Nutrition & Diabetes最新文献

{"title":"Global trends in tea and diabetes research: a bibliometric analysis of literature from 2000 to 2024.","authors":"Yao Zhang, Rui Ren, Liying Wang, Jilong Bai, Jinyan Liu, Wenxu Wang, Yanan Ma, Na Li, Difei Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00427-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00427-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tea has attracted significant attention for its potential antidiabetic properties, primarily attributed to its bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. This study aims to systematically evaluate the global research landscape and emerging trends in tea and diabetes. Publications were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed using bibliometric tools, including VOSviewer, RStudio, and CiteSpace. A total of 2634 publications from 103 countries/regions (2000-2024) were included, with an annual growth rate of 12.25%. China, the United States, and Japan were the leading contributors. Harvard University and Gan RY were the most influential institution and author, respectively, while Nutrients was the leading journal. Research themes have evolved from early mechanistic studies focusing on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of tea polyphenols to more integrative investigations involving gut microbiota, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Research on tea and diabetes has shifted toward a more comprehensive and translational framework. Tea polyphenols play important roles in improving insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulating metabolic pathways, although challenges such as low bioavailability remain. These findings provide valuable insights into the current research landscape and may inform future studies on diabetes prevention and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular mechanisms of incretin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).","authors":"Rawayh Muslim Albaghlany, Abbas Ali Mansour","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00426-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00426-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incretin hormones, specifically glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), serve as crucial mediators of postprandial glucose homeostasis by primarily enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Research indicates that the incretin effect accounts for approximately 50% of insulin secretion in individuals without diabetes, which is significantly reduced to 30% or less in those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms underlying this incretin resistance have emerged as critical causes of postprandial hyperglycemia. Incretin-based therapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and DPP-4 inhibitors, have demonstrated efficacy in managing T2DM; however, intrinsic resistance mechanisms may limit their effectiveness. Understanding the processes by which T2DM affects incretin action, from hormone secretion to the modulation of signal transduction, is essential for optimizing current therapies and developing new interventions to enhance β-cell responsiveness and improve glycemic control. The concept of incretin resistance has a well-established history in literature, dating back to at least the early 1990 s. It is used to describe a reduced insulinotropic responsiveness to incretin hormones in individuals diagnosed with T2DM. This review examines how hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, and genetic susceptibility collectively inhibit incretin signaling through distinct yet interconnected molecular pathways. This impairment exacerbates postprandial hyperglycemia and accelerates β-cell dysfunction. We propose novel hypotheses regarding selective β-arrestin signaling, enhancers, epigenetic regulation, interactions between gut microbiota and incretins, inflammation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and genotype-specific therapeutic responses. The hypotheses presented in this review serve as a framework for future research and therapeutic development to combat the phenomenon of incretin resistance and improve the clinical management of T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"And just like that, quiet\": a content analysis of TikTok videos on food noise.","authors":"Daisuke Hayashi, Janelle Kort, Isabel M Robles-Martinez, Diana Orabueze, Katrina Bakhl, Travis D Masterson","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00423-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00423-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food Noise is a topic of growing interest in media, social media, and reports from patients and clinicians. A theoretical definition of \"Food Noise\" has recently been established as \"heightened and/or persistent manifestations of food cue reactivity, often leading to food-related intrusive thoughts and maladaptive eating behaviors,\" but research focusing on the lived experiences of people who report experiencing it is limited. TikTok has become a major outlet for content creators to disseminate information on Food Noise, with over 3600 videos under the hashtag #FoodNoise as of June 2024.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to examine the top videos on TikTok under the hashtag \"FoodNoise\" and explore what content creators discuss around food noise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 100 videos on TikTok under the hashtag #FoodNoise. Video links and metadata (such as engagement metrics) were retrieved on June 24^th, 2024. After one duplicated video was excluded, the final analysis included 99 videos. Following pilot testing of the codebook, we conducted a quantitative content analysis of the videos. This study required no ethical approval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sampled videos had a mean of 1,173,323.63 views, 8,154.57 likes, 246.99 comments, and 582.65 shares. Content creators were primarily female (91.92%), aged 30 or older (82.83%), and White (85.86%). 22.22% of content creators were healthcare professionals, and 70.71% of videos were patient testimonies. 49.49% of videos mentioned medications, mainly GLP-1 receptor agonists. 42.42% mentioned food, mostly candies, desserts, and fast foods. Of the videos that defined Food Noise (82.82%), 93.9% defined it consistently with the current theoretical definition. Most videos (85.86%) depicted food noise negatively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The top content available on TikTok on food noise is mainly comprised of patient testimonies that describe food noise as negative and distressful, and depict the use of medications, mostly GLP-1RAs, as a positive strategy to help manage food noise.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct meal timing and frequency patterns contribute to daily glycemic variability.","authors":"Dong-Hwa Jeong, YoonJu Song","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00424-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00424-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glycemic variability is an emerging marker of metabolic health, yet its behavioral determinants in healthy populations remain unclear. This study investigated whether meal patterns-specifically timing, distribution, and frequency-are associated with glycemic variability. Ninety-six individuals aged 18-27 years wore continuous glucose monitors for 14 consecutive days, providing 1036 complete daily records. Daily glucose profiles were clustered using dynamic time warping, and concurrent meal and sleep logs were analyzed to characterize dietary patterns across clusters. Cluster 2 (765 days) exhibited broader distributions and higher densities of elevated glucose values compared with cluster 1 (271 days), reflecting greater variability (17.7% vs. 14.1%, p = 0.0001). Peak daily glucose was also significantly higher in cluster 2, although average glucose did not differ. Total energy intake was lower in cluster 2 than cluster 1 (1781.1 vs. 1981.4 kcal, p = 0.0003), with no significant differences in macronutrient composition. By contrast, meal patterns differed substantially: cluster 2 was characterized by fewer eating occasions, later breakfast timing, and a greater proportion of daily energy intake at dinner. These findings suggest that meal timing and distribution are important dimensions of dietary recommendations, indicating a shift in focus from nutrient intake alone toward including meal patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex- and adipose depot-specific glucose metabolism following carbohydrate-enriched diets consumption with (un)interrupted prolonged sitting.","authors":"Yung-Chih Chen, Yun-Ting Lin, Li-Chieh Wang, Chien-Hsing Lee, Sheng-Chiang Su, Chieh-Hua Lu, Peng-Fei Li, Chia-Luen Huang, Li-Ju Ho, Ming-Hsun Lin, Hsin-Ya Liu, Feng-Chih Kuo","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00422-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00422-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Carbohydrate-enriched diets and sedentary behavior contribute to diabetes risk. However, their impacts on glucose metabolism in abdominal (ASAT) and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissues (GSAT), especially considering sex differences, remain unexplored.</p><p><strong>Subjects/methods: </strong>Twenty (median age 29.2 years, median BMI 23.1 kg/m²) healthy participants (10 females) underwent mixed-feeding trials lasting 320 min, with carbohydrate-enriched meals following either prolonged sitting (SIT) or interrupted prolonged sitting (ACTIVE) in a randomized crossover design. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was inserted simultaneously at abdominal and gluteal fat depots. Body composition was quantified by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed for measuring insulin sensitivity and resistance. In vitro experiments using paired human abdominal and gluteal preadipocyte cell lines were conducted to investigate molecular mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the SIT trial, GSAT CGM showed a slower increase in interstitial glucose during lunch compared to ASAT CGM, particularly in females. In the ACTIVE trial, intermittent brisk walking led to numerically lower interstitial glucose levels in both ASAT and GSAT CGM, with the most significant impact observed in female ASAT CGM. While males with higher hepatic insulin resistance or android fat displayed a notable correlation with decreased interstitial glucose levels in the ACTIVE trial. Our in vitro experiments further revealed steady glucose uptake (GLUT1 expression) and de novo lipogenesis (ChREBP protein) were specifically enhanced in gluteal adipocytes during post-feeding 3-6 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Breaking up prolonged sitting improves postprandial glucose control. Whereas gluteal fat depot may play roles to stabilize carbohydrate-enriched diets-induced hyperglycemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of High-Protein Instant Ramen Noodles in Inducing and Maintaining Satiety: Acute, Randomized, Crossover Study.","authors":"Princess U Ozioma, Gaurav M Kudchadkar, Sara Ranjbar, Marleigh Hefner, Tanvi Kale, Raksa Andalib Hia, Marsa Zaroudi, Surya Niraula, Nikhil V Dhurandhar","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00421-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00421-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study tested if a breakfast meal of high-protein instant ramen noodles would increase satiety, reduce hunger, improve glycemic response, and reduce lunch-time energy intake compared to an isocaloric breakfast of standard protein instant ramen noodles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A double-blind randomized crossover study was conducted. Twenty-five men and women (age 25-45 y; BMI 20-30 kg/m²) in a random sequence completed 2 testing days that included a 71 g breakfast of high-protein (HP) ramen noodles (320 kcal; protein 20 g [25% kcal]; carbohydrates 29 g [36% kcal]; fat 14 g [39% kcal]) and 71 g breakfast of standard protein (SP) ramen noodles (311 kcal; protein 6 g [8% kcal]; carbohydrates 41 g [53% kcal]; fat 13 g [38% kcal]). Appetite and hormonal responses were collected over 5 h followed by an ad libitum buffet lunch. Mixed effect model was used to examine the parameters. A paired t-test was used to examine differences in lunch intake between the two conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HP vs SP breakfast conditions showed that appetite score, the primary outcome, was similar. HP led to greater reduction of the desire for prospective food consumption and reduced lunch-time energy intake compared to SP (-94kcal; 95% CI: 8.63, 179.75 kcal; p < 0.04). Glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY3-36 were not different between the treatments. Greater desire to eat something savory or something sweet was observed following HP breakfast compared to SP breakfast (p < 0.05). Perceived feeling of hunger, satiety, and the desire to eat something fatty or something salty was not different between the conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A breakfast of high-protein instant ramen noodles acutely decreased the desire for prospective food consumption and subsequently reduced lunch-time energy intake compared to an isocaloric standard protein instant ramen noodles breakfast. Among individuals who consume noodles, the incorporation of a high-protein version might be an effective strategy for reducing short-term subsequent food intake.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT05725681.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147776947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food noise: integrating experience and evidence.","authors":"Rashmi Prakash, Arif Khan","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00419-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41387-026-00419-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13090373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147717550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and brain MRI biomarkers: results from SOL-INCA MRI study.","authors":"Kevin A González, Wassim Tarraf, Sarah J Banks, Katherine J Bangen, Judy Pa, Linda C Gallo, Ariana M Stickel, Paola Filigrana, Carmen R Isasi, Martha Daviglus, Fernando D Testai, Melissa Lamar, Charles DeCarli, Hector M González","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00415-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-026-00415-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Hispanic/Latino individuals have higher rates of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) burden compared to non-Hispanic whites. Diabetes is a risk factor for ADRD, but the extent of its associations with brain markers in community-dwelling Hispanic/Latino individuals is unknown. We examined how glycemic dysregulation and diabetes associate with small vessel disease damage and neurodegeneration in Hispanic/Latino adults from a large and community-representative cohort study.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We used data from 2627 individuals, aged 35-85 years, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL; 2008-2011) who underwent brain imaging through the SOL/Investigations of Neurocognitive Aging MRI (SOL-INCA MRI; 2018-2022) study. Exposures included diabetes status and HbA1c (%) levels. Outcomes included white matter hyperintensities, free water, fractional anisotropy, and volumetric regions including hippocampus, lateral ventricles, total brain, and cortical gray matter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Diabetes status, compared to no diabetes, was associated with larger white matter hyperintensity volume, lower fractional anisotropy, and higher free water. Diabetes status was also associated with larger lateral ventricles as well as smaller total brain, frontal gray matter, and occipital gray matter volumes. The association between diabetes and brain MRI outcomes was stronger in middle-aged and older individuals (50 years and older) compared to younger individuals (35-49 years).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diabetes was associated with markers of small vessel disease (white matter micro and macrostructural damage) and neurodegeneration (smaller brain volumes). White matter hyperintensities have been associated with increased risk of stroke and cognitive decline. Other work has found that free water and fractional anisotropy may predict worse cognitive performance, even in normal-appearing white matter. Smaller brain volumes have also been associated with cognitive deficits. These findings highlight the additional ADRD burden this population faces due to their higher diabetes prevalence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147633835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-cohort analysis of metagenome for type 2 diabetes identified universal gut microbiota signatures across populations.","authors":"Ying Dong, Minjie Wang, Xinyu Zhou, Pan Wang, Kaixin Yan, Siyuan Wang, Jiu-Chang Zhong, Hong Li, Lin Zhao, Bo Li, Jing Li","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00418-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41387-026-00418-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Several studies have investigated the association between the gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in various populations. Nonetheless, noises specific to individual cohorts might distort the microbial dysbiosis characteristics and result in inconsistent findings across studies. Thus, we aimed to identify the universal features of perturbed gut microbiota across diverse populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 433 fecal shotgun metagenomic sequences were analyzed to profile and compare the gut microbiome shifts between patients with T2D and healthy controls from cohorts in Europe and Asia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on cross-cohort integrative analysis, patients with T2D showed significantly higher microbial alpha diversity, and distinctive microbial structures compared to healthy individuals. By excluding bacteria exhibiting divergent directional changes, consistent characteristics with ten T2D-enriched bacteria, such as Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium citroniae and eight T2D-depleted bacteria, including Streptococcus thermophiles and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were revealed across populations. Particularly, these reliable bacterial markers, which were robust against demographic variation, distinguished patients with T2D from healthy controls with high accuracy (AUCs > 0.8) in both European and Asian cohorts. Correlation analysis demonstrated that T2D-enriched and T2D-depleted bacteria, respectively, formed their own mutualistic networks that were negatively linked to each other. Moreover, T2D-enriched bacteria were dramatically positively associated with fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Functionally, 10 KEGG pathways with consistent directional changes across European, Asian, and combined cohorts were identified. Specifically, the Nucleotide excision repair pathway was markedly downregulated in patients with T2D, while the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications was consistently enriched in patients with T2D across cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results elucidated reproducible profiles of gut commensal bacteria in patients with T2D, which are robust across populations. Identifying the universal gut microbiome signatures of T2D in heterogeneous cohorts offers valuable insights for understanding disease development and is crucial for prevention and diagnosis across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13057204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of type 2 diabetes according to glycemic status: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Sihan Song, Mi Kyoung Son, Bo Mi Song, Joong-Yeon Lim, Hyun-Young Park","doi":"10.1038/s41387-026-00416-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41387-026-00416-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence on whether the association between vitamin D levels and diabetes risk differs across glycemic statuses is limited. We investigated the association between circulating vitamin D levels and type 2 diabetes risk according to glycemic status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study included 3604 participants without diabetes (mean age: 56 years) whose serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured in the community-based Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (2007-2009). Fasting and 2-h post-load glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured biannually over a 14-year follow-up period. Season-standardized serum 25(OH)D levels were categorized into <25 (deficient), 25-50 (insufficient), and ≥ 50 nmol/L (sufficient). We assessed the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and type 2 diabetes risk using Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates, stratifying by glycemic status and individual glycemic markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 43,176 person-years of follow-up, 796 participants developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants with vitamin D deficiency, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for type 2 diabetes in those with vitamin D sufficiency were 0.80 (0.62-1.04) overall, 0.55 (0.32-0.97) in participants with normoglycemia, and 0.93 (0.69-1.24) in those with prediabetes (P for interaction by glycemic status = 0.04). The association between serum 25(OH)D levels and diabetes risk differed according to HbA1c level (P for interaction = 0.05); a trend toward a lower risk of type 2 diabetes was observed in participants with HbA1c < 5.7% but not in those with HbA1c 5.7-6.4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The association between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes differed by glycemic status, with a more pronounced inverse association among participants with normoglycemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19339,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition & Diabetes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}