employment depended on GVA growth (agriculture β = -0.13 ; wage rate ( β = -0.023), interest rate ( β = -0.011), inflation rate ( β = -0.002), and the inter-temporal (t-x) relationships. Employment in agriculture depended on previous year’s wage rate ( β =-0.023) in agriculture and previous year’s agricultural output ( β = -0.13). Previous two years’ employment in agriculture (agriculture t-2 ; β = -1.94) previous year’s agricultural output (GVA agriculture t-1; β =-0.13) and previous year’s wage rate (wage rate t-1; β =-0.023) limit current year’s agricultural employment. Gross Value Added growth affected agricultural employment negatively in the period under review. Wage, inflation, and interest rates reduced employment.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124078311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Administrative Challenges and Practices of Civil Service Reform Implementation: The Case Haro Limu District in Oromia Region","authors":"Lelisa Kebede Tolera","doi":"10.7176/jpid/60-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/60-02","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to examine administrative challenges in the implementation of civil service reform in Haro Limu District. In order to achieve this objective, descriptive research design and combination of quantitative and qualitative research approach was employed. In this study, the researcher used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data were gathered through questionnaire, interview and focus group discussion while secondary data were gathered from books, journals, articles both published and unpublished and official documents from Haro Limu District. Questionnaires were distributed and administered by the researcher with the help of enumerators. Structured questionnaires were filled by the sample respondents from five selected civil service sectors. Interviews were conducted with five management officials from five selected public offices to attain profound information. Similarly, FGD was conducted with employees selected purposively from civil service sectors. Data collected from different sources were analyzed and interpreted through quantitative and qualitative techniques. The finding of the study identified some interrelated administrative challenges in the implementation of CSR in the study area. These are low commitment and competency of management officials; lack of accountability and low cooperation between management officials and employees; low recognition of reform standards; lack of professionalism, lack of fair selection, evaluation and promotion of employees and lack of advanced measurement standards; lack of adequate training, lack of incentives or rewards and regular supervision. Based on the identified problems, the following possible recommendations were provided. Strengthening capacity building, enhancing the cooperation between management officials and employees, ensuring accountability of management officials and employees, enhancing human resource management, allocating adequate budget, promoting effective communication between public sectors and strengthening regular supervision and monitoring for the effective implementation of civil service reform in the study area.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121297660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Private Savings Effect on Economic Growth in Ethiopia","authors":"Dr. Ch. Venkata Krishna Reddy, Hailu Tesfaye","doi":"10.7176/jpid/60-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/60-01","url":null,"abstract":"Private saving is a very important factor in bringing economic development, its working or efficiency is determined by different socio economic and political factors. In Ethiopia, private saving does not have a deep-rooted history because of frequent policy changes following the changes of government. The objective of this paper is to analyse the determinants of private saving in Ethiopia and also to check the long run or short run impact of real per capita GDP, real deposit interest rate, age dependency ratio, inflation rate and number of bank branches on private savings using time series annual data from 1978 to 2018. The research methodology employed are tests such as testing for stationery (unit root test) and co-integration test, rank of co-integration determined by using ARDL (Autoregressive- Distributed Lag) to characterize long-run and the short-run relationship between private saving and independent variables. The model is estimated by using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and/or E-Views 10 also offered a specialized estimator for handling ARDL model. The estimated results revealed that real per capita GDP, real deposit interest rate, age dependency ratio and number of bank branches have found to be statistically significant and positive effect (but real per capita GDP negative in the short run) on private savings while inflation rate is found non-significant and negative effect on private savings in Ethiopia both in the long and short run periods in the study period. Based on the result, the researcher concluded that level of real per capita GDP and number of bank branches is found to be important variable and have very significant impact on private savings. Finally, the study recommended that the national level policy makers or decision makers has to take measure to improve income levels of society and special attention to increases financial access throughout the country by further expanding bank branches or other financial institutions and their services to increase private savings.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121257739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing Poverty and Resilience to Shocks of Bamboo Producing Smallholders in North-West Ethiopia","authors":"Dagnachew Walle, Abrham Seyoum","doi":"10.7176/jpid/59-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/59-01","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring and understanding the multiple purposes of bamboo on enhancing and sustaining the livelihood of smallholders’ through multidimensional poverty reduction and mitigating shocks is so crucial. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and econometric analysis using the software package of stata thirteen. As the result revealed that, pests affecting crops and the large increase in input price were relatively high frequent shocks in the households. As the finding shows that, 29.13 percent of the smallholder farmers were multidimensional poor. To examine resilience to shocks of smallholder, RIMA models using factors analysis was run. As the factory analysis explored that, 233(47.94 percent) of smallholder were resilient to shocks and 253(52.06 percent) were non-resilient. Among bamboo, users80.15percent were resilient while the non-user (32.92percent). The study recommends on the need for policy and strategies design to enhance the well-being of smallholder and to build resilience to shocks, organizing bamboo producer smallholder in a bamboo cooperative, providing extension service proper processing of bamboo value chain should have to a policy in North- West Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121076483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Factors Determine the Rate and Level of Improve Coffee Variety Adoption Under Smallholder Farmers in North Western Ethiopia?","authors":"Welay Tesfay Tewelemedhin","doi":"10.7176/jpid/59-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/59-04","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is the origin of Arabica coffee and played plenty role on breeding, promotion, multiplication and disseminating of Arabica coffee plant to coffee producers and it becomes main source of income and foreign currency to Ethiopian economy. Despite its importance, little is known about the factors that determine the rate and level of improved coffee adoption to boost the coffee production. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the factors that determine the rate and level of improve coffee varieties adoption under smallholder farmers in North Western Ethiopia. Total 114 sample households (34 Improved and 80 local coffee producers) were taken through systematic and random sampling method. Descriptive and Tobit model were adopted to analyze the data. The descriptive statistics result showed that Adopters of improved coffee varieties were owned larger land, allocated larger land for coffee, holds larger animals in TLU, produced higher coffee output, earned higher income of coffee, more accessed to extension and financial services, taken more training on new coffee and other crop varieties and more educated than non-adopters whereas non-adopters were had larger family size, adult equivalent and man equivalent than their counterparts. It also showed that 29.82% and 40.46% of adoption rate and level of improve coffee varieties adoption was reached in terms of respondent response and area coverage respectively. Tobit model result indicated that sex of household head, educational status of household head, participation on demonstration, area allocated for coffee production, income earned from coffee and access to agricultural extension service was the main factors determined the improve coffee varieties adoption rate and levels. This research suggests that expanding education, support demonstration activities and address agricultural extension services to all smallholder farmers that improved the improved coffee variety adoption as well as income and food security status of smallholder farmers. Therefore, governmental authorities and NGOs should be focused on the expanding of education and agricultural extension services to all smallholder coffee producers to improve coffee varieties adoption, source of income and ensure food security at household level in the coffee pro agro-ecologies of the countries.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133217144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Non-farm Activities on Poverty Reduction among Rural Farm Households in Ambo District of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Zewdu Adefris","doi":"10.7176/jpid/58-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/58-02","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the impact of cash-oriented non-farm activities on poverty reduction among rural farm households in Ambo district of West Shoa zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. It was conducted in the five selected kebeles; namely Golja, Ya’i Chebo, Uko Korke, Ilamu Goromti and Birbirsa Kulit . Cross-sectional survey was employed to collect data from 300 respondents, in which 150 were participants and 150 were non-participants in remunerative non-farm activities. The cost of basic needs approach was used to estimate absolute poverty line, and the Foster, Greer and Thorbeck index to determine the incidence, depth and severity of poverty among participant and non-participant households. The study employed logit model to identify determinants of non-farm activities participation and propensity score matching method to analyze the impact of non-farm activities on poverty. The study finds that 26.33% of households in the study area are poor. The incidence, depth and severity of poverty were found to be higher among non-participant households than among participant households. The result of logit regression indicated that gender, marital status of household head, dependency ratio, skill, access to credit and distance to the nearest market are identified as determinants of participation in non-farm activities. The propensity score matching results indicated that participation in remunerative non-farm activities has a significant effect on the households’ consumption expenditure level. The average treatment effect of treated indicated that, the average monthly per capita consumption expenditure of participant is birr 72.31 more than non-participants households. These results indicate that the participation in remunerative non-farm activities improved the livelihood of households in the study district. Thus, while this study is not advocating for non-farm economic activities as a substitute to farming, non-farm work could be a reliable complement to farming activities. The promotion of non-farm activities in addition to farm activities seems indispensable to alleviate rural poverty. Keywords: Poverty, Rural farm households, Impact, Non-farm activities, Propensity score matching DOI: 10.7176/JPID/58-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2021","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126112918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Resilience in Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province-Indonesia","authors":"Nursalam, Jacob Wadu, M. Neolaka","doi":"10.7176/jpid/58-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/58-05","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the food resilience of the local communities in Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The research uses case studies related to food resilience, namely; aspects of food availability, access and utilization, as well as food stability. The study design uses the mix method approach (Creswell, 1994., Neuman, 2003) by prioritizing qualitative methods (dominant-less dominant design, Creswell: 1994). The quantitative data in the form of frequency tables and analysis of the results of their categorization forms the basis of analysis and interpretation. The based on the research results, it shows that the food resilience in Timor Tengah Selatan regency is good category. This research recommends several things; (a) it is necessary to revitalize the rural livestock sector; (b) it is necessary to revive the local-based rural financing system; (c) it is necessary to develop risk management so that all rural communities in Timor Tengah Selatan regency have an understanding of risk factors and the ability to overcome stressful situations to the entire community and food stakeholders in this area.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129842132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants Variables for Women’s Participation in Non-Agricultural Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Ethiopia: A Logistic Regression Model Analysis","authors":"E. K. Bayu","doi":"10.7176/jpid/58-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/58-04","url":null,"abstract":"Women represent almost half of the world population; the same is true in rural Ethiopia. However, in many countries, gender-based stereotypes and discrimination deny rural women equitable access to and control over land, labor, asset and opportunities for employment and income-generating activities. Having this rationale, very little is known about the determinants of women’s participation in non-farm livelihood activities in the rural economy of Ethiopia. Hence, the general objective of this study was to examine the determinants of women’s participation in non-farm livelihood diversification strategies in Shebel Berenta Woreda, Amhara Region. Mixed research method with explanatory research design was employed for data collection and data analysis. The questionnaire survey was collected from 267 systematically selected women from randomly selected four rural kebeles in the study area. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected quantitative data. Binary logistic regression model was employed to identify the factors that determine women’s participation in NFA in the study area. The result of binary logistic regression model showed that women’s age, marital status, educational status, land size, credit, non-farm training, and having triple gender roles were the major determinants of women’s participation in NFA in the study area. In line with the problems identified, the local government should work on awareness creation and education, provision of support, built local infrastructure, provision of credit and training to increase their participation in non-farm livelihood diversification. Keywords: Determinants; Non-farm, livelihood diversification, Participation, Logistic DOI: 10.7176/JPID/58-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2021","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"448 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132654152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Factors of Household Decision to Participate on Small Scale Irrigation Practices in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Hailu Sodana Teka, Wubishet Genebo Godana","doi":"10.7176/jpid/57-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/57-02","url":null,"abstract":"Africa has been promoting small-scale irrigated agriculture as a means of ensuring food security as well as improving the standard of living of rural poor. The main aim of this study was to analyze the determining factors of household decision to participate on Small-Scale Irrigation Practices in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. The study employed both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected from randomly selected 150 households through interview schedules. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and econometric methods of analysis. Descriptive result indicated that only 28.67% of households participate on small scale irrigation practices and it is still low as compared to large population size of Wolaita Zone. Collapsed canal banks, unstable embankments, leaking lining in elevated embankments, and cattle climbing in and out of the canal are identified as canal related problems whereas lack of appropriate water laws, absence of irrigation association bylaws, conflicts, and sense of ownership are also management problems. Binary logistic result also revealed that location of the household from upstream side of the river, higher household income, being young-aged household head, owning large number of livestock, better accessing market, being male headed household, and attending in higher education improve the household decision to participate on small scale irrigation practices. The authors strongly recommended government, non-governmental organizations, and other concerned stalk holders to give emphasis on intensifying the use of modern agricultural technologies, strengthening the existing irrigation potentials, providing periodic awareness training, and providing different water holding structures to non-users. the determining factors that affect household decision to participate on small scale irrigation practices in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. The specific objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the existing problems on small scale irrigation schemes (2) to examine the existing management systems of small scale irrigation schemes (3) to explore the determining factors of household decision to participate on small scale irrigation practices in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114817367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Livelihood Security and Land Tenure Systems in Ethiopia","authors":"N. Mengesha","doi":"10.7176/jpid/56-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/56-01","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the factors behind the dwindling condition of communal lands and their legal status in Ethiopia in light of the country`s international and regional commitments. As the nation is comprised of an overwhelming proportion of agrarian community, who in addition to their individual farmlands for crop production, are highly dependent on communal land and resources such as timber, firewood, traditional medicine, fodder and thatching grass and places for ritual ceremonies. Currently, a nationwide, communal land on which the life of the rural mass is based on is admitted to be on the brink of literal disappearance. Even though a number of factors ranging from climate change, population growth and others may be ascribed to the dwindling of communal lands and landed resources, this study argues, through a doctrinal analysis, that the denial of legislative recognition on its part, categorically adds fuel to an unfettered extinction. Thus, the writer urges government both at federal and regional (state) level ought to accord sufficient legislative recognition of communal land tenure as well as protection of legitimate tenure rights of the rural poor which has survived for ages. Keywords : communal land; land tenure; land rights; indigenous peoples; rural community; livelihood DOI: 10.7176/JPID/56-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":194383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114834772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}