Molecules最新文献

{"title":"Characterization and In Vitro Prebiotic Activity of Pterostilbene/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes.","authors":"Chuan-Chao Wu, Long Qian, Zhen Rong, Yu-Qi Li, Hui-Min Zhang, Rui-Yu He, Guo-Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061363","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pterostilbene (PTS) has multiple benefits, but poor water solubility and bioavailability limit its application. PTS/β-CD inclusion complexes were synthesized through the phase solubility method to enhance their water solubility. The inclusion complexes were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular docking techniques. The results demonstrated that PTS and β-CD successfully created inclusion complexes with a host-guest ratio of 1:1 and a stability constant of 166.7 M^-1. To further investigate its prebiotic function, simulated digestion experiments revealed that β-CD exhibited resistance to digestion, allowing it to reach the colon intact. During gastrointestinal digestion, PTS in the PTS/β-CD inclusion complexes was gradually released. Following digestion, the in vitro fermentation of healthy human feces further confirmed the probiotic properties. Compared to the β-CD and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) groups, the PTS/β-CD group significantly increased the production of acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid, respectively. Additionally, beneficial bacteria, such as <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i>, proliferated in the PTS/β-CD group, while the relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria, such as <i>Lactococcus</i>, <i>Streptococcus</i>, and <i>Klebsiella</i>, was significantly reduced. Compared to the blank group, propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations in the β-CD group were significantly higher. The abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and other key bacterial species in the β-CD group increased, while the relative abundance of <i>Klebsiella</i> and other pathogens decreased significantly. In conclusion, PTS/β-CD inclusion complexes altered the composition of intestinal flora, promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, thereby demonstrating dual probiotic functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Eucommiae cortex</i> Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis Connected with Its In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Human Immune Cells.","authors":"Małgorzata Kołtun-Jasion, Marta Katarzyna Dudek, Anna Karolina Kiss","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061364","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliv., commonly known as \"plant gold\", is a species of the Eucommiaceae family, native to East Asia and widely utilized in medicine, food, and the chemical industry. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the bark of <i>E. ulmoides</i> plays a special role, used to nourish the liver and kidneys and to strengthen tendons and bones. Due to its extensive pharmacological profile, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and cardio- and neuroprotective effects, there has been growing interest in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying its biological effects. However, many of these mechanisms remain poorly understood to date. This study analyzed the phytochemical composition of <i>E. ulmoides</i> bark infusions and tinctures and their dominant compounds using the HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method, and evaluated their anti-inflammatory effects in human immune cell models. The analysis identified lignans, iridoids, and caffeic acid derivatives as the dominant constituents of the tested samples. The extracts significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) in neutrophils, PBMC-derived monocytes/macrophages, and THP-1 cells. The results presented herein offer significant insights into the detailed phytochemical composition of <i>E. ulmoides</i> bark, and contribute to a deeper understanding of its anti-inflammatory mechanisms in human immune cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good Manufacturing Practice Validation and Radiation Dosimetry for the Clinical Application of a Novel α7-nAChR Radioligand: [¹¹C]KIn83.","authors":"Zhisheng Jia, Martin Bolin, Anton Forsberg Morén, Prodip Datta, Heba Asem, Hans Ågren, Bengt Långström, Agneta Nordberg, Christer Halldin, Sangram Nag","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061356","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) plays a crucial role in cognitive functions like memory and attention. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of α7-nAChR is gaining attraction for understanding and monitoring central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. We developed [¹¹C]KIn83, a novel α7-nAChR radioligand, and evaluated its biological properties. This study focused on two objectives: (1) to validate its Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant production, and (2) to assess the dosimetry of [¹¹C]KIn83 using non-human primate (NHP) whole-body PET data. Radiolabeling and drug product delivery of [¹¹C]KIn83 were conducted using an automated synthesis module within a controlled GMP environment. The quality control tests performed adhered to the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines. The production of [¹¹C]KIn83 was validated according to GMP standards, encompassing automated synthesis and quality control measures. For the dosimetry assessment, two female cynomolgus monkeys underwent whole-body PET scans. The radioactivity values injected for [¹¹C]KIn83 were 150 MBq and 155 MBq, respectively, with an estimated radiation dose of 0.0047 mSv/MBq. Our findings pave the way for future clinical studies that investigate the potential of [¹¹C]KIn83 to measure α7-nAChR, aiding our understanding and possibly supporting diagnoses of different cognitive disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Nanoparticle Synthesis in the Application of Non-Bacterial Mastitis in Cattle.","authors":"Michał Motrenko, Agata Lange, Aleksandra Kalińska, Marcin Gołębiewski, Małgorzata Kunowska-Slósarz, Barbara Nasiłowska, Joanna Czwartos, Wojciech Skrzeczanowski, Aleksandra Orzeszko-Rywka, Tomasz Jagielski, Anna Hotowy, Mateusz Wierzbicki, Sławomir Jaworski","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061369","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through an eco-friendly method using coffee extract to combat non-bacterial mastitis in dairy cattle. Mastitis, often caused by pathogens such as yeasts and algae like <i>Prototheca</i> spp., poses a challenge due to the limited efficacy of traditional antibiotics. This research utilized strains isolated from mastitis milk and assessed the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy, and impact on biofilm formation and microorganism invasion. AgNPs demonstrated a spherical shape with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ~87 nm and moderate colloidal stability. Antimicrobial tests revealed significant growth inhibition of yeast and <i>Prototheca</i> spp., with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as low as 10 mg/L for certain strains. Biofilm formation was notably disrupted, and microorganism invasion in bioprinted gels was significantly reduced, indicating the broad-spectrum potential of AgNPs. The study highlights the nanoparticles' ability to damage cell membranes and inhibit metabolic activities, presenting a promising alternative for managing infections resistant to conventional treatments. These findings suggest that green-synthesized AgNPs could play a pivotal role in developing sustainable solutions for mastitis treatment, particularly for pathogens with limited treatment options.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on the Hydrometallurgical Transfer of Lead, Copper, and Iron from Direct-to-Blister Copper Flash Smelting Slag to Solution Using L-Ascorbic Acid.","authors":"Krzysztof Gargul, Arkadiusz Pawlik, Michał Stępień","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061365","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored the behavior of lead, copper, and iron during the leaching process of flash smelting slag from direct-to-blister copper flash smelting using l-ascorbic acid solutions. Flash smelting slag is generated in considerable quantities by various copper smelters worldwide. One drawback of the single-stage flash smelting technology for copper concentrates is the production of large quantities of metal-rich by-products. However, through appropriate management of postprocess waste, valuable components such as copper or lead can be recovered. In practice, the slag is typically subjected to decoppering processes involving electric and converter furnaces. The hydrometallurgical process proposed in this study is aimed at replacing high-temperature recovery methods. The primary objective of the experiments was to investigate the effects of variations in specific leaching parameters and the addition of auxiliary substances on the leaching efficiency of lead, copper, and iron. Four parameters were adjusted during the tests: concentration of l-ascorbic acid, liquid-to-solid phase ratio, temperature, and time. An oxidizing agent in the form of perhydrol and citric acid with an oxidant were used as additives. Optimal process conditions were determined to achieve maximum lead leaching efficiency while maintaining relatively low leaching of copper and iron. The experiments indicated that leaching in ascorbic acid solutions resulted in lead extraction efficiencies ranging from approximately 68% to more than 88%, depending on the conditions. Conversely, relatively low leaching efficiencies of iron (4-12%) and copper (0-29%) were observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Destructive Detection of Soybean Storage Quality Using Hyperspectral Imaging Technology.","authors":"Yurong Zhang, Wenliang Wu, Xianqing Zhou, Jun-Hu Cheng","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061357","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Soybean storage quality is crucial for subsequent processing and consumption, making it essential to explore an objective, rapid, and non-destructive technology for assessing its quality. (2) Methods: crude fatty acid value is an important indicator for evaluating the storage quality of soybeans. In this study, three types of soybeans were subjected to accelerated aging to analyze trends in crude fatty acid values. The study focused on acquiring raw spectral information using hyperspectral imaging technology, preprocessing by the derivative method (1ST, 2ND), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and standard normal variate (SNV). The feature variables were extracted by a variable iterative space shrinkage approach (VISSA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and a successive projections algorithm (SPA). Partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), and extreme learning machine (ELM) models were developed to predict crude fatty acid values of soybeans. The optimal model was used to visualize the dynamic distribution of these values. (3) Results: the crude fatty acid values exhibited a positive correlation with storage time, functioning as a direct indicator of soybean quality. The 1ST-VISSA-SVM model was the optimal predictive model for crude fatty acid values, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9888 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1857 and enabling the visualization of related chemical information. (4) Conclusions: it has been confirmed that hyperspectral imaging technology possesses the capability for the non-destructive and rapid detection of soybean storage quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Adenine Nucleosides with a Reactive (<i>β</i>-Iodovinyl)sulfone or (<i>β</i>-Keto)sulfone Group at the C2 Position and Their Polymerase-Catalyzed Incorporation into DNA.","authors":"A Hasan Howlader, Richard Fernandez, Pawlos S Tsegay, Yuan Liu, Stanislaw F Wnuk","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061358","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iodosulfonylation of an ethynyl group at the C2 position of 2'-deoxyadenosine or adenosine with TsI provides (<i>E</i>)-2-(<i>β</i>-iodovinyl)sulfones. The latter undergo nucleophilic substitution with amines via an addition-elimination to give <i>β</i>-sulfonylvinylamines (enamines). Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the <i>β</i>-sulfonylvinylamines provides 2-(<i>β</i>-keto)sulfones, mechanistically different probes that react with alkyl halides, resulting in α-alkylation. Adenine nucleosides with a β-ketosulfone group at C2, during conversion to their 5'-triphosphate form, undergo an unexpected conversion to 2-carboxylic acid nucleotides. The 5'-triphosphate of 2'-deoxyadenosine-2-carboxylic acid was incorporated by a human DNA polymerase into a one-nucleotide gap DNA substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, Chemical Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from <i>Pseudocyphellaria faveolata</i>.","authors":"Cecilia Rubio, Javiera Ramírez, Caroline Weinstein-Oppenheimer, Tania F Bahamondez-Canas, Natalia Quiñones","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061368","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, highlighting the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Among the mechanisms of resistance, bacteria can release drug-degrading enzymes and express efflux pumps, as well as grow in protected aggregates known as biofilms. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> are among the most prevalent biofilm infections in chronic wounds, respiratory and urinary tract infections, and device-associated infections. <i>Pseudocyphellaria faveolata</i> (Delise) Malme is a lichen with metabolites with unexplored antimicrobial potential.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To identify and characterize the major metabolites present in <i>Pseudocyphellaria Faveolata</i> and to determine their antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The molecules were purified by column chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds was determined in terms of proliferation, adhesion, and viability against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> by the broth microdilution method and crystal violet staining. Viability was determined by the resazurin reduction assay on normal human fibroblasts to determine cytotoxicity over human cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The major metabolites were spectroscopically characterized and identified as physciosporin and methyl virensate. Physciosporin showed antimicrobial activity on <i>S. aureus,</i> with a MIC of 32 μg/mL and MBC of 128 μg/mL, and prevented biofilm formation from 16 μg/mL. Methyl virensate also had antimicrobial activity on <i>S. aureus</i> (MIC = 64 μg/mL). None of these metabolites significantly affected <i>P. aeruginosa</i> proliferation, viability, or adhesion. Cytotoxicity of physciosporin at 16 ug/mL on normal human fibroblasts was below 20%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first report on the study of the antimicrobial activity of these compounds. Physciosporin showed promising activity in preventing the formation of <i>S. aureus</i> biofilms, which are responsible for chronic infections. These findings provide a foundation for exploring the antimicrobial potential of other lichenic depsidones.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Solution Microstructure in Ferric Sulfate Coagulation-Assisted Precipitation of Fluoride Ions.","authors":"Haodong Chen, Caocheng Li, Yuefei Zhang, Wen Fang, Lian Zou, Ruan Chi","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061362","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The solution microstructure during the ferric sulfate-assisted precipitation of calcium fluoride was systematically investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and DFT methods. The microscopic behavior of various ions in a calcium fluoride box in the presence of ferric sulfate was simulated using MD. The corresponding hydrated cluster structures were extracted from the MD trajectory; then, the structure was optimized and the frequency was calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) level. The results show that no hydrated clusters had imaginary frequencies. Based on the topology, interaction region indicator, and surface electrostatic potential and binding energy analysis of the hydrated clusters, it was revealed that ferric ions are easily hydrolyzed to form hydrated clusters of ferric hydroxide at higher pH levels. The most stable of these structures is [Fe(OH)₃·(H₂O)₂], which has the lowest binding energy. During the ferric sulfate coagulation process, calcium fluoride clusters and ferric hydroxide clusters could form binuclear clusters through electrostatic interaction. The two metal centers in the binuclear cluster, Ca and Fe, are connected by hydroxide ions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Crude Shea Butters and Their Polar Extracts on Singlet Oxygen Quenching and Against Rose Bengal-Induced HaCaT Cell Phototoxicity.","authors":"Bertrand W F Goumbri, Olivia Jansen, Roland Marini Djang'eing'a, Michel Frederich, Rasmané Semdé, Touridomon Issa Somé, Sabine Danthine, Ange Mouithys-Mickalad","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061360","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shea butter (SB) is a raw material fat obtained from <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i> C.F. Gaertn kernels. We investigated the direct and indirect protective effects of 10 traditional and industrial SBs and their polar extracts on cell-free systems using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays as well as on singlet oxygen (¹O₂) produced by Rose Bengal (RB) photosensitization. Their effects against RB-induced HaCaT cell phototoxicity were also explored. A spectrophotometric assay and HPLC were performed to quantify and identify phenolic content, which was between 14.16 and 82.99 ppm pyrogallol equivalent. These variations could be due to the SB origin and extraction process. These polar fractions exhibited moderate DPPH and strong ABTS radical-scavenging activity. By applying the UV-visible technique, we demonstrated that SBs and their phenolic compounds behave as ¹O₂ quenchers in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, using a UVR-like model after the irradiation of RB, both polar extracts and crude SB exhibited photoprotective effects, highlighting the indirect protective action. In acellular and cellular models, SB and its polar extracts can act as a free radical scavenger against reactive oxygen species and ¹O₂ quenchers. Due to the maximum absorbance of SB at 280 nm and the antioxidant effect of ¹O₂ quenching, SB polar extracts exhibit photoprotective properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}