Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07732-0
Ana Lúcia Oliveira, Miguel Coelho, Leonor Correia Guedes, Maria Begoña Cattoni, Herculano Carvalho, Pedro Duarte-Batista
{"title":"Performance of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 as a tool for patient support before and after DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Ana Lúcia Oliveira, Miguel Coelho, Leonor Correia Guedes, Maria Begoña Cattoni, Herculano Carvalho, Pedro Duarte-Batista","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07732-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07732-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes into specific areas of the brain to treat a variety of medical conditions, including Parkinson's disease. Doubts and questions from patients prior to or following surgery should be addressed in line with the most recent scientific and clinical practice. ChatGPT emerges as an example of how artificial intelligence can be used, with its ability to comprehend and answer medical questions in an understandable way, accessible to everyone. However, the risks of these resources still need to be fully understood.ChatGPT models 3.5 and 4 responses to 40 questions in English and Portuguese were independently graded by two experienced specialists in functional neurosurgery and neurological movement disorders and resolved by a third reviewer. ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 demonstrated a good level of accuracy in responding to 80 questions in both English and Portuguese, related to DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease. The proportion of responses graded as correct was 57.5% and 83.8% for GPT 3.5 and GPT 4, respectively. GPT 3.5 provided potentially harmful answers for 6.3% (5/80) of its responses. No responses from GPT 4 were graded as harmful. In general, ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 demonstrated good performance in terms of quality and reliability across two different languages. Nonetheless, harmful responses should not be scorned, and it's crucial to consider this aspect when addressing patients using these resources. Considering the current safety concerns, it's not advisable for patients to use such models for DBS surgery guidance. Performance of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 as a tool for patient support before and after DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5757-5764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11554841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07806-z
Giorgio Arcara
{"title":"Improving equivalent scores for clinical neuropsychology: a new method for regression model selection.","authors":"Giorgio Arcara","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07806-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07806-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Equivalent Scores (ES) represent a statistical gold standard to obtain thresholds for clinical inference from normative data. The procedure to obtain ES requires a preliminary mandatory step: to perform a regression model selection to obtain adjusted scores that take into account age, education, and sex. The current article, starting from theoretical considerations, focuses on this step and proposes a new and improved regression model selection method. Results from data simulation show that the newly proposed method outperforms the current one on a wide range of simulation parameters and conditions, leading to better performance in classifying impaired or unimpaired performances, and more precise ES. The article is associated with an online app and R code to allow to easily apply the method to other normative data. This new model selection procedure can be easily incorporated also with other regression-based norm approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5685-5695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142470963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07697-0
Jian Wu, Min Yang, Ying Zhang, Ya Kun Ren, Chang Wei Ding, Chen Chu Ying, Qiao Rui Wu, Cai Shan Wang, Yu Jing Sheng, Pan Mao, Xiao Fang Chen, Ying Chun Zhang, Chun-Feng Liu
{"title":"Changes in the correlation between substantia nigra hyperechogenicity area and Parkinson's disease severity at different Hoehn and Yahr stages.","authors":"Jian Wu, Min Yang, Ying Zhang, Ya Kun Ren, Chang Wei Ding, Chen Chu Ying, Qiao Rui Wu, Cai Shan Wang, Yu Jing Sheng, Pan Mao, Xiao Fang Chen, Ying Chun Zhang, Chun-Feng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07697-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07697-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is debatable whether the area of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+) in transcranial sonography (TCS) is related to Parkinson's disease (PD) severity. Iron deposition, which is associated with the formation of SN+, may have different effects on dopamine nerve function as PD progresses. However, little research has explored the association between the SN + area and disease severity of PD in stages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>612 PD patients with sufficient bone window were retrospectively included from a PD database, and disease severity was assessed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. Based on the Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) scale, we classified the patients into seven groups (H-Y stage 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 5) and then analyzed the correlations between the SN + area and the UPDRS scores separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results indicated a U-shaped relationship between the initial-SN + area and disease severity in PD: In the H-Y stage 1 group, the initial-SN + area was negatively correlated with the UPDRS total score (r = - 0.456, p < 0.001) and UPDRS-III score (r = - 0.497, p < 0.001). No correlation was observed in the groups of H-Y stages 1.5, 2, and 2.5. In the groups of H-Y stage ≥ 3, the initial-SN + area was positively correlated with the UPDRS total score and UPDRS-III score, with strongest correlation in the H-Y stage 5 group (all p values < 0.05). Moreover, the larger SN + area and average SN + area showed a similar evolutionary trend of correlation with UPDRS total score and UPDRS-III score.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study indicated a U-shaped correlation between the SN + area with the UPDRS total score and UPDRS-III score as H-Y stage progressed. The evolution of the correlation may reflect the evolution of underlying pathological mechanisms related to iron deposition in the substantia nigra.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5739-5747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07808-x
Coline Chartier, Julien Godard, Sylvain Durand, Anne Humeau-Heurtier, Emmanuelle Menetrier, Philippe Allain, Jérémy Besnard
{"title":"Combinations of physical and cognitive training for subcortical neurodegenerative diseases with physical, cognitive and behavioral symptoms: a systematic review.","authors":"Coline Chartier, Julien Godard, Sylvain Durand, Anne Humeau-Heurtier, Emmanuelle Menetrier, Philippe Allain, Jérémy Besnard","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07808-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07808-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The onset of the symptoms of subcortical NDs is due to a unique part of the brain which strengthens the idea of reciprocal influence of physical activity and cognitive training in improving clinical symptoms. Consequently, protocols combining the two stimulations are becoming increasingly popular in NDs. Our threefold aim was to (A) describe the different combinations of physical and cognitive training used to alleviate the motor and cognitive symptoms of patients with subcortical neurodegenerative disorders, (B) compare the effects of these different combinations (sequential, dual tasking, synergical) on symptoms, and (C) recommend approaches for further studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted literature searches of PubMed, BASE and ACM, to carry out a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and controlled trials of combined physical and cognitive training among patients with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lewy body dementia, spinocerebellar ataxia, Friedreich's ataxia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Physical, neuropsychological, behavioral outcomes were considered. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to verify the critical appraisal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one studies focused on Parkinson's disease with 940 participants were included. Despites promising benefits on cognitive and physical function, our results revealed discrepant findings for research on combined training.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Inconsistencies were linked to the choice of tests, the functions that were targeted, disease progression, and trainings. There was a dearth of follow-up data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Differences between combined training are unclear, particularly regarding the role of cognitive load. Future studies should focus on comparing the feasibility, tolerability, and effectiveness of different combinations of motor-cognitive training.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5571-5589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11554706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142470952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07681-8
Carlos Serra Smith, Fernando José Montero Reyes, Ana Contreras Chicote, Julia Martínez Barrio, Mihaela Vieru, Isabel Herrera Herrera, Francisco Arias, Marisa Martínez Ginés, Jose Manuel García Domínguez
{"title":"Rheumatoid meningitis: a case series report and review of modern therapeutic schemes and outcome.","authors":"Carlos Serra Smith, Fernando José Montero Reyes, Ana Contreras Chicote, Julia Martínez Barrio, Mihaela Vieru, Isabel Herrera Herrera, Francisco Arias, Marisa Martínez Ginés, Jose Manuel García Domínguez","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07681-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07681-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rheumatoid meningitis (RM) is an extremely rare extra-articular complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with approximately 165 cases reported world-wide. RM exhibits a broad range of symptoms, with stroke-like episodes and seizures being the most common manifestations. The primary differential diagnoses include vascular and infectious diseases. The influence of immunomodulatory medications on the pathophysiology of RM remains unclear. There are no consensus guidelines on therapeutic regimen.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We present four patients with prior history of RA that developed different neurological syndromes in correlation to radiological leptomeningitis. Clinical presentations, comorbid conditions, supplementary diagnostic assessments, treatments, and prognosis are provided. A literature review of recent immunosuppressive management in RM patients was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three patients presented to hospital with recurrent focal seizures. Only two suffered meningism, reporting headache and fever. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed different grades of leptomeningitis across all cases. Notably, three cases demonstrated bilateral involvement extending to the pachymeninges. Two patients exhibited pronounced CSF mononuclear inflammation while extended microbiological evaluations yielded negative results. Two patients required biopsy for confirmation. The initiation of immunosuppressive therapy marked a turning point for three patients who previously exhibited progressive deterioration. Mortality was absent in all cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our experience remarks the elusive nature of RM. Rigorous exclusionary diagnostics are imperative to differentiate RM from mimicking conditions. Clinical manifestations oscillate between transient episodes and progressive neurological impairments, punctuated by frequent epileptic seizures. In scenarios where clinical worsening persists or where clinical and radiological evaluations are inconclusive, aggressive immunosuppressive therapy is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5875-5887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141620505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07662-x
Ali Mortezaei, Mahmoud M Morsy, Bardia Hajikarimloo, Ahmed Y Azzam, Adam A Dmytriw, Osman Elamin, Mohammed A Azab, Zuha Hasan, Redi Rahmani
{"title":"Endovascular thrombectomy for ischemic stroke with large infarct, short- and long-term outcomes: a meta-analysis of 6 randomised control trials.","authors":"Ali Mortezaei, Mahmoud M Morsy, Bardia Hajikarimloo, Ahmed Y Azzam, Adam A Dmytriw, Osman Elamin, Mohammed A Azab, Zuha Hasan, Redi Rahmani","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07662-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07662-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endovascular Thrombectomy (EVT) as first-line treatment of patients with large core ischemic infarct is a subject of debate. A systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases for randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing EVT to best medical treatment (BMT) for large core infarcts (ASPECTS ≤ 5). Relevant studies were added after screening for titles, abstracts, and complete text. Meta-analysis was performed. The continuous outcomes were analyzed using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI, while the binary outcomes were analyzed using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A funnel plot was used to visually evaluate publication bias, and if feasible, Egger's test was used to validate. We included 1918 patients from six RCTs that compared EVT plus BMT and BMT alone in patients with large core infarct due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation. There were 946 patients in the EVT group and 972 patients in the BMT group. The one-year outcomes are available for 314 patients in the EVT group and 292 patents in the BMT group from two RCTs. EVT group had statistically significant higher rate of 90-day mRS 0-1 (RR = 3.1, P-value < 0.0001), mRS 0-2 (RR = 2.64, P-value < 0.0001), mRS 0-3 (RR = 1.80, P-value < 0.0001), lower 90-day mean mRS score (SMD = -0.29, P-value < 0.0001), lower 90-day mortality rate (RR = 0.85, P-value = 0.015), and greater early neurological improvement (RR = 2.16, P-value < 0.00001) compared to the BMT group. However, the rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) (RR = 1.76, P-value = 0.01) and any ICH (RR = 2.18, P-value < 0.00001) were higher in EVT group. Our finding showed that EVT plus BMT led to in an absolute improvement of 5%, 12%, and 16% in 90-day mRS 0-1, 0-2, and 0-3, respectively. In addition, patients in EVT plus BMT group had a 3% increased probability of experiencing sICH and were 32% more susceptible to any ICH. Moreover, the one-year mRS 0-2 (RR = 2.16, P-value < 0.00001) and mRS 0-3 (RR = 1.80, P-value < 0.0001) was significantly favor the EVT plus BMT over BMT alone. Although, the one-year mortality rate was not significantly differed between two groups (RR = 0.91, P-value = 0.31). There was no statistically significant difference observed between the EVT plus BMT group and the BMT group concerning new stroke, decompressive craniectomy, and serious adverse events. Combined data from six RCTs shows that EVT plus BMT provides significantly better short- and long-term functional outcomes with minimal increase in symptomatic hemorrhage over BMT in patient with large core infarcts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5627-5637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07776-2
Enes Efe Is, Selda Ciftci Inceoglu, Suleyman Caglar Tekin, Busra Albayrak, Mehmet Rasih Sonsoz, Banu Kuran, Wolfgang Singer
{"title":"Validation and reliability of the Turkish version of the composite autonomic symptom score 31.","authors":"Enes Efe Is, Selda Ciftci Inceoglu, Suleyman Caglar Tekin, Busra Albayrak, Mehmet Rasih Sonsoz, Banu Kuran, Wolfgang Singer","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07776-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07776-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to validate a Turkish version of the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 (T-COMPASS 31) for assessing autonomic dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The COMPASS 31 questionnaire was translated into Turkish following a rigorous protocol. Forty-five patients with autonomic dysfunction symptoms related to their primary disease and 45 healthy controls matched for age and sex participated in the study. All participants completed the T-COMPASS 31 twice, with a six-week interval between administrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The T-COMPASS 31 demonstrated strong test-retest reliability, with scores remaining consistent upon retesting. Internal consistency analysis yielded high scores, indicating the questionnaire's effectiveness in accurately measuring autonomic dysfunction. Patients with autonomic dysfunction had significantly higher T-COMPASS 31 scores compared to healthy controls, thus supporting the validity of the T-COMPASS 31 as a tool for detecting this condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study successfully validated the T-COMPASS 31, establishing it as a reliable and accurate method for assessing autonomic dysfunction in Turkish-speaking populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5779-5786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07728-w
Yin Chen, Shiyin Li, Jiaxin Chen, Huiyu Feng
{"title":"Clinical characteristics and therapeutic effect of myasthenia gravis coexisting with thyroid eye disease.","authors":"Yin Chen, Shiyin Li, Jiaxin Chen, Huiyu Feng","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07728-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07728-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Here, we describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of myasthenia gravis (MG) coexisting with thyroid eye disease (TED).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collated clinical data from MG patients in our hospital between 2012 and 2022 and analyzed the clinical characteristics of MG patients with hyperthyroidism, MG patients with TED and ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) patients with TED.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We recruited 62 MG patients with hyperthyroidism, including 13 MG patients with TED and 10 OMG patients with TED. There were 70 MG patients without hyperthyroidism; 29 of these were OMG. Compared with patients without hyperthyroidism, patients with hyperthyroidism had an earlier age at onset and milder clinical symptoms (P < 0.05). The incidence of thymus hyperplasia in patients with hyperthyroidism and TED was significantly lower than that in patients without TED (38.5% vs. 69.4%, P < 0.05); these patients also had a significantly lower antibody titer for the acetylcholine receptor [0.72 (0.27, 14.93) nmol/L vs. 2.38 (0.28, 49.51) nmol/L, P < 0.05]. Diplopia was significantly more frequent in OMG patients with TED than in patients with OMG (84.6% vs. 44.8%, P < 0.05), and the rate of diplopia in OMG patients with TED was significantly higher after treatment with bromostigmine and glucocorticoid (69.2% vs. 3.4%, P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MG patients with TED had a significantly lower incidence of thymus hyperplasia and a lower antibody titer for the acetylcholine receptor. Patients with OMG and TED are more likely to develop diplopia; it is very difficult to treat diplopia in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5909-5913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological SciencesPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07736-w
Chaofan Geng, Chen Chen
{"title":"Association between inflammatory cytokines and disease severity in restless legs syndrome.","authors":"Chaofan Geng, Chen Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10072-024-07736-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10072-024-07736-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to evaluate serum cytokine levels in individuals with primary Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and analyze their correlation with RLS symptom severity, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case-control study was conducted involving 87 primary RLS patients and 100 healthy individuals undergoing health check-ups. Serum cytokine levels were assessed, and RLS severity was evaluated using the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) rating scale. Additionally, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD24), and 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA14) were utilized to assess symptom severity, sleep disturbances, and emotional states in RLS patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum cytokine levels, including IL-6 and TNF-α, were significantly higher in RLS patients compared to controls (P < 0.05). Adjustment for disease duration, sex, age, BMI, SBP, and DBP revealed an independent association between serum IL-6 and RLS (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.02-1.93; P = 0.003). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between IL-6 levels and IRLS scores (β = 0.123, P = 0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines in RLS patients suggest a potential role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of primary RLS. Additionally, serum cytokine levels correlate closely with disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19191,"journal":{"name":"Neurological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"5765-5770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}