Mycological research最新文献

{"title":"Trikaryon formation and nuclear selection in pairings between heterokaryons and homokaryons of the root rot pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum","authors":"Timothy Y. James ,&nbsp;Stina B.K. Johansson ,&nbsp;Hanna Johannesson","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pairings between heterokaryons and homokaryons of Agaricomycete fungi (he-ho pairings) can lead to either heterokaryotization of the homokaryon or displacement of the homokaryotic nucleus through migration of nuclei from the heterokaryon into the homokaryon. In species of Agaricomycetes with multinucleate cells (&gt;2 nuclei per cell), he-ho pairings could result in the stable or transient formation of a hypha with three genetically different nuclei (trikaryons). In this study, he-ho pairings were conducted using the multinucleate Agaricomycete <em>Heterobasidion parviporum</em> to determine whether trikaryons can be formed in the laboratory and whether nuclear genotype affects migration and heterokaryon formation. Nuclei were tracked by genotyping the heterokaryotic mycelium using nucleus-specific microsatellite markers. The data indicated that certain nuclear combinations were favored, and that nuclei from some strains had a higher rate of migration. A high percentage of trikaryons (19<!--> <!-->%) displaying three microsatellite alleles per locus were identified among subcultures of the he-ho pairings. Using hyphal tip and conidial isolation, we verified that nuclei of three different mating types can inhabit the same mycelium, and one of the trikaryotic strains was judged to be semi-stable over multiple sub-culturing steps, with some hyphal tips that retained three alleles and others that reduced to two alleles per locus. These results demonstrate that nuclear competition and selection are possible outcomes of heterokaryon-homokaryon interactions in <em>H. parviporum</em> and confirm that ratios of component nuclei in heterokaryons are not strictly 1:1. The high rate of trikaryon formation in this study suggests that fungi with multinucleate cells may have the potential for greater genetic diversity and recombination relative to dikaryotic fungi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 583-590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28336118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conidial germination patterns in powdery mildews","authors":"R.T.A. Cook ,&nbsp;U. Braun","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Four conidial germination types namely, <em>polygoni</em> (syn. <em>Pseudoidium</em>), <em>cichoracearum</em> (syn. <em>Reticuloidium</em>), <em>pannosa</em> (syn. <em>Fibroidium</em>) and <em>fuliginea</em> (syn. <em>Magnicellulatae</em>) are commonly used as an aid in the identification of the <em>Oidium</em> anamorphs of powdery mildews. However, results of germination tests and a survey of the literature showed that these types did not adequately distinguish all taxa and did not reflect the range of species covered. Hence two new main types, <em>Striatoidium</em> and <em>Blumeria,</em> are proposed for the newly created genus <em>Neoerysiphe</em> and for the unique pattern of <em>B. graminis.</em> Two new names, <em>orthotubus</em> and <em>brevitubus</em> subtypes of <em>Fibroidium,</em> are proposed for the <em>pannosa</em> and <em>fuliginea</em> types respectively. Also proposed is a special <em>longitubus</em> pattern for the long, undifferentiated, negatively hydrotropic germ tubes prevalent in <em>Erysiphe trifolii</em> and species in <em>Golovinomyces</em> sect. <em>Depressi.</em> The recognition of the <em>Striatoidium</em> type of <em>N. galeopsidis</em> as distinct from the <em>Pseudoidium</em> type of <em>E. elevata</em> facilitated the detection of a simultaneous infection of <em>Catalpa</em> by these two powdery mildews. A key is provided for the identification of <em>Oidium</em> genera based on germination types. A review of germination patterns in the tribe <em>Phyllactinieae</em> found no consistent differences amongst the genera. <em>Golovinomyces</em> sect. <em>Depressi</em> is re-described to accommodate <em>Golovinomyces</em> spp. often having a <em>longitubus</em> pattern of germination. It includes <em>G. cichoracearum</em> var. <em>latisporus</em>, now considered a separate species based on its germination type, other anamorphic morphology and previous molecular sequence analyses. A new combination, <em>Golovinomyces ambrosiae</em>, is proposed for this species. Other anomalies within <em>G. cichoracearum s. lat.</em> were addressed by proposing another new combination, <em>G. fischeri</em> for the former <em>G. cichoracearum</em> var. <em>fischeri</em> that differs from <em>G. cichoracearum s. str.</em> in having larger chasmothecia and a well distinguished anamorph, and by proposing a new species, <em>G. sonchicola</em>, that is biologically, phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from <em>G. cichoracearum s. str.</em></p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 616-636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28336120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identity of the downy mildew pathogens of basil, coleus, and sage with implications for quarantine measures","authors":"Marco Thines,&nbsp;Sabine Telle,&nbsp;Sebastian Ploch,&nbsp;Fabian Runge","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The downy mildew pathogen of basil (<em>Ocimum</em> spp.) has caused considerable damage throughout the past five years, and an end to the epidemics is not in sight. The downy mildew of coleus (<em>Solenostemon</em> spp.) is just emerging and here we report that it was very recently introduced into Germany. Although it has been recognised that these pathogens are a major threat, the identity of the pathogens is still unresolved, and so it is difficult to devise quarantine measures against them. Using morphological comparison and molecular phylogenetic reconstructions we confirmed in this study that the downy mildews of basil and coleus are unrelated to <em>Peronospora lamii</em>, which is a common pathogen of the weed <em>Lamium purpureum</em>. In addition, we conclude by the investigation of the type specimen of <em>P. swingleii</em> and downy mildew specimens on <em>Salvia officinalis</em> that the newly occurring pathogens are not identical to <em>P. swingleii</em> on <em>Salvia reflexa</em>. The taxonomy of the downy mildew pathogens of hosts from the <em>Lamiaceae</em> and, in particular, from the tribes <em>Mentheae</em> and <em>Elsholtzieae,</em> is discussed, and a new species is described to accommodate the downy mildew pathogen of basil and coleus, which is the first downy mildew pathogen known to be parasitic to hosts of the tribe <em>Ocimeae</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 532-540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28110387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest age correlates with fine-scale spatial structure of Matsutake mycorrhizas","authors":"Anthony Amend ,&nbsp;Sterling Keeley ,&nbsp;Matteo Garbelotto","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Examining the fine-scale spatial structure of fungal populations can tell us much about how individual species reproduce and disperse throughout natural landscapes. Here we study the fine-scale genetic structure of <em>Tricholoma matsutake</em>, a prized edible and medicinal mushroom, by systematic sampling of mycorrhizas within fairy rings in 50-y-old and old-growth forests in two villages. Using single nucleotide polymorphism DNA markers we show that mycorrhizas in both forest age classes in both villages showed high levels of genotypic diversity, consistent with a reproductive life history predominated by outcrossing via basidiospore dispersal. Both the percentage of polymorphic loci within fairy rings, as well as genotype diversity were higher in old-growth compared to 50-y-old forests. Fifty-year-old forests showed significant spatial autocorrelation between pairs of mycorrhizas up to 42<!--> <!-->m, and a pattern consistent isolation-by-distance structure. Spatial patterns in old-growth forests were random. Furthermore, AMOVA analysis indicates that 11<!--> <!-->% of molecular variance in 50-y-old forests is partitioned between villages, whereas no significant variance is partitioned between villages in old-growth forests. We conclude that populations of <em>T. matsutake</em> in 50-y-old forests are the result of a founder effect maintained by local inoculation sources. This pattern attenuates as forests age and accumulate inocula from more distance sources. We speculate on how genetic mosaicism within <em>T. matsutake</em> fairy rings may structure populations within a chronosequence. Finally, we discuss how population spatial dynamics and dispersal strategy in <em>T. matsutake</em> contrast with other ectomycorrhizal species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 541-551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28043072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Olpidium bornovanus, O. brassicae, and O. virulentus","authors":"José Ángel Herrera-Vásquez,&nbsp;María del Carmen Cebrián,&nbsp;Ana Alfaro-Fernández,&nbsp;María del Carmen Córdoba-Sellés,&nbsp;Concepción Jordá","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A multiplex PCR method has been developed to detect, differentiate, and confirm the morphological identification of three root infecting <em>Olpidium</em> spp.: <em>O. bornovanus</em>, <em>O. brassicae</em>, and <em>O. virulentus</em>. Of the 132 root samples examined, 101 samples were infected by <em>Olpidium</em> spp.. Based on the morphology of resting spores, the presence of <em>O. bornovanus</em> was confirmed in 20.5<!--> <!-->% of the samples, whereas species identity could not be determined for the remaining samples because they failed to reproduce sexually. With multiplex PCR, it was possible to determine the <em>Olpidium</em> identity of all the infected samples, even when resting spores were not formed. This method was also effective for detecting <em>Olpidium</em> spp. in water samples. In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR were evaluated. The multiplex PCR method was validated with samples of 9 different crops from 11 countries of America, Europe, and Africa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 602-610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28336122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Acmago and AcY14 in Antrodia cinnamomea","authors":"Fang-Hua Chu ,&nbsp;Yu-Rong Chen ,&nbsp;Chen-Hsien Lee ,&nbsp;Tun-Tschu Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mago nashi (Mago) and Y14 proteins, highly conserved among eukaryotes, participate in mRNA localization and splicing, and as such play important roles in oogenesis, embryogenesis and germ-line sex determination during animal development. Here we identified <em>mago</em> (<em>Acmago</em>) and <em>Y14</em> (<em>AcY14</em>) homologues derived from <em>Antrodia cinnamomea. Acmago</em> encodes 149 amino acids and A<em>cY14</em> encodes 168 amino acids. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment as well as secondary and tertiary structure prediction showed that AcMago and AcY14 have similar protein structure to the reported crystal structures of other Mago and Y14 proteins. During fungal development both <em>Acmago</em> and <em>AcY14</em> genes were abundantly expressed in natural basidiomes. This is the first report of the molecular characterization and expression analysis of the <em>mago</em> and <em>Y14</em> genes from fungi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 577-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28336117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex","authors":"Johannes de Gruyter ,&nbsp;Maikel M. Aveskamp ,&nbsp;Joyce H.C. Woudenberg ,&nbsp;Gerard J.M. Verkley ,&nbsp;Johannes Z. Groenewald ,&nbsp;Pedro W. Crous","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present generic concept of <em>Phoma</em> is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of <em>Phoma</em> have been described in the genera <em>Didymella</em>, <em>Leptosphaeria</em>, <em>Pleospora</em> and <em>Mycosphaerella</em>, indicating that <em>Phoma</em> anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various <em>Phoma</em> sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 <em>Phoma</em> strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including <em>Ascochyta</em>, <em>Coniothyrium</em>, <em>Deuterophoma</em>, <em>Microsphaeropsis</em>, <em>Pleurophoma</em>, <em>Pyrenochaeta</em>, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the <em>Phoma</em> sections <em>Phoma</em>, <em>Phyllostictoides</em>, <em>Sclerophomella</em>, <em>Macrospora</em> and <em>Peyronellaea</em> grouped in a subclade in the <em>Pleosporales</em> with the type species of <em>Ascochyta</em> and <em>Microsphaeropsis</em>. The new family <em>Didymellaceae</em> is proposed to accommodate these <em>Phoma</em> sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that <em>Phoma radicina</em>, the type species of <em>Phoma</em> sect. <em>Paraphoma</em> and <em>Phoma heteromorphospora</em>, the type species of <em>Phoma</em> sect. <em>Heterospora</em> can be assigned to the <em>Phaeosphaeriaceae</em> and <em>Leptosphaeriaceae</em> respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 4","pages":"Pages 508-519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28110389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and evolutionary origins of fungi associated with seeds of a neotropical pioneer tree: a case study for analysing fungal environmental samples","authors":"Jana M. U'Ren ,&nbsp;James W. Dalling ,&nbsp;Rachel E. Gallery ,&nbsp;David R. Maddison ,&nbsp;E. Christine Davis ,&nbsp;Cara M. Gibson ,&nbsp;A. Elizabeth Arnold","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fungi associated with seeds of tropical trees pervasively affect seed survival and germination, and thus are an important, but understudied, component of forest ecology. Here, we examine the diversity and evolutionary origins of fungi isolated from seeds of an important pioneer tree (<em>Cecropia insignis, Cecropiaceae</em>) following burial in soil for five months in a tropical moist forest in Panama. Our approach, which relied on molecular sequence data because most isolates did not sporulate in culture, provides an opportunity to evaluate several methods currently used to analyse environmental samples of fungi. First, intra- and interspecific divergence were estimated for the nu-rITS and 5.8S gene for four genera of <em>Ascomycota</em> that are commonly recovered from seeds. Using these values we estimated species boundaries for 527 isolates, showing that seed-associated fungi are highly diverse, horizontally transmitted, and genotypically congruent with some foliar endophytes from the same site. We then examined methods for inferring the taxonomic placement and phylogenetic relationships of these fungi, evaluating the effects of manual <em>versus</em> automated alignment, model selection, and inference methods, as well as the quality of BLAST-based identification using GenBank. We found that common methods such as neighbor-joining and Bayesian inference differ in their sensitivity to alignment methods; analyses of particular fungal genera differ in their sensitivity to alignments; and numerous and sometimes intricate disparities exist between BLAST-based <em>versus</em> phylogeny-based identification methods. Lastly, we used our most robust methods to infer phylogenetic relationships of seed-associated fungi in four focal genera, and reconstructed ancestral states to generate preliminary hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origins of this guild. Our results illustrate the dynamic evolutionary relationships among endophytic fungi, pathogens, and seed-associated fungi, and the apparent evolutionary distinctiveness of saprotrophs. Our study also elucidates the diversity, taxonomy, and ecology of an important group of plant-associated fungi and highlights some of the advantages and challenges inherent in the use of ITS data for environmental sampling of fungi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 4","pages":"Pages 432-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27917555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular data indicate that Rhytidhysteron rufulum (ascomycetes, Patellariales) in Costa Rica consists of four distinct lineages corroborated by morphological and chemical characters","authors":"Catalina Murillo ,&nbsp;Federico J. Albertazzi ,&nbsp;Julieta Carranza ,&nbsp;H. Thorsten Lumbsch ,&nbsp;Giselle Tamayo","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Rhytidhysteron rufulum</em> is a poorly known, common, pantropical species, capable of utilizing different substrata and occupying diverse habitats, and is the only species of its genus in Costa Rica. We have employed molecular, morphological, and chemical data to assess the variability and differentiation of <em>R. rufulum</em> in Costa Rica, including sites from the Pacific and Atlantic coast. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ITS rDNA sequences revealed the presence of four distinct lineages in the <em>R. rufulum</em> complex. Re-examination of the morphology and anatomy showed differences between these lineages in ascomatal, ascal, and ascospore size that have previously been regarded as intraspecific variations. In addition, there was a correlation between molecular phylogenies and chemical components as determined by hplc and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Two lineages (clades I and II) produced the palmarumycins MK-3018, CJ-12372, and CR₁, whereas clade III produced dehydrocurvularin, and clade IV unidentified compounds. Our results based on a polyphasic approach contradict previous taxonomic interpretations of one morphologically variable species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 4","pages":"Pages 405-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.09.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27799680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spitzenkörper, vacuoles, ring-like structures, and mitochondria of Phanerochaete velutina hyphal tips visualized with carboxy-DFFDA, CMAC and DiOC6(3)","authors":"Xueying Zhuang ,&nbsp;Monika Tlalka ,&nbsp;Danielle S. Davies ,&nbsp;William G. Allaway ,&nbsp;Sarah C. Watkinson ,&nbsp;Anne E. Ashford","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growth and organelle morphology in the wood rotting basidiomycete fungus <em>Phanerochaete velutina</em> were examined in Petri dishes, on agar-coated slides, and in submerged cultures, using DIC, fluorescence and four-dimensional (4-D; <em>x,y,z,t</em>) confocal microscopy, with several fluorescent probes. <em>Phanerochaete</em> is ideal for this work because of its fast growth, robustness, and use in a wide range of other studies. The probe carboxy-DFFDA, widely used for labelling vacuoles, has no effect either on hyphal tip extension or colony growth at the concentrations usually applied in labelling experiments. Carboxy-DFFDA labels the vacuoles and these form a tubular reticulum in hyphal tip cells. The probe also labels extremely small vesicles (punctate fluorescence) in the apex of tip cells, the Spitzenkörper, and short tubules that undergo sequences of characteristic movements and transformations to produce various morphologies, including ring-like structures. Their location and behaviour suggest that they are a distinct group of structures, possibly a subset of vacuoles, but as yet to be fully identified. Regular incursions of tubules extending from these structures and from the vacuolar reticulum into the apical dome indicate the potential for delivery of material to the apex <em>via</em> tubules as well as vesicles. Such structures are potential candidates for delivering chitin synthases to the apex. Spitzenkörper behaviour has been followed as hyphal tips with linear growth encounter obstacle hyphae and, as the hydrolysis product of carboxy-DFFDA only accumulates in membrane-enclosed compartments, it can be inferred that the labelled structures represent the Spitzenkörper vesicle cloud. Mitochondria also form a reticular continuum of branched tubules in growing hyphal tips, and dual localisation with DiOC₆(3) and CMAC allows this to be distinguished from the vacuolar reticulum. Like vacuolar tubules, mitochondrial tubules also span the septa, indicating that they may also be a conduit for intercellular transport.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 4","pages":"Pages 417-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27926275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}