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Flavor aversions induced by thallium sulfate: importance of route of administration. 硫酸铊引起的风味厌恶:给药途径的重要性。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-05-01
D B Peele, R C MacPhail, J D Farmer
{"title":"Flavor aversions induced by thallium sulfate: importance of route of administration.","authors":"D B Peele,&nbsp;R C MacPhail,&nbsp;J D Farmer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flavor aversions induced by intraperitoneal (IP) and oral (PO) administration of thallium sulfate were compared in a repeated trial, two-bottle preference test. Male Long-Evans rats (N = 6/group) were given 30-min access to a 0.1% saccharin solution followed 20-min later by either IP or PO thallium sulfate (2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg), vehicle or nothing. Non-treated and vehicle-treated rats consistently preferred the saccharin solution, with relative saccharin intakes ranging from 0.65 to 0.85 over the three choice trials. On the first choice trial, flavor aversions produced by IP-administered thallium sulfate were marginal and occurred only at the highest dosage. In contrast, on the first choice trial, PO-administered thallium sulfate led to pronounced aversions at all but the lowest dosage. Saccharin preferences on the second and third choice trials resembled those obtained on the first choice trial. These results suggest that failure to obtain toxicant-induced flavor aversions may be due in part to the particular route by which the toxicant is administered.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 3","pages":"273-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14855614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple schedule performance changes during carbon monoxide exposure. 在一氧化碳暴露期间，多个时间表性能变化。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-05-01
J Schrot, J R Thomas
{"title":"Multiple schedule performance changes during carbon monoxide exposure.","authors":"J Schrot,&nbsp;J R Thomas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behavioral effects of carbon monoxide (CO) were studied in rats during 90 min exposures to concentrations ranging from 250 to 850 parts-per-million (PPM). The animals performed on a multiple fixed-ratio differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (MULT FR 30 DRL 18) schedule of food reinforcement. Periodically, the animals were individually exposed to either air or CO for 30 min periods prior to as well as during 60 min test sessions. Carboxyhemoglobin measurements indicated equilibration after 60 min of exposure. Concentrations of 650 PPM or higher produced response rate reductions. The decreased response rates were due primarily to abrupt cessation of responding during CO exposures. Response patterning in both FR and DRL components remained intact until responding ceased. The accuracy of responding in the DRL component as measured by the distribution of inter-response-time (IRT) intervals was not systematically affected by CO exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 3","pages":"225-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14855776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multipup homing: a rapid test for olfactory discrimination in neonatal rats. 多幼崽归巢:新生大鼠嗅觉辨别的快速测试。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-05-01
G L West, T J Sobotka, R E Brodie, M C Mills-Smith, D Y Quander
{"title":"Multipup homing: a rapid test for olfactory discrimination in neonatal rats.","authors":"G L West,&nbsp;T J Sobotka,&nbsp;R E Brodie,&nbsp;M C Mills-Smith,&nbsp;D Y Quander","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The multipup homing procedure (MHP) is a rapid test for olfactory discrimination performance that can be run on an entire 8-pup litter of neonatal rats in 8 min. Performance improved developmentally with age, and females tended to perform better than males. The MHP was examined for its usefulness in detecting early postnatal effects of low-level prenatal exposure to chlorpromazine (CPZ) or d-amphetamine (AMPH). CPZ increased response latencies in both males and females, but AMPH had no significant effects. The MHP appears promising for use in behavioral teratological assessment of neurobehavioral function.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 3","pages":"293-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14855611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low-level lead exposure affects latent learning in the rat. 低水平铅暴露会影响大鼠的潜在学习能力。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
T F Massaro, G D Miller, E J Massaro
{"title":"Low-level lead exposure affects latent learning in the rat.","authors":"T F Massaro,&nbsp;G D Miller,&nbsp;E J Massaro","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neonatal rats were administered intragastrically either lead acetate (50 mg Pb/kg-BW) or an equal molar solution of sodium acetate at days 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 postpartum. At 33 days of age, each animal began a training sequence to develop maze running skills. Animals within each treatment group, i.e., lead exposed (Pb), control vehicle (CV), and control nonhandled (CNH) were assigned randomly to either latent learning or open-field testing groups. The former individually explored a symmetrical maze while satiated; the latter were exposed to an apparatus devoid of barriers. All animals were then food deprived and appetitively tested in the latent learning maze. The Pb, CV, and CNH animals naive to the maze did not differ in maze performance. The CV and CNH animals that previously experienced the maze committed fewer errors than non-experienced counterparts. Pb treated animals showed no evidence of a positive transfer effect of their earlier experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"109-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14833728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Residual behavioral incapacitation after therapy of soman intoxication: the effect of a soman simulator. 索曼中毒治疗后残余行为失能:索曼模拟器的效果。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
O L Wolthuis, R A Vanwersch, H P Van Helden
{"title":"Residual behavioral incapacitation after therapy of soman intoxication: the effect of a soman simulator.","authors":"O L Wolthuis,&nbsp;R A Vanwersch,&nbsp;H P Van Helden","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When rats are intoxicated with high doses of the cholinesterase inhibitor soman (5-8 X LD50), the compound is temporarily stored in a \"depot\" from which it is gradually released. Thus, despite an initially successful therapy with the oxime HI-6 and atropine, the released soman re-intoxicates the organism and death may ensue in several hours. Soman simulators, i.e., non-toxic structural analogues of soman, have been synthesized which are capable of preventing death in soman poisoned rats by modifying the accumulation and release of soman from its depot. Earlier experiments have demonstrated that prophylaxis with the simulator pinacolyl dimethyl phosphinate (PDP) combined with HI-6 and atropine is capable of preventing death in animals heavily poisoned with soman. Moreover, gross observation of successfully treated animals suggested that they were in fairly good condition with respect to general health and neurological functioning. Since the degree of behavioral impairment remaining after soman intoxication and subsequent treatment may be a crucial factor for survival under difficult circumstances, quantitative behavioral experiments were carried out to substantiate these observational findings. Using a recently developed, tv/microprocessor-based system for the measurement of coordinated hindlimb movement in the rat, the residual behavioral effects of successful soman therapy were evaluated. Performance of animals treated with atropine sulphate (25 mg/kg, IP), soman (5 X LD50, IV), HI-6 (56 mg/kg, IV) and the soman simulator PDP was compared to that of animals similarly treated but without additional PDP treatment and to that of saline controls in a series of experiments, varying dose and time of injection of PDP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"127-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14833729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Behavioral effects in mice exposed to nitrous oxide or halothane: prenatal vs. postnatal exposure. 暴露于一氧化二氮或氟烷的小鼠的行为影响:产前与产后暴露。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
H B Koëter, P M Rodier
{"title":"Behavioral effects in mice exposed to nitrous oxide or halothane: prenatal vs. postnatal exposure.","authors":"H B Koëter,&nbsp;P M Rodier","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mice exposed to four or six hours of nitrous oxide or halothane differed from controls on a variety of tests conducted before weaning. Whereas many agents that produce behavioral terata have very different effects at different stages of brain development, these inhalant anesthetics had similar effects, whether exposure occurred on the 14th day of gestation or two days after birth. Both treatment times and both agents were associated with delays in the appearance of developmental landmarks and delays in the appearance of righting reflexes and locomotion. The level of general activity just before weaning tended to be low in all treated groups and was significantly depressed in males exposed to N2O postnatally. The distribution of activity scores was shifted significantly in both postnatal groups compared to controls. The data are compatible with human studies suggesting that inhalants at parturition have an effect on early behavior. The persistence of effects over the first three weeks of life does not fit with the idea that the behavioral effects are mediated by continued presence of the drug. The similar effects of the two agents, which produce very different degrees of anesthesia, supports earlier studies suggesting that the teratogenicity of inhalants is independent of the level of anesthesia produced.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"189-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14832637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
General activity from weaning to maturity in mice exposed to halothane or nitrous oxide. 暴露于氟烷或氧化亚氮的小鼠从断奶到成熟的一般活动。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
P M Rodier, H B Koëter
{"title":"General activity from weaning to maturity in mice exposed to halothane or nitrous oxide.","authors":"P M Rodier,&nbsp;H B Koëter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mice exposed to 6 hours of 75% N2O or 0.5% halothane on the 14th day of gestation and mice exposed to 4 hours of 75% N2O or 0.5% halothane on the second day of life were tested for general activity at 3 ages. Just before weaning, all treated groups appeared hypoactive and there was a significant effect in the postnatal nitrous oxide group. Both postnatal groups had deviant distributions of scores, compared to sham-exposed controls. The main effect of treatment was greater in young adulthood, when the prenatal halothane group differed from controls. This group and the postnatal groups had excess numbers of low-scoring animals. At six months, the main effect of treatment was no longer significant, but the unusual distribution of scores was still present in the postnatal halothane group. Correlations of individual scores over the whole experiment suggested that early activity measures were significantly related to later scores. Within treatment groups, controls and postnatal nitrous oxide animals were the most consistent over time. Both agents appear to alter activity levels for periods too long to be explained by lingering presence of the drug or its metabolities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"195-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14833454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low-level lead exposure and infant development in the first year. 低水平铅暴露与婴儿第一年发育的关系。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
D Bellinger, A Leviton, H L Needleman, C Waternaux, M Rabinowitz
{"title":"Low-level lead exposure and infant development in the first year.","authors":"D Bellinger,&nbsp;A Leviton,&nbsp;H L Needleman,&nbsp;C Waternaux,&nbsp;M Rabinowitz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The developmental impact of prenatal and early postnatal low-level lead exposure was assessed in a prospective study of 249 middle and upper-middle class infants with umbilical cord blood lead levels in the range currently considered \"normal.\" Infants were classified into three exposure groups: \"low\" (less than 3 micrograms/dl), \"mid\" (6 to 7 micrograms/dl), and \"high\" (greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/dl). At 6 and 12 months, the lead concentration of capillary blood was measured, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development administered. At both ages, Mental Development Index scores, adjusted for confounding, were inversely related to infants' umbilical cord blood lead levels. The difference between the mean adjusted scores of the infants in the low and high cord blood lead groups was 5.8 points at 6 months and 7.3 points at 12 months. At neither age were scores significantly related to postnatal blood lead levels. Prenatal exposure to lead levels relatively common among urban populations appear to be associated with less favorable development through the first year of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"151-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13570678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Behavioral correlates of soman-induced neuropathology: deficits in DRL acquisition. 人诱发的神经病理的行为相关性:DRL习得的缺陷。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
J H McDonough, R F Smith, C D Smith
{"title":"Behavioral correlates of soman-induced neuropathology: deficits in DRL acquisition.","authors":"J H McDonough,&nbsp;R F Smith,&nbsp;C D Smith","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rats (N = 45) pretrained to lever press for milk reinforcement on a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule were injected with 100-110 micrograms/kg of the anticholinesterase soman (N = 24) or saline (N = 21) SC. Subjects exposed to soman experienced moderate to severe acute symptoms of anticholinesterase intoxication. After a 3 week recovery period, all surviving subjects were retrained on CRF, then given 45 training sessions on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) 20 sec schedule, followed by 10 sessions of extinction. Brains of all subjects were then examined for evidence of neuropathology. Subjects exposed to soman showed no improvement over sessions in the number of reinforcements earned on the DRL schedule due to an inefficient patterning of responses. There were no differences between groups in the number of total DRL responses or terminal extinction responses. Neuropathology was most evident in dorsal thalamic areas, primary olfactory/piriform cortex and amygdala of subjects exposed to soman. There were significant correlations between the severity of acute intoxication scores, degree of neuropathology, and deficits in DRL performance. The results demonstrate that exposure to high doses of this anticholinesterase agent can result in neural damage and persistent decrements in performance of certain operant tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"179-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14832634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Congenital hydrocephalus following X-irradiation of pregnant rats on an early gestational day. 妊娠早期大鼠x射线照射后的先天性脑积水。
Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology Pub Date : 1986-03-01
I K Takeuchi, Y K Takeuchi
{"title":"Congenital hydrocephalus following X-irradiation of pregnant rats on an early gestational day.","authors":"I K Takeuchi,&nbsp;Y K Takeuchi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When pregnant rats were X-irradiated at a dose of 100 R on gestational day 9.5, a considerable number of postnatally-viable hydrocephalic offspring resulted, all of which were accompanied with bilateral micro- or anophthalmia. Histological studies revealed that the cerebral aqueduct of the congenital hydrocephalic brain was severely stenosed, and the subcommissural organ was reduced in size and displaced at some distance from the anterior end of the cerebral aqueduct. From embryological studies, it was considered that the maldevelopment of the subcommissural organ in the X-irradiated fetus might cause a reduction in the amount of its secretions which function as a cushion preventing complete closure of the cerebral aqueduct during fetal life, resulting in stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 2","pages":"143-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14832636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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