Molecules最新文献

{"title":"Microalgae: A Promising Source of Bioactive Polysaccharides for Biotechnological Applications.","authors":"Chiara Magnabosco, Giovanna Santaniello, Giovanna Romano","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092055","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polysaccharides (PSs) are the most abundant carbohydrates in nature, performing essential biological functions such as immune system regulation, structural support, and cell communication. PSs from marine microalgae have gained increasing attention due to their diverse biological activities and potential applications in various fields, including the human health sector. These natural macromolecules, primarily composed of glucose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, and fucose, exhibit bioactive properties influenced by their molecular weight, sulfation degree, and structural complexity. Microalgal PSs can function as antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antitumor agents, making them promising candidates for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Additionally, their physicochemical properties make them valuable as bioactive ingredients in cosmetics, serving as hydrating agents, UV protectants, and anti-ageing compounds. The production of PSs from microalgae presents a sustainable alternative to terrestrial plants, as microalgae can be cultivated under controlled conditions, ensuring high yield and purity while minimizing environmental impact. Despite their potential, challenges remain in optimizing extraction techniques, enhancing structural characterization, and scaling up production for commercial applications. This review provides an overview of the principal biological activities of PSs from eukaryotic microalgae and their possible use as ingredients for cosmetic applications. Challenges to address to implement their use as products to improve human health and wellbeing are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation, Structure, and Thermal Annealing Effects of Ordered Self-Assembled Monolayers of 4-Fluorobenzeneselenol on Au(111).","authors":"Sicheon Seong, Jin Wook Han, Gayeong Joo, Hyun Sun Sung, Hong Kyu Park, Jaegeun Noh","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092057","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The formation, surface structure, and thermal annealing effects of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) via vapor deposition of 4-fluorobenzeneselenol (4-FBSeH) on Au(111) at room temperature were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The most prominent structural feature is that 4-fluorobenzeneselenolate (4-FBSe) SAMs on Au(111) are composed of numerous SAM-covered Au adatom islands, regardless of the deposition time. High-resolution STM observations revealed that the ordered phase of 4-FBSe SAMs was formed after very short deposition times of 30 s and 3 min, whereas the disordered phase was formed after long deposition times of 1 h and 24 h. The ordered phase can be described as a (4 × 2√3) structure, and the average areal molecular density of the SAMs was calculated to be 29.0 Ų/molecule, suggesting the formation of densely packed monolayers with a standing-up adsorption structure. Interestingly, after thermal annealing at 373 K for 30 min, the (4 × 2√3) ordered phase of the SAMs was transformed to randomly distributed, short, single-molecular rows ranging from several nanometers to approximately ten nanometers in length, which has not been observed previously in organic thiolate SAMs. The high-resolution STM results of this study can provide very meaningful information for understanding the formation, surface structure, and thermal annealing effects of 4-FBSe SAMs on Au(111).</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foaming of Bio-Based PLA/PBS/PBAT Ternary Blends with Added Nanohydroxyapatite Using Supercritical CO₂: Effect of Operating Strategies on Cell Structure.","authors":"Pei-Hua Chen, Chin-Wen Chen, Tzu-Hsien Chan, Hsin-Ying Lin, Ke-Ling Tuan, Chie-Shaan Su, Jung-Chin Tsai, Feng-Huei Lin","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092056","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored the innovative foaming behavior of a novel biodegradable polymer blend consisting of polylactic acid/poly(butylene succinate)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBS/PBAT) enhanced with nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) as an environmentally friendly physical foaming agent. The aim was to investigate the effects of various foaming strategies on the resulting cell structure, aiming for potential applications in tissue engineering. Eight foaming strategies were examined, starting with a basic saturation process at high temperature and pressure, followed by rapid decompression to ambient conditions, referred to as the (1T-1P) strategy. Intermediate temperature and pressure variations were introduced before the final decompression to evaluate the impact of operating parameters further. These strategies included intermediate-temperature cooling (2T-1P), intermediate-temperature cooling with rapid intermediate decompression (2T-2P), and intermediate-temperature cooling with gradual intermediate decompression (2T-2P, stepwise ΔP). SEM imaging revealed that the (2T-2P, stepwise ΔP) strategy produced a bimodal cell structure featuring small cells ranging from 105 to 164 μm and large cells between 476 and 889 μm. This study demonstrated that cell size was influenced by the regulation of intermediate pressure reduction and the change in intermediate temperature. The results were interpreted based on classical nucleation theory, the gas solubility principle, and the effect of polymer melt strength. Foaming results of average cell size, cell density, expansion ratio, porosity, and opening cell content are reported. The hydrophilicity of various foamed polymer blends was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle. Typical compressive stress-strain curves obtained using DMA showed a consistent trend reflecting the effect of foam stiffness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Chemistry and Applications of Thio-, Seleno-, and Tellurosugars.","authors":"Roxana Martínez-Pascual, Mario Valera-Zaragoza, José G Fernández-Bolaños, Óscar López","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092053","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the crucial roles of carbohydrates in energy supply, biochemical processes, signaling events and the pathogenesis of several diseases, the development of carbohydrate analogues, called glycomimetics, is a key research area in Glycobiology, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry. Among the many structural transformations explored, the replacement of endo- and exocyclic oxygen atoms by carbon (carbasugars) or heteroatoms, such as nitrogen (aza- and iminosugars), phosphorous (phosphasugars), sulfur (thiosugars), selenium (selenosugars) or tellurium (tellurosugars) have garnered significant attention. These isosteric substitutions can modulate the carbohydrate bioavailability, stability, and bioactivity, while introducing new properties, such as redox activity, interactions with pathological lectins and enzymes, or cytotoxic effects. In this manuscript we have focused on three major families of glycomimetics: thio-, seleno-, and tellurosugars. We provide a comprehensive review of the most relevant synthetic pathways leading to substitutions primarily at the endocyclic and glycosidic positions. The scope includes metal-catalyzed reactions, organocatalysis, electro- and photochemical transformations, free-radical processes, and automated syntheses. Additionally, mechanistic insights, stereoselectivity, and biological properties are also discussed. The structural diversity and promising bioactivities of these glycomimetics underscore their significance in this research area.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligonuclear Manganese Complexes with Multiple Redox Properties for High-Contrast Electrochromism.","authors":"Yi-Ting Wu, Hao-Tian Deng, Li-Yi Zhang, Meng-Die Li, Feng-Rong Dai, Zhong-Ning Chen","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092054","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study is dedicated to the design of multiple redox-active oligonuclear manganese complexes supported with a bis(tetradentate) ligand (TPDP = 1,3-bis(bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)amino)-2-propanol) for high-contrast electrochromism based on the reversible redox process between Mn(II) (colorless) and Mn(III) (dark brown). Pentanuclear Mn₅ complex <b>1</b> (colorless) was synthesized via a one-pot reaction of Mn²⁺ and TPDP, while tetranuclear Mn₄ complex <b>2</b> (brown) was obtained through aerial oxidation of complex <b>1</b>. Mn₅ complex <b>1</b> features a central MnCl₆ unit connected to two Mn₂(<i>μ</i>-TPDP) fragments through <i>μ</i>₃-Cl^- and <i>μ</i>-Cl^-, whereas Mn₄ complex <b>2</b> adopts a symmetric tetranuclear structure with two mixed-valence Mn₂^II,III(<i>μ</i>-TPDP)(<i>μ</i>-Cl) fragments that are further linked by <i>μ</i>-oxo. Electrochemical studies revealed multi-step reversible redox properties for both complexes, attributed to Mn^II/Mn^III processes with significant electronic coupling (Δ<i>E</i>_1/2 = 0.27-0.37 V) between Mn centers. Spectroelectrochemical analysis revealed dynamic optical modulation through the tunable d-d transition and ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) state through reversible multiple redox processes based on Mn(II) ⇆ Mn(III) interconversion. The fabricated electrochromic device (ECD) exhibited reversible and high optical contrast between the colored state (dark brown) and the bleaching state (colorless). The results highlight the potential of polynuclear manganese complexes as high-contrast electrochromic materials for next-generation smart windows and adaptive optical technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pure Rotational Spectroscopic Study of Two Nearly-Equivalent Structures of Hexafluoroacetone Imine, (CF₃)C=NH.","authors":"Daniel A Obenchain, Beppo Hartwig, Daniel J Frohman, G S Grubbs, B E Long, Wallace C Pringle, Stewart E Novick, S A Cooke","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092051","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotational spectra for hexafluoroacetone imine, the singly substituted ¹³C isotopologues, and the ¹⁵N isotopologue, have been recorded using both cavity and chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometers. The spectra observed present as being doubled with separations between each pair of transitions being on the order of a few tens of kilohertz which is consistent with a large amplitude motion producing two torsional substates. The observed splitting is most likely due to the combined motions of the CF3 groups, for which the calculated barrier is small. However, no transitions between states could be observed and, similarly, no Coriolis coupling parameters were required to achieve a satisfactory fit for the transition frequencies. Hence, and somewhat curiously, the two states have been fit independently of each other such that the two states may simply be considered near-equivalent conformers. The structural properties of hexafluoroacetone imine are compared with two isoelectronic molecules hexafluoroisobutene and hexafluoroacetone. Rotational constants, quartic centrifugal distortion constants, and the ¹⁴N nuclear electric quadrupole coupling tensor have been determined and are presented together with supporting quantum chemical calculations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Specific Recognition Between PD-L1 and Engineered CLP002 Functionalized Gold Nanostructures: MD Simulation Studies.","authors":"Micaela Giannetti, Marina Gobbo, Lucio Litti, Isabella Caligiuri, Flavio Rizzolio, Moreno Meneghetti, Claudia Mazzuca, Antonio Palleschi","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092045","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand-1) is a protein located on the surface of regulatory cells. It has an immunosuppressive role as it binds specifically to the protein programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), a checkpoint glycoprotein, present on the surface of immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes. Many tumor cells block the immune response by overexpressing PD-L1 on their surface; therefore, targeting PD-L1 represents a powerful strategy that allows tumor localization. To determine the presence of PD-L1 in cells, the use of ad hoc functionalized peptides that bind to PD-L1 can be exploited. One of them is the peptide CLP002 (Trp-His-Arg-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Thr-Trp-Asn-Leu-Asn-Thr), which, bound to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gold nanostructures via a suitable linker, was shown to be highly effective in recognizing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and, importantly, this recognition can be measured by SERS experiments. To characterize, on a molecular scale, the interaction between PD-L1 and peptide functionalized nanostructures, we performed molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations, studying the features of peptide monolayers bound on gold surfaces in the absence and presence of PD-L1. The results obtained allow us to explain why the nature of the linker plays a fundamental role in the binding and why a peptide carrying the same amino acids as CPL002 but with a different sequence (scrambled) is much less active than CLP002. These results open the way to an in silico evaluation of the key parameters that regulate the binding of PD-L1 useful for cancer recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Efficient Method for the Synthesis and In Silico Study of Novel Oxy-Camalexins.","authors":"Maria Bachvarova, Yordan Stremski, Donyo Ganchev, Stela Statkova-Abeghe, Plamen Angelov, Iliyan Ivanov","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092049","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methoxycamalexins are close structural derivatives of the indolic phytoalexin <i>Camalexin</i>, which is a well-known drug lead with an antiproliferative and antioxidant profile. 6-methoxycamalexin, 7-methoxycamalexin, and 6,7-dimethoxycamalexin are natural bioactive products, and there is significant interest in the development of efficient methods for the synthesis of structurally related analogues. Herein, we describe an efficient and high-yielding method for the synthesis of variously substituted hydroxy-, bezyloxy, and methoxycamalexins. A set of methoxy-, hydroxy-, and benzyloxy-indoles were successfully amidoalkylated with <i>N</i>-acyliminium reagents derived in situ from the reaction of thiazole or methylthiazoles with Troc chloride. Eleven novel <i>N</i>-acylated analogues were synthesized, with yields ranging from 77% to 98%. Subsequent oxidative reactions with <i>o</i>-chloranil or DDQ led to 10 novel oxy-camalexins in 62-98% yield. This two-step approach allowed the synthesis of two 4,6-dimethoxy camalexins, which are difficult to obtain using published methods. The structure of the obtained products was unequivocally determined by ¹H-, ¹³C{¹H}-, HSQC-NMR, FTIR, and HRMS spectral analyses. An in silico assay was carried out on the obtained products to assess their general toxicity and physicochemical properties, including their compliance with Lipinski's rule of five. The results indicate that all compounds have good potential to be developed as drugs or agrochemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A N, S-Containing Graphene Oxide Composite for the Adsorptive Removal of p-Nitrophenol from Aqueous Solutions.","authors":"Bi Yang, Tao-Tao Shi, Wei-Guo Hu, Guan-Jin Gao, Yi-Ping Liu, Jin-Gang Yu","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092046","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole functionalized graphene oxide composite (GO-ATT) was successfully prepared via a covalent coupling method, then employed for the removal of p-nitrophenol (PNP) from wastewater. The morphology as well as the composition of GO-ATT composite were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface charge of GO-ATT composite was evaluated by Zeta potential analyses. The surface area and pore size distribution of GO-ATT composite were analyzed using specific surface analyses using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate the effects of conditional factors, including contact time, solution pH, initial PNP concentration, and contact temperature, on the adsorption process. A maximum adsorption capacity of PNP by GO-ATT composite (0.287 mmol g^-1) could be obtained at 25 °C. Freundlich isotherm (<i>R</i>² > 0.92505) can better describe the adsorption behavior of PNP on GO-ATT composite. The thermodynamic functions (Δ<i>G</i>°, Δ<i>H</i>°, Δ<i>S</i>°) indicate that adsorption is a spontaneous, endothermic, entropy-increasing process and features physisorption. The adsorption behavior of PNP on GO-ATT composite conformed to the nonlinear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption mechanism investigation indicated that the electrostatic, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding interactions were involved in the adsorption process. After 10 adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorbent exhibited a stable and efficient removal rate (94%) for PNP. Due to its advantages of a high efficiency, excellent reusability, and high stability, the covalently coupled GO-ATT composite might be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of phenolic contaminants from wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nrf2 Activation and Antioxidant Properties of Chromone-Containing MTDLs for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment.","authors":"Alexey Simakov, Stecy Chhor, Lhassane Ismaili, Hélène Martin","doi":"10.3390/molecules30092048","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30092048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide and imposing a significant social and economic burden. Despite extensive research, there is still no effective cure for this disease. AD is multifactorial and involves multiple etiopathogenic mechanisms, one of which is oxidative stress. Consequently, the Nrf2/ARE pathway, which regulates the expression of cellular defense genes, including those for antioxidant enzymes, is considered to be a prospective therapeutic target for AD. Meanwhile, multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) are a promising approach for developing effective AD medications. In this regard, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of eight chromone-containing MTDLs in vitro, including Nrf2 transcriptional activation potencies, Nrf2/ARE downstream genes activation, and antioxidant effects in vitro. All tested compounds effectively activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Notably, compounds <b>4b</b>, <b>4c</b>, <b>4f</b>, and <b>4h</b> demonstrated the highest Nrf2 activation potencies, while compounds <b>4b</b>, <b>4c</b>, <b>4d</b>, and <b>4g</b> significantly induced the expression of Nrf2-target antioxidant genes, specifically NQO1 and HO1. Additionally, compound <b>4d</b> exhibited a significant antioxidant effect in vitro. These findings encourage further investigation of the studied compounds, with particular emphasis on compound <b>4d</b> as the most promising candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}