Mycological research最新文献

{"title":"Ultrastructural studies of Phellinus sulphurascens infection of Douglas-fir roots and immunolocalization of host pathogenesis-related proteins","authors":"M.A. Islam,&nbsp;R.N. Sturrock,&nbsp;T.A. Holmes,&nbsp;A.K.M. Ekramoddoullah","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interactions between roots of Douglas-fir (DF; <em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em>) seedlings and the laminated root rot fungus <em>Phellinus sulphurascens</em> were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labelling techniques. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that <em>P. sulphurascens</em> hyphae colonize root surfaces and initiate the penetration of root epidermal tissues by developing appressoria within 2<!--> <!-->d postinoculation (dpi). During early colonization, intra- and intercellular fungal hyphae were detected. They efficiently disintegrate cellular components of the host including cell walls and membranes. <em>P. sulphurascens</em> hyphae penetrate host cell walls by forming narrow hyphal tips and a variety of haustoria-like structures which may play important roles in pathogenic interactions. Ovomucoid–WGA (wheat germ agglutinin) conjugated gold particles (10<!--> <!-->nm) confirmed the occurrence and location of <em>P. sulphurascens</em> hyphae, while four specific host pathogenesis-related (PR) protein antibodies conjugated with protein A–gold complex (20<!--> <!-->nm) showed the localization and abundance of these PR proteins in infected root tissues. A thaumatin-like protein and an endochitinase-like protein were both strongly evident and localized in host cell membranes. A DF-PR10 protein was localized in the cell walls and cytoplasm of host cells while an antimicrobial peptide occurred in host cell walls. A close association of some PR proteins with <em>P. sulphurascens</em> hyphae suggests their potential antifungal activities in DF roots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 6","pages":"Pages 700-712"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28011620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic relationships of Puccinia horiana and other rust pathogens of Chrysanthemum × morifolium based on rDNA ITS sequence analysis","authors":"Hossein Alaei ,&nbsp;Mathias De Backer ,&nbsp;Jorinde Nuytinck ,&nbsp;Martine Maes ,&nbsp;Monica Höfte ,&nbsp;Kurt Heungens","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Isolates of the most important <span><em>Puccinia</em></span> species that have been reported on <em>Chrysanthemum</em> <!-->×<!--> <em>morifolium</em> were collected and the sequences of their ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 were determined and used as phylogenetic markers. The focus of this study was on <em>Puccinia horiana</em>, due to its quarantine status and its impact in commercial chrysanthemum production. Three technical adjustments were needed to reliably obtain the nucleotide sequences starting from fresh or dried samples. The complete rDNA ITS nucleotide sequences of <em>P. horiana, Puccinia chrysanthemi</em>, and <em>Puccinia tanaceti</em> isolates of varying age and geographic origin were determined. We also identified an as yet undescribed <em>Puccinia</em> species on six old herbarium samples from chrysanthemum. This new species is morphologically similar to <em>P. chrysanthemi</em> and near identical to recent rust samples from <em>Artemisia tridentata</em>. <em>P. tanaceti</em> could not be confirmed as a pathogen of chrysanthemum. Different rDNA ITS sequences were present in <em>P. horiana,</em> with intra-isolate and inter-isolate variability in the length of three nucleotide repeat regions in the different rDNA tandem copies. We also identified three ITS types within <em>P. horiana,</em> with the rarer types displaying up to 67<!--> <!-->bp nucleotide sequence differences. These rarer ITS types were detected at low copy number in all isolates. In general, very little rDNA ITS sequence variation was observed between <em>P. horiana</em> isolates from 1903 and 2003, and among isolates from different continents. Phylogenetic analyses using distance, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods confirmed <em>P. horiana</em>, <em>P. chrysanthemi</em>, and the new <em>Puccinia</em> sp. as well-resolved groups, with <em>P. horiana</em> clustering in the clade where the economically important rust species of the Poaceae are located, and <em>P. chrysanthemi</em> and the new <em>Puccinia</em><span> sp. clustering in the clade where the majority of the rust fungi<span> with hosts in the Asteraceae is located.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 6","pages":"Pages 668-683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72026239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of two Saprolegnia sp. (Oomycetes) isolated from silver crucian carp and zebra fish","authors":"Xiao L. Ke ,&nbsp;Jian G. Wang ,&nbsp;Ze M. Gu ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;Xiao N. Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two <em>Saprolegnia</em> isolates, JY isolated from silver crucian carp (<em>Carassius auratus gibelio</em> Bloch) and BMY isolated from zebra fish (<em>Brachydanio rerio</em> Hamilton) came from infections occurring concurrently in different locations in China. To confirm whether the two isolates were from the same <em>Saprolegnia</em> clone, comparative studies have been carried out based on their morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics. Observations showed that morphologically (both asexual and sexual organs) the two isolates were broadly similar and both isolates underwent repeated zoospore emergence. Comparing 704 base pairs of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the 5.8S rDNA, we found isolates JY and BMY shared an identical ITS sequence with a minor variation (99.6<!--> <!-->% similarity). Forty available sequences for representatives <em>Saprolegnia</em> spp. belonged to four phylogenetically separate clades. The two studied isolates fell within clade I that comprised a group of isolates which showed almost an identical ITS sequence but had been identified as a number of different morphological species. Our findings suggest that isolates JY and BMY appear to belong to the <em>S</em>. <em>ferax</em> clade and this clade (I) contains a number of closely related phylogenetic species. This is distinct from the more common fish pathogenic isolates, which belong to the <em>S</em>. <em>parasitica</em> clade (III) and are characterized by having cysts decorated by bundles of long hooked hairs and two further clades (II and IV) containing largely saprotrophic or soil born species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 637-644"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28336119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dilution-to-extinction cultivation of leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – Different cultivation techniques influence fungal biodiversity assessment","authors":"Martin Unterseher,&nbsp;Martin Schnittler","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two cultivation-based isolation techniques – the incubation of leaf fragments (fragment plating) and dilution-to-extinction culturing on malt extract agar – were compared for recovery of foliar endophytic fungi from <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> near Greifswald, north-east Germany. Morphological-anatomical characters of vegetative and sporulating cultures and ITS sequences were used to assign morphotypes and taxonomic information to the isolates. Data analysis included species-accumulation curves, richness estimators, multivariate statistics and null model testing. Fragment plating and extinction culturing were significantly complementary with regard to species composition, because around two-thirds of the 35 fungal taxa were isolated with only one of the two cultivation techniques. The difference in outcomes highlights the need for caution in assessing fungal biodiversity based upon single isolation techniques. The efficiency of cultivation-based studies of fungal endophytes was significantly increased with the combination of the two isolation methods and estimations of species richness, when compared with a 20-years old reference study, which needed three times more isolates with fragment plating to attain the same species richness. Intensified testing and optimisation of extinction culturing in endophyte research is advocated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 645-654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27999675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Septal pore complex morphology in the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with emphasis on the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales","authors":"Kenneth G.A. van Driel ,&nbsp;Bruno M. Humbel ,&nbsp;Arie J. Verkleij ,&nbsp;Joost Stalpers ,&nbsp;Wally H. Müller ,&nbsp;Teun Boekhout","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ultrastructure of septa and septum-associated septal pore caps are important taxonomic markers in the <em>Agaricomycotina</em> (<em>Basidiomycota, Fungi</em>). The septal pore caps covering the typical basidiomycetous dolipore septum are divided into three main phenotypically recognized morphotypes: vesicular-tubular (including the vesicular, sacculate, tubular, ampulliform, and globular morphotypes), imperforate, and perforate. Until recently, the septal pore cap-type reflected the higher-order relationships within the <em>Agaricomycotina</em>. However, the new classification of <em>Fungi</em> resulted in many changes including revision of existing and addition of new orders. Therefore, the septal pore cap ultrastructure of more than 325 species as reported in literature was related to this new classification. In addition, the septal pore cap ultrastructures of <em>Rickenella fibula</em> and <em>Cantharellus formosus</em> were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both fungi have dolipore septa associated with perforate septal pore caps. These results combined with data from the literature show that the septal pore cap-type within orders of the <em>Agaricomycotina</em> is generally monomorphic, except for the <em>Cantharellales</em> and <em>Hymenochaetales</em>.</p><p>It appears from the fungal phylogeny combined with the septal pore cap ultrastructure that the vesicular-tubular and the imperforate type both may have arisen from endoplasmic reticulum. Thereafter, the imperforate type eventually gave rise to the perforate septal pore cap-type.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 559-576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28334408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic identification of extracellular proteins regulated by the Gna1 Gα subunit in Stagonospora nodorum","authors":"Kar-Chun Tan ,&nbsp;Joshua L. Heazlewood ,&nbsp;A. Harvey Millar ,&nbsp;Richard P. Oliver ,&nbsp;Peter S. Solomon","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fungus <em>Stagonospora nodorum</em> is the causal agent of stagonospora nodorum blotch (syn. leaf and glume blotch) disease of wheat. The <em>Gna1</em>-encoded Gα protein is an important signal transduction component in the fungus, which is required for full pathogenicity, sporulation and extracellular depolymerase production. In this study, we sought to gain a better understanding of defects associated with the <em>gna1</em> mutant by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to analyse the extracellular proteome for differences to the wildtype. Mass spectrometry analysis of altered abundant protein spots and peptide matching to the <em>Stagonospora nodorum</em> genome database have led to the identification of genes implicated in cell wall degradation, proteolysis, RNA hydrolysis and aromatic compound metabolism. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR has demonstrated that some of the encoding genes showed differential expression throughout host infection. Implications of these proteins and their corresponding genes in fungal virulence are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 523-531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72079296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional expression and sub-cellular localization of the early aflatoxin pathway enzyme Nor-1 in Aspergillus parasiticus","authors":"Sung-Yong Hong ,&nbsp;John E. Linz","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aflatoxin biosynthesis in <em>Aspergillus parasiticus</em> requires at least 17 enzyme activities (from acetate). Although the activities of most aflatoxin biosynthetic enzymes have been established, the mechanisms that govern transport and sub-cellular localization of these enzymes are not clear. We developed plasmid constructs that express Nor-1 fused to a green fluorescent protein reporter (EGFP) to monitor transport and localization of this early pathway enzyme in real time in <em>Aspergillus parasiticus</em>. Plasmids expressing EGFP fused to Nor-1 were introduced into <em>A. parasiticus</em> B62 (carries non-functional Nor-1). Transformants were screened for increased aflatoxin accumulation (restored Nor-1 activity) on coconut agar medium and for EGFP expression using fluorescence microscopy. Increased aflatoxin accumulation was confirmed by TLC and ELISA. Nor-1 fused to EGFP at either the N- or C- terminus functionally complemented non-functional Nor-1 in B62 and increased aflatoxin synthesis to wild-type (N-terminus) or lower levels (C-terminus). We detected full-length Nor-1 fusion proteins in transformants with increased aflatoxin accumulation (Western blot) and determined that the expression plasmid integrated at the <em>nor-1</em> locus in these cells (Southern blot). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated that Nor-1 fusion proteins localized in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of fungal hyphae grown on aflatoxin-inducing solid media for 48<!--> <!-->h; control EGFP (no Nor-1) did not localize to vacuoles until 72<!--> <!-->h. The highest rate of aflatoxin synthesis coincided with the highest rate of transport of Nor-1 fusion proteins to the vacuole strongly suggesting that Nor-1 is synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole to carry out an early step in aflatoxin synthesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 591-601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27986316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moelleriella zhongdongii: stroma development and identification of hirsutella-like and Aschersonia synanamorphs","authors":"Mariusz Tadych ,&nbsp;Priscila Chaverri ,&nbsp;Marshall Bergen ,&nbsp;James F. White Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Collections of <em>Moelleriella zhongdongii</em> were made at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Fresh collections were examined to evaluate developmental stages. Isolations were made from single part-ascospores and <em>Aschersonia</em> conidia. <em>Moelleriella zhongdongii</em> produces perithecia with evanescent asci and part-ascospores, and both hirsutella-like and <em>Aschersonia</em> synanamorphs. Both anamorphs were produced in pure cultures under cultural conditions optimal to induce the respective anamorphs. Low-nutrient conditions favoured production of the hirsutella-like anamorph while high-nutrient conditions favoured development of the <em>Aschersonia</em> anamorph. The teleomorph developed on leaves of host plants but were not produced <em>in vitro</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 611-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.01.011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28334406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproducible and controllable light induction of in vitro fruiting of the white-rot basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus","authors":"Davinia Arjona ,&nbsp;Carlos Aragón ,&nbsp;José Antonio Aguilera ,&nbsp;Lucía Ramírez ,&nbsp;Antonio G. Pisabarro","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fruiting is a crucial developmental process in basidiomycetes yet the genetic and molecular factors that control it are not yet fully understood. The search for fruiting inducers is of major relevance for both basic research and for their use in industrial applications. In this paper, an efficient and reproducible protocol for controlled fruiting induction of <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> growing on synthetic medium is described. The protocol is based on the control of light intensity and photoperiod and permits the life cycle for this fungus to be completed in less than two weeks. The fruiting bodies produced by this method release fertile spores after 4–5 d of culture. Our results indicate that fruiting induction is solely dependent on the illumination regime and that it occurs long before the available nutrients are depleted in the culture. This protocol will greatly facilitate molecular and developmental biology research in this fungus as it avoids the need for complex culture media based on lignocellulosic materials or the use of chemical inducers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 552-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28334407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycological Research News1","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 5","pages":"Pages 521-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72040842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}