{"title":"Vitreous carbon matrix for low wear carbon/metal current collectors","authors":"R. A. Burton, R. G. Burton","doi":"10.1109/33.31427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/33.31427","url":null,"abstract":"Friction, wear, and resistivity are reported for composite specimens made of copper fibres in a vitreous or glassy carbon matrix. The resistivity and friction are shown to be comparable to reported values for typical copper graphite specimens, and the wear is shown to be exceptionally low. Although the vitreous carbon is hard, it does not appear to act as abrasive on a soft material made by forming such composites from powder, or by pressure infusion of the metal into a graphitic body. Qualitative observations in handling the material indicate that it is tough, which is attributed to the energy absorption by the metal fibres.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"333 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133695414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Properties and performance of gallium alloys in sliding contacts","authors":"R. A. Burton, R. G. Burton","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16115","url":null,"abstract":"For eutectics of Ga/In/Sn, Ga/In/Zn, and Ga/In/Sn/Zn, room-temperature measurements are reported for viscosity and resistivity. Contact resistance, friction, and film thickness are calculated for tilted pads using these fluids as lubricants. Relative magnitudes of magnetohydrodynamic energy dissipation in an annulus is discussed in terms of a figure of merit, namely, the Hartmann number. The experimental findings show that the gallium alloys display the most favorable characteristics.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115030422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of the interaction of normal force and wipe distance on contact resistance in precious metal plated contacts","authors":"I. Brockman, C.S. Sieber, R. Mroczkowski","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16099","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of contact normal force and wiping distance on contact resistance were evaluated for hemispherical contacts wiping on flat coupons. Hard- and soft-gold-plated coupons and palladium and gold-over-palladium contacts were used. Two types of wiping action were investigated; wiping under the full normal force of 180 g and wiping during the application of the normal force. The coupon surface conditions used were: clean, lubricated, and lubricated and dust-covered. The lubricated and dust-covered conditions was intended to provide a severe condition for wiping action to penetrate or displace. The effects of cycling were also evaluated. In most cases it was found that wiping distances on the order of <or=0.25 mm were sufficient to achieve penetration on the lubricated and dusted surfaces. Contact resistance magnitude under dry circuit conditions and stability were used as criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the penetrating action.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123211893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of surface structure on the contact resistance measurements of electrodeposits","authors":"C. A. Holden, H. H. Law, G. R. Crane","doi":"10.1109/33.19013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/33.19013","url":null,"abstract":"It has been demonstrated with gray nickel phosphorus alloy (Ni/P) deposits and with gray nickel (NiCl) deposits that achieving consistently low R/sub c/ using base metal deposits requires a surface morphology with a multitudinous number of tightly space asperities of uniform height. These asperities, on a microscopic (5000*) scale, can appear to be acicular star-burst or gritty (sand-like) and will maintain low R/sub c/ as long as they meet the criteria of tight spacing and uniform size. Representative samples of these base metal gray deposits have maintained R/sub c/<10 m Omega after exposure to 50 degrees C and 95% relative humidity for nine months. In comparison, R/sub c/ values of standard nickel deposits from a Watts nickel bath were approximately 400 m Omega after only four days of exposure. To demonstrate that it is the surface microstructure of the deposit that yields the desirable R/sub c/ behavior, gray palladium deposits with an acicular surface structure similar to that of gray Ni/P deposits were investigated. In a relatively severe humid environment containing HCl, gray palladium deposits had lower R/sub c/ than wrought palladium.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122881678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Direct TEM observation of the welding of asperities between two single crystal gold films","authors":"Chan Siu-Wai","doi":"10.1109/33.19010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/33.19010","url":null,"abstract":"The information of grain boundaries between two gold films in contact was directly observed on a hot stage in a transmission electron microscope at a temperature that was less than 0.4 of the gold melting point. This is believed to be the first direct evidence of metal-to-metal welding by the formation of grain boundaries at touching asperities. These welds can contribute to the frictional force of a sliding contact because grain boundaries of pure metals have the same mechanical strength as the bulk of the material. In addition, shear deformation of these joined asperities can contribute to the adhesive wear in sliding. This would be relevant to the gold alloys used in electrical sliding contacts. The experimental results are reported in detail.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124111684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reciprocating motion of magnetically driven arcs in air at low critical atmospheric pressure","authors":"Chang Li-chun, Yan Wei","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16108","url":null,"abstract":"Using high-speed photography and an optical-fiber microcomputer system, a series of experimental investigations were performed on the motion of DC short arcs in a transverse magnetic field in air at low critical atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the cold cathode arc runs a long distance forward (ampere's direction) and backward (retrograde direction) without stop. This phenomenon is called reciprocating motion. The reciprocating motion appears to be of three types: reciprocating motion at high speed, motion at low speed, and motion forward and backward at greatly differing speeds. However, the reciprocating or retrograde phenomenon on hot cathode material has not yet been observed. A model of cathode jets for the arc motion has been developed that can fairly well explain the arc motion direction change and the reciprocating phenomenon.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130109962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of AgSnO2 material on high current DC switching","authors":"Chien Yun-Ko","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16094","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of AgSnO/sub 2/ contacts (with 12 wt.% and 15 wt.% of SnO/sub 2/) for high-current DC switching. The contacts were tested in a solenoid-operated fixture equipped with an arc quenching chamber and an in-line magnetic blow-out system. The switching experiment was performed at 480 V DC with currents up to 1500 A. The duty cycle was two operations per minute. Metallurgical analysis of the contact surface and cross section were performed after the tests. A qualitative comparison of the test results to AgWC and AgCdO was made. The Ag-(15 wt.%)SnO/sub 2/ contacts showed better weld resistance than AgCdO and better contact resistance than the AgWC. The Ag-(15 wt.%)SnO/sub 2/ was proved to be a promising candidate for high-current DC switching application. The reduced closing contact bounce significantly improved the contact welding and contact erosion characteristics and greatly relaxed the requirements on contact materials.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127408642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metal matrix contact surfaces for high current applications","authors":"S. French","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16124","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Results are reported concerning recent advances in metal matrix-material fabrication showing that wear-resistant materials can be combined with conductive binders to produce current collectors with low-wear and high current-carrying capabilities for use as rotor disks in high-current multimegawatt homopolar machines. The author gives a description of the dynamic wear testing machine used to test various material combinations. The results of the testing showed that an aluminium bronze matrix was superior to a copper matrix due to its intrinsic hardness. Additionally, it is generally concluded that: (1) conductive ceramics can reinforce conductive metals and provide an increase in wear resistance, while sacrificing some conductivity; (2) lubrication reduces wear in materials, specifically adhesive wear, and controls interface temperatures; and (3) systems approach to defining wear pair compatibility is needed to better define the responses of material to high currents and sliding velocities. For the author's purposes the wear tester designed and built best fits this description, but materials compatibility work is still needed to optimize the disk and brush materials.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121823015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistical considerations in the estimation of electrical contact reliability","authors":"J. M. Maynard","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16096","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The established definition of reliability involves four key elements: probability, satisfactory performance, operating life, and operating conditions. Reliability of existing systems can be estimated using field data when they are available in suitable form and quantity, or using data from (often accelerated) laboratory tests. Test data are emphasized here. Such data take one of three possible forms: attribute data, data on time to failure for a sample of items, or variables data. The three forms of data differ markedly with respect to the underlying statistical assumptions required for validity of their analysis, with respect to the amount and type of information they can reveal, and with respect to the sample sizes required to achieve precise estimates and convincing statistical confidence.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129820611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrical contact reliability: how is it determined?","authors":"R. Mroczkowski","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1988.16095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1988.16095","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. There are at least two approaches to ensuring reliable connector performance. One is to require that a safety factor be built into the connector which provides some level of assurance of reliable performance. The second approach discussed here is the determination of reliability based on a statistical treatment of test data. To determine contact reliability using this approach, the following issues are considered: first, the active degradation mechanisms must be identified and categorized with respect to their importance in the application of interest; second, appropriate tests, acceleration factors, and exposures must be known, defined, or determined, for these degradation mechanisms; third, failure criteria appropriate to the application of interest must be established; and forth, the statistical approach to determining, or calculating, reliability values must be agreed on.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":191800,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts, 1988., Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"2191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130116482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}