{"title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring hyperactivity: effects of para-chlorophenylalanine and methysergide.","authors":"N W Bond","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to either a liquid diet containing ethanol, pair-fed an identical diet with sucrose substituted for ethanol, or received ad lib chow and water, during days 6-19 of gestation. Pups were injected with a dose of 100 mg/kg of para-chlorophenylalanine, 48 hr, 24 hr or immediately prior to activity testing at 16, 22 or 28 days of age. Further groups were injected with isotonic saline just prior to activity testing. Pups exposed to alcohol prenatally were more active than controls at 16 days of age. parachlorophenylalanine brought about significant increases in activity when injected 24 or 48 hr prior to testing in 16-day-old pups, and significant increases in activity when injected 24 hr prior to testing in 22- and 28-day-old pups. However, these effects of parachlorophenylalanine were similar regardless of prenatal treatment. In a second study, 16-day-old pups received saline, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg of methysergide immediately prior to an activity test. Methysergide brought about a dose-related decrease in activity in all three groups of pups. Most importantly, the effects on activity of the methysergide were similar regardless of the treatment received during gestation. These data indicate that the hyperactivity associated with fetal alcohol exposure is unlikely to result from alterations in the ontogeny of a serotonergic system involved in response inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"667-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14084451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Side preference behavior in rats exposed to alcohol prenatally.","authors":"B Zimmerberg, E P Riley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exploration and side preference in a two-hole nose-poke apparatus were examined in 28 to 31-day-old Long Evans rats from three prenatal treatment groups: prenatal alcohol exposed (35% ethanol-derived calories, 35% EDC), nutritional control (0% ethanol-derived calories, 0% EDC) or standard control (lab chow, LC). Rats prenatally exposed to alcohol had significantly more total pokes than the two control groups, who did not differ, replicating the previous demonstration of increased exploration in this age group. All three groups differed significantly in their side preference behavior over the time course of the test session. However, both control groups maintained their preferred side whereas the 35% EDC group alternated side choice over the test session. The three groups also differed in overall degree of side preference; the LC group had the greatest degree of side preference and the 35% EDC group the lowest, with the 0% EDC group intermediary. These results suggest an altered development of cerebral laterality in offspring exposed to alcohol during gestation, and that the effect of alcohol interacts with nutritional variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"631-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14925563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R W Russell, R A Booth, S D Lauretz, C A Smith, D J Jenden
{"title":"Behavioral, neurochemical and physiological effects of repeated exposures to subsymptomatic levels of the anticholinesterase, soman.","authors":"R W Russell, R A Booth, S D Lauretz, C A Smith, D J Jenden","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present experiments were designed to study behavioral, neurochemical and physiological effects of repeated exposure to subsymptomatic levels of the anticholinesterase, soman. Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a soman regimen of 35 micrograms kg-1 (0.3 log10 units below the LD50) which consisted of daily injections SC for the first three days, followed by the same dose three times per week for a total of 11 injections (22 days). There were no significant differences in pretreatment baselines between soman-treated and saline control animals for any of the variables measured. Some basic physiological processes, i.e., caloric intake and body fluid balance, and behavioral functions associated with aversive reinforcement (e.g., conditioned avoidance response) were not affected by the soman regimen. Core body temperature showed an early hypothermia and later developed tolerance. Nociceptive sensory and perceptual thresholds were elevated (hypoalgesia) and remained so throughout the treatment. Temporal perception (as evidenced in fixed interval responding) was significantly impaired initially, but tolerance developed as the duration of the regimen increased. Tolerance was also evident in measures of general activity and cognitive functions. The process of tolerance development proceeded when brain AChE activity was depressed and stable, indicating that some other process(es) must have been involved. The results of the present series of experiments show quite clearly that exposure to the antiChE, soman, at subsymptomatic levels can produce differential effects on enzymatic, physiological and behavioral functions, i.e., some of these functions may be affected while others are not. Moreover, effects when they do appear may also differ in that some may persist during the duration of the exposure, while others may appear initially and then disappear as tolerance develops.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"675-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14926416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of the behavioral effects of neurotoxic and systemically toxic agents: how discriminatory are behavioral tests of neurotoxicity?","authors":"G J Gerber, D O'Shaughnessy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The behavioral effects of carbon tetrachloride-produced impairment of liver function, insulin-produced reduction of plasma glucose levels, and the reduction of food and water intake have been evaluated. Considerable similarity was found among the behavioral effects of systemically toxic agents, three neurotoxicants (triethyltin, acrylamide, and 2,5-hexanedione), and the neuroleptic drug haloperidol. Measure of motor strength differentiated neurotoxic from non-neurotoxic compounds, while measures of motor activity were equally sensitive to neurotoxic, systemically toxic, and non-neurotoxic agents. These findings demonstrate the importance of assessing systemic toxicity before drawing conclusions about the neurotoxicity of a behaviorally active compound.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"703-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14666150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Triethyl lead attenuates feeding and drinking, and induces a conditioned taste aversion, in adult rats.","authors":"D A Czech, P Faubert","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of triethyl lead (TEL) on ingestive behavior in adult male rats was studied in two experiments. In experiment 1, ad lib food and water intakes were monitored following SC injection of 1, 4, or 7 mg/kg body weight of TEL or vehicle; both were significantly attenuated at 4 and 7 mg/kg doses. In a second experiment, the same doses of TEL were given SC in a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. Following a single pairing, a dose-related reduction in intake of a 0.1% saccharin solution was observed at all doses tested. Sensitivity of behavioral measures and potential role of discomfort in TEL-induced feeding/drinking shifts were considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"627-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14925562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of triethyltin on responding of mice under a multiple schedule of reinforcement.","authors":"G R Wenger, D E McMillan, L W Chang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lethality and behavioral effects of triethyltin (TET) were determined in adult, male BALB/c mice. Following a single IP dose of TET (10, 12.5 or 15 mg/kg), the lethality was determined at 24-hr intervals. By 144 hr after TET administration, lethality had risen to greater than 90% in the groups receiving the 12.5 and 15 mg/kg and 20% (6/30) in the group which received 10 mg/kg. No additional deaths were observed over the remainder of the two week observation period. The behavioral effects of 5, 7.5 or 10 mg/kg were determined in mice trained to respond under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600-sec schedule of milk presentation. At 3 hr after TET administration, the rate of responding was decreased at all three doses. However, by 27 hr after 5 or 7.5 mg/kg TET the rate of responding had returned to pre-injection control values while the responding of the mice in the 10 mg/kg group did not return to pre-injection control values until 51 hr after administration. In a separate group of mice, 7.5 mg/kg was administered at 2 week intervals for a total of 5 separate administrations. No evidence for a cumulative or diminished behavioral effect was observed. Neuropathological examination revealed a direct dose and time related pathology in the white matter of the CNS. Maximal edematous vacuolar change was observed 72 hr after TET administration. Such morphological changes, however, were totally absent 12 days after a single 10 mg/kg exposure. Multiple exposure to TET (7.5 mg/kg) at 2 week intervals for 10 weeks showed only minimal morphological alterations in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"659-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14926413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behavioral and developmental effects of prenatal exposure to pentazocine and tripelennamine combinations.","authors":"C D Driscoll, L S Meyer, E P Riley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-Evans, hooded rats were intubated with one of four dose combinations of pentazocine and tripelennamine on Days 7-20 of pregnancy: 0:0 (mg/kg pentazocine:tripelennamine), 20:10, 40:0, or 40:20. An additional group had free access to lab chow and water throughout pregnancy. At birth, reduced body weights were evident in all drug-treated offspring. Growth deficits were not noted at 5, 10, 15 or 20 days of age. Three measures of activity were collected at 18 days of age, however, none of these measures were differentially affected as a function of prenatal treatment. At 85 days of age, offspring were tested in a two-way shuttle avoidance paradigm. Although the number of avoidances was not significantly affected by prenatal treatment, offspring exposed to these drugs in combination had shorter response latencies than controls with increased training and made more intertrial crossing responses. Additional offspring were tested for seizure susceptibility at 100 days of age. None of the parameters of seizure activity were significantly affected by prenatal drug treatment. Prenatal exposure to pentazocine and tripelennamine resulted in prenatal growth deficits, increased activity during the intertrial interval and decreased response latencies in a shuttle avoidance learning task, suggesting that this polydrug combination may be associated with some long-term behavioral teratogenic risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"605-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14925559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acute sulfolane exposure produces temperature-independent and dependent changes in visual evoked potentials.","authors":"R S Dyer, W K Boyes, B E Hetzler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene-1, 1-dioxide) is a commercially important solvent. This report describes the consequences of acute exposure to sulfolane upon the visual system, as measured using flash evoked potentials (FEPs) and pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs). A single injection of either 1/2 or 1/4, but not 1/8 the IP LD50 (1600 mg/kg) produced significant changes in both FEPs and PREPs which were apparent within 1 hour and lasted longer than 6 hours. Amplitudes of FEP peaks to the first of a pair of stimuli were generally increased compared to control, an effect which was not temperature-dependent. In addition, sulfolane produced an ambient temperature- and dose-dependent hypothermia. Sulfolane increased latencies of FEP and PREP peaks, but attenuating hypothermia eliminated the effect of sulfolane on latencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"687-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14926415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D L Armstrong, H L Read, A E Cork, F Montemayor, M J Wayner
{"title":"Effects of iontophoretic application of trimethyltin on spontaneous neuronal activity in mouse hippocampal slices.","authors":"D L Armstrong, H L Read, A E Cork, F Montemayor, M J Wayner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changes in spontaneous activity in various regions of mouse hippocampal slices were observed following iontophoretic application of trimethyltin (TMT). TMT (0.5 mM) dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl and ejected in 30 sec periods from four barrel micropipettes using anodal ejection currents (3-28 nA) produced dose dependent increases in the spontaneous activity of 67.6% of the 34 dentate gyrus cells tested. Seventy percent of the 25 CA3 cells tested displayed prolonged (30-200 sec) decreases in activity. The majority of CA1 and CA2 cells examined also displayed a decrease in firing rate. Repeated applications of TMT produced increased variability in spontaneous firing rates in all regions tested. When slices were maintained in a low Ca++, high Co++ perfusion fluid to inhibit synaptic activity, the TMT induced increase of dentate gyrus cell firing rate was not observed. The results demonstrate that direct application of TMT produces immediate changes in hippocampal cell activity that is specific for certain regions. Significant increases in firing rate were only observed in the dentate gyrus and these effects were calcium dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"637-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14017800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A P Streissguth, H M Barr, P D Sampson, J C Parrish-Johnson, G L Kirchner, D C Martin
{"title":"Attention, distraction and reaction time at age 7 years and prenatal alcohol exposure.","authors":"A P Streissguth, H M Barr, P D Sampson, J C Parrish-Johnson, G L Kirchner, D C Martin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report is one phase of a longitudinal prospective study on the behavioral teratology of alcohol. The present study evaluated the effect of early prenatal alcohol exposure (assessed during pregnancy) on reaction time, attention and distraction in 475 young school-age children who took a computerized CPT vigilance task. Multiple regression analyses were adjusted for a variety of co-variates including other exposures, postnatal conditions and demographics. Prenatal alcohol exposure was most significantly related to CPT errors of commission, reaction time, and the vigilance errors summary score. Error scores on the vigilance task were also significantly correlated with independent behavior ratings of endurance, persistence, organization, distractibility and impulsivity. This study supports and extends earlier reports of alcohol-related attentional deficits observable in the neonatal period and in the preschool years.</p>","PeriodicalId":19112,"journal":{"name":"Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology","volume":"8 6","pages":"717-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14925310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}