Neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Cold executive functions moderate the relationship between hot executive function and externalizing behavior in adolescents and adults.","authors":"Olivia Choy","doi":"10.1037/neu0001007","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although deficits in executive functions (EFs) have been shown to characterize individuals who exhibit externalizing behavior problems, few studies have differentiated between the influence of hot and cold EF on externalizing behavior. This study tests whether there is an interaction between performance on assessments of cold and hot EF in relation to externalizing behavior in a community sample of adolescents and adults.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Analyses were conducted on 396 adolescents (<i>M</i>_age = 14.81 years) and 393 of their parents (<i>M</i>_age = 45.39 years). Cold and hot EFs were assessed in both groups using a battery of neuropsychological tests, alongside externalizing behavior in both adolescents and their parents using a variety of self-report and parent-report questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant Hot EF × Cold EF interaction was found in both samples, such that adolescents and adults with increased risk taking on a hot EF task, but higher cold EF scores exhibited lower levels of externalizing behavior. Adults with reduced performance on both hot and cold EF tasks exhibited the highest levels of externalizing behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both hot and cold EFs contribute to the propensity for externalizing behavior. Results show that in the presence of increased risky decision making, which is a domain of hot EF, higher cold EF acts as a protective factor against externalizing behavior. Notably, this is observed in both adolescents and adults. Findings point to the possibility of targeting deficits in cold EF in interventions to reduce externalizing behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"463-471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12162207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of cognitive performance in Zambian adults with clade C HIV-1: The roles of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced CD4+ T-cell increase and pulmonary tuberculosis.","authors":"Knut A Hestad, J Anitha Menon, Mary Shilalukey Ngoma, Lumbuka Kaunda, Norma Kabuba, Ravi Paul, Scott Letendre, Donald R Franklin, Robert K Heaton","doi":"10.1037/neu0001000","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this cross-sectional study in Zambia, we examined factors that influence cognitive performance in adults with clade C human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection who were on antiretroviral therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We examined if detectable HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in blood plasma, nadir CD4+ T-cell count before antiretroviral therapy, increase in CD4+ T-cell count during antiretroviral therapy, and having pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) influenced cognitive performance. We performed a multilinear regression in which the dependent variable was the global mean cognitive <i>T</i>-score, an overall composite score based on 16 neuropsychological tests that were adjusted for age, sex, and education using normative data from Zambian adults without HIV infection. The 16 tests were merged into seven cognitive domains: Executive Functions, Verbal Fluency, Attention/Working Memory, Learning (immediate recall), Memory (delayed recall), Motor Control, and Speed of Information Processing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When on antiretroviral therapy, a greater increase in CD4+ T-cells was significantly associated with a better global mean cognitive <i>T</i>-score (<i>p</i> = .002). Pulmonary TB was independently associated with worse performance (<i>p</i> = .008). Neither nadir CD4+ T-cell count nor plasma HIV RNA during antiretroviral therapy was associated with cognitive performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Accounting for CD4+ T-cell increase after antiretroviral therapy initiation and comorbid pulmonary TB may help explain cognitive outcomes in persons with HIV infection in endemic settings. We suggest that it is essential that those with a low CD4+ T-cell count increase the number of cells as early as possible. Our data suggest that this is important for their cognitive functioning. Future research should determine whether the deleterious effect of pulmonary TB resolves after completion of TB treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"375-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to the spacing effect: Evidence from lesioned patients.","authors":"Cuihong Li, Qi Liu, Ke Sun, Tao Yu, Xiaotong Fan, Jiangfei Wang, Liankun Ren, Jiongjiong Yang","doi":"10.1037/neu0001009","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although the hippocampus is critical for memory processes, recent studies have suggested that amnesic patients with hippocampal lesions can still acquire some types of memory by distributed learning rather than by massed learning. However, as these studies recruited patients with developmental amnesia, whether lesion onset influenced the spacing effect was unclear. In addition, the extent to which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports the spacing effect has not been explored.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Patients with hippocampal lesions at early onset and late onset and PFC lesions were enrolled. The participants learned face-scene pairs under single learning (i.e., once in 1 day), massed learning (i.e., four times in 1 day), and distributed learning (i.e., four times in 2 days, twice per day). Then, they performed associative recognition tasks 20 min and 1 day later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the spacing effect was significantly higher than baseline (<i>d</i> = 2.91) and comparable with the control groups for hippocampal lesions at early onset patients at 1 day. However, the spacing effect was significantly impaired for hippocampal lesions at late onset (<i>d</i> = -1.84) and PFC patients (<i>d</i> = -1.48) when compared with the normal groups. The repetition effect (massed vs. single learning) was significantly impaired for PFC patients at 20 min when compared with the controls (<i>d</i> = -1.15).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings clarified the roles of the hippocampus and PFC in distributed learning and repetitive learning and suggest that early-onset hippocampal damage induces a significant reorganization in the human brain to support memory formation and retention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"432-449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired decision-making ability in functional heartburn patients.","authors":"Yue Li, Jingjing He, Lulu Zeng, Hui Hu, Qiao Wang, Yanghua Tian, Lijiu Zhang, Xiangpeng Hu","doi":"10.1037/neu0000999","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Rats with visceral hypersensitivity often exhibit impaired decision-making abilities. Functional heartburn (FH) is a functional esophageal disease that belongs to the category of gut-brain interaction disorders, associated with visceral hypersensitivity. However, the decision-making ability of patients with FH remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We recruited 30 patients diagnosed with FH based on the Rome IV criteria and 30 healthy controls (HCs). All patients were evaluated using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale-17. Patients with FH also completed the gastroesophageal reflux disease and modified gastrointestinal symptom score questionnaires. We employed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Game of Dice Task (GDT) to evaluate decision making.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the IGT, patients with FH exhibited a lower total net score and made more unfavorable choices compared to healthy controls (HCs). Specifically, statistically significant differences were observed in the net scores of the last three blocks, the differences were of large effect sizes. In the GDT, patients with FH demonstrated a lower total net score, higher risk score, and lower utilization of negative feedback than the HCs, the differences were of middle-large effect sizes. Even after controlling for the effects of anxiety, depression, and the coexistence of functional dyspepsia, patients with FH exhibited lower net scores than HCs, in both the IGT and GDTs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that patients with FH showed worse decision-making abilities than HCs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"422-431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep fragmentation, 24-hr rest-activity patterns, and cognitive function in premanifest Huntington's disease: An actigraphy study.","authors":"Emily S Fitzgerald, Yifat Glikmann-Johnston, Jessica E Manousakis, Meg Rankin, Clare Anderson, Melinda L Jackson, Julie C Stout","doi":"10.1037/neu0001001","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In Huntington's disease (HD), cognitive symptoms, sleep fragmentation, and daily activity pattern alterations can occur up to 15 years before diagnosis in premanifest HD (Pre-HD). Whether sleep and rest-activity patterns relate to cognitive function in Pre-HD, however, remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between rest-activity patterns, sleep, and cognitive function in Pre-HD compared to healthy controls (HCs).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>All participants completed 14 days of actigraphy, online questionnaires, and remote cognitive assessments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Pre-HD group (<i>n</i> = 36) performed worse on Speeded Tapping than the HC group (<i>n</i> = 42). Pre-HD participants with heightened sleep fragmentation performed more poorly on the Trail Making Test (TMT) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R). In Pre-HD, lower intra-daily variability and higher interdaily stability (more stable, less fragmented rest-activity patterns) were associated with poorer performance on the trail making test Part B, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Emotion Recognition Task, Rey Complex Figure Test, visual memory task, paced tapping, and HVLT-R total trial. Higher interdaily stability was also linked to poorer HVLT-R performance. Relative amplitude and sleep regularity index were not related to performance. Poorer sleep quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index correlated with worse HVLT-R delayed and paced tapping scores. More severe insomnia (higher Insomnia Severity Index scores) correlated with lower Rey Complex Figure Test copy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings emphasize the importance of uninterrupted sleep on cognitive function in Pre-HD and reveal targets for interventions aimed at improving cognitive symptoms. Larger cohorts stratified by proximity to diagnosis are critical to improving our understanding of these relationships across the premanifest period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"384-401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End-stage kidney disease patients exhibited slower responses to rapidly presented visual stimuli when compared with healthy controls.","authors":"Carolina C Abramovicz, Mario M R Fernandes, Gabriel S Senges, Sergio L Schmidt","doi":"10.1037/neu0001016","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using a go/no-go test, we showed that end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients have a slower average reaction time (RT) compared with their respective controls. This study aimed to investigate whether the RT of ESKD patients worsened throughout the test and whether RTs were influenced by target frequencies (TF) or the speed of stimulus presentation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 110 ESKD patients and 109 age- and sex-matched controls were selected (<i>M_age</i> = 50.2 ± 12.07 years for patients and 47.8 ± 14.21 years for controls). Participants completed a go/no-go test, assessing attentional subdomains through four variables: omission errors (focus), commission errors (inhibition), RT (intrinsic alertness), and variability of RT (sustained attention). The test lasted approximately 15 min and was divided into three consecutive, equally spaced time sets (first, second, third). Each set was subdivided into two blocks: one with a high TF (80%) and the other with a low TF (20%). Each block was subdivided into three different interstimulus time intervals (low, medium, and high speeds). Both groups performed the test simultaneously at dialysis centers, with ESKD patients completing it 68 hr after their last dialysis session.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ESKD patients consistently demonstrated slower RTs than controls throughout the 15-min task. The average difference in RT between the groups did not increase over time and was independent of TF. Notably, RT was significantly slower in ESKD patients only when stimuli were presented at the highest speed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ESKD patients exhibited specifically impaired alertness when responding to visual stimuli presented at the highest speed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory control underpins the relationship between cognitive and psychological inflexibility after a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Diane L Whiting, Josh W Faulkner, Thomas Gates, Kasey Metcalf, Grahame K Simpson","doi":"10.1037/neu0001018","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive flexibility is proposed as being one \"building block\" of psychological inflexibility/flexibility, yet empirical studies examining these associations are scarce. This study aims to examine the relationship between these constructs in those with a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury who demonstrate impairments in cognitive flexibility.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 66 individuals with a traumatic brain injury were administered a battery of cognitive flexibility measures in conjunction with their standard neuropsychological assessment, general (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II [AAQ-II]) and context-specific (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Acquired Brain Injury [AAQ-ABI]) measures of psychological inflexibility and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linear regression modeling found the Stroop color-word interference score was the only measure of cognitive flexibility that was significantly associated with AAQ-ABI (β = -.14, <i>p</i> < .001), a finding that remained when controlling for Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient and education. Similarly, the Stroop color-word interference score significantly predicted the AAQ-II (β = -0.13, <i>p</i> = .024). Simple mediation analysis found the AAQ-ABI and AAQ-II fully mediated the relationship between the Stroop color-word interference score and psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research provides support for the theory of cognitive flexibility being an essential component of psychological inflexibility. Inhibitory control may be an important process within cognitive flexibility that contributes to psychological inflexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing memory for emotions separately from emotion recognition after traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Gavin D Sanders, Lisa J Rapport, Mark A Lumley, Robin A Hanks, Scott A Langenecker, Robiann R Broomfield, Lauren J Radigan","doi":"10.1037/neu0000998","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often show deficits in recognition of facial emotion, but their ability to <i>remember</i> emotions is poorly understood. Furthermore, there are no practicable tasks that measure this ability. This study examined the construct of memory for emotions using a novel Facial Recognition and Memory for Emotion (FRAME) test.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 53 adults with complicated mild-to-severe TBI and a comparison group of 64 neurologically healthy adults. The FRAME and a neuropsychological battery were administered to participants. Analyses included zero-order and partial correlations, as well as group comparisons. A series of hierarchical logistic regressions evaluated the incremental utility of the FRAME in distinguishing adults with and without TBI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adults with TBI performed worse than healthy participants across FRAME indices. Processing speed was the strongest correlate of both emotion recognition and memory for emotion. The FRAME demonstrated a pattern of correlations with cognitive tests supporting convergent and discriminant validity of the concept that memory for emotion is distinct from the simple perception of it. Hierarchical logistic regression models showed that memory for emotion accounted for unique variance in group membership beyond emotion recognition accuracy, memory for nonemotional faces, and verbal delayed recall.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Support was found for the construct validity of a novel performance-based assessment measure of recognition and memory for facial displays of emotion. We conclude that memory for facial emotions represents a unique aspect of social cognition, distinct from accurate recognition of facial emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"347-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between implicit conflict monitoring, metacognitive monitoring, and cognitive control demand avoidance in children and adults.","authors":"Yuqi Huang, Jesse Niebaum, Nicolas Chevalier","doi":"10.1037/neu0001006","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Unlike adults, children often fail to coordinate their behavior away from unnecessary cognitive demands to conserve effort. The present study investigated whether greater conflict monitoring may contribute to metacognitive monitoring of cognitive demands, which in turn may support greater cognitive demand avoidance with age.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Electroencephalogram data were recorded while 54 adults and fifty-four 5- to 10-year-old children completed a demand selection task, where they chose between versions of a task with either higher or lower demands on cognitive control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both adults and children avoided the high-demand task, showing that, in some circumstances, children as young as 5 years can avoid unnecessary cognitive demands. Critically, midfrontal theta power predicted awareness of cognitive demand variations, which in turn predicted demand avoidance. The relationship between midfrontal theta power and demand awareness was negative and did not change between age groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Together, these findings suggest that metacognitive monitoring and control are based in part on conflict monitoring in both children and adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"289-304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching gears: Age-related differences in goal-directed and habitual behavior.","authors":"Chelsea Hennessy, Thomas Pace, Remy Blatch-Williams, Tim van Timmeren, Sanne de Wit, Sophie C Andrews","doi":"10.1037/neu0000997","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study intended to improve understanding of cognitive factors contributing to age-related differences in cognitive ability to shift between goal-directed (i.e., purposeful) and habitual (i.e., automatic) behavior.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty participants, divided into two age groups (older: <i>n</i> = 25, <i>M</i>_age = 67.35, 15 female; younger: <i>n</i> = 25, <i>M</i>_age = 20.84, 18 female), were included. They completed behavioral measures of mood and well-being, as well as a cognitive battery of measures related to memory, reaction time, and speed of processing. Goal-directed and habitual responding was measured using the symmetrical outcome-revaluation task. Response window lengths were varied with overall longer response windows for older (800 ms short/1,100 ms long) compared to younger adults (500 ms short/800 ms long). Independent sample t tests, mixed analyses of variance, and analyses of covariance were used to compare age groups on behavioral and cognitive measures and the symmetrical outcome-revaluation task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When given short response windows, both age groups displayed a reliance on habitual behavior over goal-directed responding. Interestingly, when provided longer response windows, younger adults were able to update responding to exercise goal-directed behavior and significantly improved their task performance compared to older adults who continued to rely on incorrect habitual responses. Working memory did not appear to be a significant driver of performance differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide a better understanding of the balance between goal-directed and habitual behaviors in aging, suggesting that age-related slowing and memory changes do not fully account for older adults' reliance on habitual responding and warrant further research into practical implications of addressing healthy behavioral change in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"305-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}