Neuro-Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Zadig, Mentor and William F. Hoyt, MD","authors":"R. Muci-Mendoza","doi":"10.1080/01658107.2019.1610294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2019.1610294","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by the French translation of “One thousand and one nights”, Voltaire (François Marie Arouet, 1694–1778), wrote a series of “philosophical tales,” sometimes just apologies, with a concluding morale. One of his characters, Zadig, despite being young andwealthy, knew how to control his passions. He never bragged and did not always want to be right. He understood the weaknesses of his fellow men and was generous, even to the ungrateful. Aggravated by the injustice of men and disenchanted with life by sundry domestic misadventures, Zadig withdrew from the turmoil of Babylon to a secluded retreat on the banks of the Euphrates, where he beguiled his solitude by the study of nature. The manifold wonders of the world of life had a particular attraction for the lonely student; incessant and patient observation of the plants and animals about him sharpened his naturally good powers of observation and of reasoning; until, at length, he acquired a sagacity which enabled him to perceive endless minute differences among objects which, to the untutored eye, appeared absolutely alike. In chapter III “The dog and the horse”, Zadig’s powers of observation were highlighted. ... by observing subtle clues unnoticed to others, left on the soil by the passage of the King’s horse and the Queen’s bitch, he was able to describe both animals in full detail although he never actually saw them. «One day, walking near a little wood, he saw, hastening that way, one of the Queen’s chief eunuchs, followed by a troop of officials, who appeared to be in the greatest anxiety, running hither and thither like men distraught, in search of some lost treasure. “Young man,” cried the eunuch, “have you seen the Queen’s dog?” Zadig answered modestly, “A bitch, I think, not a dog.” “Quite right,” replied the eunuch; and Zadig continued, “A very small spaniel who has lately had puppies; she limps with the left foreleg, and has very long ears.” “Ah! you have seen her then,” said the breathless eunuch. “No,” answered Zadig, “I have not seen her; and I really was not aware that theQueen possessed a spaniel.” By an odd coincidence, at the very same time, the handsomest horse in the King’s stables broke away from his groom in the Babylonian plain. The grand huntsman and all his staff were seeking the horse with as much anxiety as the eunuch and his people the spaniel; and the grand huntsman asked Zadig if he had not seen the King’s horse go that way. “A first-rate galloper, small-hoofed, five feet high; tail three feet and a half long; cheek pieces of the bit of twenty-three carat gold; shoes silver?” said Zadig. “Which way did he go? Where is he?” cried the grand huntsman. “I have not seen anything of the horse, and I never heard of him before,” replied Zadig. The grand huntsman and the chief eunuch were sure that Zadig had stolen both the King’s horse and the Queen’s spaniel, so they hauled him before the High Court of Desterham, which at once condemned him to the knout, and transportat","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"95 1","pages":"136 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75959671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varicella Zoster Virus in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Review of Current Medical Literature","authors":"R. Ostrowski, Sheela Metgud, R. Tehrani, W. Jay","doi":"10.1080/01658107.2019.1604763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2019.1604763","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, the search for the cause of giant cell arteritis (GCA) has led investigators to look to varicella zoster virus (VZV) as the answer. In some ways, the nature of VZV infection makes it an attractive explanation for the pathology observed in GCA. However, studies to date yield a level of inconsistency that still leaves uncertainty as to whether VZV directly causes GCA, and positive findings have not been successfully reproduced.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"46 1","pages":"159 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73763349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Memoriam: William Fletcher Hoyt","authors":"W. Jay, S. Hickman","doi":"10.1080/01658107.2019.1610311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2019.1610311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"80 1","pages":"135 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74611908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adduction-Abduction Asymmetry in Saccades During Video-Oculographic Monocular Recording: A Word of Caution","authors":"Koji Takahashi, O. Tanaka, Y. Kudo, E. Sugawara, K. Johkura","doi":"10.1080/01658107.2018.1555852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2018.1555852","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In eye movement examination, video-oculographic monocular recording has become more popular than electro-oculographic binocular recording. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of monocular movements recorded using video-oculography. In 66 healthy subjects, the horizontal saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements of the right eye within a range of 30º were evaluated using a video-oculographic eye movement recording system. Saccade latency, velocity, accuracy, and smooth pursuit gain were measured and analysed by age and direction. Saccade parameters (latency, velocity, and amplitude) and smooth pursuit gain deteriorated with age in healthy subjects. Saccade velocity and accuracy were significantly larger during adduction than during abduction. The smooth pursuit gain did not differ between adduction and abduction. In conclusion, unlike smooth pursuit eye movements, saccadic eye movements have adduction-abduction asymmetry. In video-oculographic monocular recording of saccades, it is necessary to recognise the possibility of the existence of adduction-abduction asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"131 1","pages":"284 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86598436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optic Neuritis","authors":"M. Thurtell, R. Tomsak","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Optic neuritis is the most frequent cause of acute-onset optic neuropathy in young adults and is often encountered in clinical practice. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the cardinal signs of optic neuropathy. We review the clinical characteristics and workup of optic neuritis. We review factors that increase the risk for developing multiple sclerosis. We discuss atypical clinical and imaging findings that should prompt further evaluation for other causes of optic neuritis, such as neuromyelitis optica. Lastly, we discuss the management options for optic neuritis, with reference to the findings from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, and the prognosis for visual recovery.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91337382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infranuclear Ophthalmoplegia","authors":"M. Thurtell, R. Tomsak","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Infranuclear ophthalmoplegia is characterized by global weakness of the extraocular and levator muscles. It has a broad differential diagnosis that varies depending on the tempo of onset. In this chapter, we begin by describing how to differentiate nuclear-infranuclear ophthalmoplegia from supranuclear ophthalmoplegia at the bedside. We next list the common causes of acute onset infranuclear ophthalmoplegia, which include Miller Fisher syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, stroke, and ocular myasthenia. We then list the common causes of chronic progressive infranuclear ophthalmoplegia, which include mitochondrial disorders, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy. We discuss the clinical features and diagnostic workup of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia due to mitochondrial disease. Lastly, we briefly discuss the management of ptosis and diplopia in the setting of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79038651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chiasmal Syndromes","authors":"M. Thurtell, R. Tomsak","doi":"10.1093/med/9780195390841.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195390841.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Dysfunction of the optic chiasm typically produces bitemporal hemianopic visual field defects. Optic chiasmal dysfunction most often results from compression by extrinsic lesions, such as pituitary macroadenomas and meningiomas. In this chapter, we begin by describing the various bitemporal hemianopic visual field defects that can occur with optic chiasmal dysfunction. We next list potential causes of optic chiasmal dysfunction. We then review the clinical features and evaluation of pituitary apoplexy, which results from infarction of (or hemorrhage into) a pituitary macroadenoma. Lastly, we discuss the management of pituitary apoplexy, including the indications for and timing of surgical decompression, and review factors that affect the prognosis for visual recovery.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78401547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upbeat Nystagmus","authors":"Matthew J. Thurtell, Robert L. Tomsak","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Upbeat nystagmus is a less common type of central vestibular nystagmus that is often transient. It is a vertical jerk-waveform nystagmus with downward slow phases and upward quick phases. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the clinical features of upbeat nystagmus. Since it can be produced by lesions in a variety locations in the brainstem and cerebellum, we next describe the symptoms and signs that can help to localize the causative lesion. We list the causes of upbeat nystagmus. We then discuss the clinical and imaging findings in Wernicke encephalopathy, which is a common cause of upbeat nystagmus, and we review the management of Wernicke encephalopathy. Lastly, we briefly discuss the medical treatment options for persistent upbeat nystagmus.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80507002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexplained Vision Loss","authors":"M. Thurtell, R. Tomsak","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780190603953.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780190603953.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"When visual complaints are out of proportion to examination findings, nonorganic vision loss or a disorder of higher visual function may be suspected. However, certain ophthalmic causes of vision loss should also be considered. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing potential causes of unexplained vision loss, including refractive error, corneal disorders (e.g., keratoconus), optic neuropathy, and occult retinopathy. We next discuss clinical strategies and investigations that can help to identify certain causes of unexplained vision loss. Lastly, we discuss the clinical features, causes, and diagnostic evaluation of occult retinopathy, with a focus on conditions that cause cone photoreceptor dysfunction, such as cone dystrophy, cancer-associated retinopathy, and autoimmune retinopathy.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82595456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy","authors":"M. Thurtell, R. Tomsak","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780190603953.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780190603953.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in an important cause of acute painless monocular vision loss. It most often occurs in young men. Almost all patients develop fellow eye involvement within a few months, resulting in severe irreversible binocular vision loss. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the differential diagnosis of acute optic neuropathy. We next discuss the genetic basis for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and list the three common mitochondrial DNA mutations that cause it. We then review the clinical features and natural history of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Lastly, we discuss the treatment approach for this condition and review promising treatment options.","PeriodicalId":19257,"journal":{"name":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80136026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}