Nature Protocols最新文献

{"title":"Electrocatalytic reactions involving aqueous nitrate and nitrite.","authors":"Shunhan Jia, Ruhan Wang, Hanle Liu, Limin Wu, Libing Zhang, Qian Li, Xiaoyu Zhang, Junfeng Xiang, Zhijuan Zhao, Xiaofu Sun, Buxing Han","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01350-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01350-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrocatalytic upgrading of aqueous nitrate ( <math> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </math> ) and nitrite ( <math> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </math> ) represents a sustainable and increasingly important approach for producing valuable nitrogenous chemicals from abundant and hazardous feedstocks. Recent advances have demonstrated the ability to selectively convert <math> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </math> / <math> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </math> into products such as inorganic nitrogenous species including ammonia (NH₃), hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), hydrazine (N₂H₄) and organonitrogen compounds (e.g., urea, oximes and amines). However, the absence of standardized protocols has hindered reproducibility and cross-laboratory comparisons. Herein, we present a comprehensive protocol for aqueous <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <mo>/</mo> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> -involved electrocatalytic reactions. Our protocol includes electrode preparation, electrolyzer assembly, electrolysis, product quantification and purification, in situ characterization and technoeconomic analysis. The protocol includes essential safety guidelines for toxic intermediate handling. Moreover, it remains adaptable to different levels of experimental capability. This protocol is suitable for initial screenings and mechanistic investigations spanning small-scale reactors (<30 ml) to liter-level systems and takes ~2 weeks to complete. This work is designed for researchers in green and sustainable chemistry, electrocatalysis, nanotechnology and environmental science and aims to establish reproducible workflows that accelerate the development of electrochemical <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <mo>/</mo> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> upgrading strategies. More importantly, we hope that the protocol can motivate researchers to design catalytic strategies to upgrade renewable chemical sources beyond <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <mo>/</mo> <msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> .</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-derived ependymoma and medulloblastoma tumoroids: generation, biobanking and drug screening.","authors":"Chiara Lago, Gloria Leva, Marcel Kool, Evelina Miele, Luca Tiberi","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01347-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01347-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ependymoma and medulloblastoma are among the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in affected children. Robust models for investigating these tumors' biology and heterogeneity, and exploring alternative therapeutic options, are currently limited. Here we present a detailed protocol for the generation and maintenance of pediatric patient-derived tumoroids (pPDTs) and pediatric patient-derived xenograft tumoroids (pPDXTs) directly from primary ependymoma and medulloblastoma tumor specimens. The protocol extension expands on our previous method for human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma cancer organoids, with which it shares key reagents and methodological steps. This optimized workflow ensures efficient tumoroid establishment, amplification, biobanking, cryopreservation and recovery. In addition, we describe a scalable, low-throughput drug screening approach using calcein-based live-cell staining and automated image analysis, enabling rapid assessment of therapeutic responses. This protocol provides a robust and reproducible platform for modeling pediatric brain tumors in vitro and will enable broader adoption of patient-derived tumoroid systems for mechanistic studies and preclinical drug screening in pediatric neuro-oncology research. The protocol takes 28-35 days for the generation of tumoroids and from 1 to 4 weeks for amplification, biobanking and downstream applications. The protocol requires at least 3-6 months to become proficient in handling patient-derived samples and generating tumoroids.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking-seq: a universal off-target detection approach for CRISPR-Cas genome editing.","authors":"Runda Xu, Tingting Cong, Junsong Yuan, Xuancheng Chen, Yinqing Li, Xun Lan, Ming Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s41596-025-01331-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01331-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tracking-seq is a highly sensitive method for genome-wide detection of off-target effects in cells edited with diverse genome editing modalities, including Cas9, cytosine base editors, adenine base editors and prime editors. Since most genome editors induce DNA repair pathways and generate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) intermediates, Tracking-seq leverages this process by tracking replication protein A-a key protein that binds and protects ssDNA-to identify on-target and off-target events. Here we provide a detailed protocol for Tracking-seq, covering genome editing of cells, extraction of replication protein A-bound ssDNA, sequencing library construction and data analysis using our custom computational tool Offtracker. Tracking-seq is applicable to various genome editing scenarios with low cell input, delivering high-performance results. The entire workflow, from genome editing to data analysis, can be completed within 1-2 weeks, making it a rapid solution for assessing genome-wide off-target activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of an activatable benzothiadiazole-based nanoprobe for multispectral optoacoustic and NIR-II fluorescence dual-mode imaging of liver injury.","authors":"Yinglong Wu, Chaobang Zhang, Junjie Chen, Fang Zeng, Shuizhu Wu, Yanli Zhao","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01338-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01338-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light-excited dual-mode imaging that integrates multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) and near-infrared region II fluorescence (NIR-II FL) imaging allows complementary deep-tissue visualization with high anatomical resolution and molecular sensitivity, thereby enhancing the accuracy of biomedical diagnostics. Activatable probes further advance this approach by producing signals upon recognition of disease-related biomarkers, which reduces background interference and improves imaging specificity. BTPE-NO₂@F127, a benzothiadiazole-based nanoprobe, exhibits selective activation of both optoacoustic and NIR-II FL signals in response to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a crucial early stage biomarker of liver injury, thus permitting cross-validated detection of hepatic damage in vivo with excellent signal-to-background ratio contrast. Here we present detailed procedures for preparation of the BTPE-NO₂@F127 nanoprobe and its applications in MSOT/NIR-II FL dual-mode imaging of trazodone- or ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury in mice. Compared to conventional liver injury diagnostic methods, such as invasive tissue biopsy, ex vivo blood analysis and previously reported fluorescent/optoacoustic probes, BTPE-NO₂@F127 offers real-time, in situ monitoring with high sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio, as well as mutually corroborating signals for increased reliability. The fabrication of BTPE-NO₂@F127, including the chemical synthesis and characterization, requires ~17 d, while the in vitro validation of its H₂O₂ responsiveness takes ~5 d. Notably, the complete workflow of data acquisition and analysis for MSOT/NIR-II FL dual-mode imaging of liver injury in mice using BTPE-NO₂@F127 can be accomplished within 10 h. The protocol is easy to follow and suitable for clinicians and researchers with a basic understanding of chemistry and bioimaging techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Live-cell imaging of RNA dynamics using bright and stable fluorescent RNAs.","authors":"Fangting Zuo, Ni Su, Xin Xie, Li Jiang, Mengyue Fang, Yuzheng Zhao, Linyong Zhu, Xianjun Chen, Yi Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01343-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01343-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNAs exhibit complex dynamics in cells, including expression, splicing, localization, translation and degradation, and these processes are highly coordinated and tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. To better understand the biological function of diverse RNAs, approaches that allow monitoring of RNA with high spatiotemporal resolution are essential. Fluorescent RNAs (FRs), fluorescent protein-like entities consisting of RNA aptamers and their cognate fluorogenic dyes, have emerged as a promising approach for imaging RNA dynamics in live cells. We recently reported the development of several high-performance FRs, named Pepper, Clivia and Okra, that show advantageous properties, including high cellular brightness and photostability, low ion dependence and/or large Stokes shifts, and have been used to image diverse RNA species in live cells. In this protocol, we provide easy, efficient and generalizable strategies for using FRs to visualize different RNA species in bacteria and mammalian cells by expressing the RNA of interest tagged with one or more copies of the aptamer. We also provide a detailed procedure for multiplexed RNA imaging using orthogonal FRs and the steps to perform super-resolution live imaging of RNAs. The protocol typically takes 5-7 d, including cloning, transfection of mammalian cells or transformation of bacteria, live imaging and results analysis. This protocol is applicable to the real-time monitoring of the localization and dynamics of RNAs of interest in live cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring proteins and protein-ligand complexes through residue interaction networks.","authors":"Sol C Begue, Emanuela Leonardi, Giovanni Minervini, Silvio C E Tosatto","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01334-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01334-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein structures provide a wealth of information regarding biological functions and underlying mechanisms. The growing availability of high-quality structure predictions and extended molecular simulations has further expanded the potential to leverage these data in a myriad of different ways. Yet, an abundance of data can obscure important information, making it difficult to focus on biologically relevant features. Residue interaction networks (RINs) address this challenge by condensing structural data into subsets of well-defined noncovalent molecular interactions. In this Protocol, we explore how the RIN generator (RING) software can be used to gain biological insights by constructing detailed RINs for proteins and protein-ligand complexes. We provide a step-by-step guide to performing both single- and multi-state protein analyses using the RING web server and a stand-alone software package. In addition, we include a dedicated procedure for sequential multi-file analysis, which can be performed exclusively through the command-line interface. All potential inputs and outputs are explained in detail, along with strategies for downstream data processing. Designed for researchers in biology and related fields with minimal or no programming experience, the entire workflow can be completed in <45 min.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing and analyzing the Simplified Human Intestinal Microbiota (SIHUMI) as a versatile in vitro gut microbiome model with qPCR-based strain-level tracking.","authors":"Natalia S Ríos Colombo, Mariana Perez-Ibarreche, Pranav Lanka, R Paul Ross, Colin Hill","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01336-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01336-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A major challenge in microbiome research is the inherent complexity and inter-individual variability of the human gut microbiota. To address this, we have developed a detailed protocol for establishing and analyzing a Simplified Human Intestinal Microbiota (SIHUMI)-a defined, in vitro bacterial consortium composed of seven fully sequenced and anaerobically culturable human gut commensals. This model enables highly reproducible and controlled experiments, in which the individual growth of each member can be quantitatively tracked over time (up to 48 h) via species-specific qPCR. The protocol outlines optimized and standardized steps, including consortium setup, time-resolved sample collection, DNA extraction and qPCR analysis. It can be used to evaluate community dynamics in response to interventions such as nutrients, antimicrobials or other xenobiotics. The system is readily adaptable: additional strains can be incorporated, including pathogens (e.g., Clostridioides difficile), to transform it into an infectious disease model. In addition, we describe two optional rapid methods for assessing interspecies interactions and provide an open-source web app for generating interaction network plots. This enables exploration of ecological mechanisms and potential off-target effects. The entire workflow-from setup to data acquisition-can be completed within 1 week. This qPCR-based protocol offers a validated and accessible platform for gut microbiome research, providing a standardized, strain-level and time-resolved alternative to 16S- or fluorescence-based workflows and enabling quantitative, scalable analysis of defined microbial communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing a long-term versatile culture system for functional mouse mammary organoids from single cells.","authors":"Lei Yuan, Ruolan Tang, Shaofang Xie, Zuobao Lin, Pei Cai, Shang Cai","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01333-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01333-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mammary gland serves as a pivotal model for studying stem cell dynamics and breast cancer, the most prevalent malignancy worldwide. Developing a long-term organoid culture system to study the normal physiology and pathophysiology of mammary glands in vitro is of paramount importance. However, current organoid systems lack the morphological and functional fidelity required to model its complex physiology. Here we present a detailed Protocol to establish a long-term, dynamic three-dimensional culture system for mouse mammary organoids, which we call 'mini-glands', that recapitulates in vivo morphogenesis and functional cycles. This method uses basal stem cells to generate organoids through sequential phases: sphere formation, polarity induction, symmetry breaking, branching morphogenesis and pseudoestrous cycle simulation. The resulting 'mini-glands' replicate the natural gland's branched architecture and undergo developmental stages mimicking puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. Furthermore, the system enables lineage tracing of cell fate transitions and oncogenic transformation studies via genetic manipulation. By bridging the gap between in vitro models and in vivo complexity, this platform advances studies in mammary gland biology, breast cancer initiation and therapeutic screening. The Protocol can be readily performed by researchers with basic experience in mammalian cell culture and requires no specialized instrumentation. A full culture cycle typically takes ~2 weeks to produce mature, highly branched 'mini-glands'.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ligand-assisted interfacial monomicelle assembly to incorporate intermetallic nanoparticles into mesoporous carbon nanostructures.","authors":"Pengpeng Qiu, Guihua Zhu, Minghao Li, Weichao Bao, Ying Jiang, Lianjun Wang, Wan Jiang, Wei Luo","doi":"10.1038/s41596-025-01326-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01326-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intermetallic nanoparticles (iNPs) exhibit ordered superlattice structures characterized by unique properties, for example, long-range ordering, robust metallic bonding and site-isolation effects. Multicomponent (>2) iNPs are particularly interesting for the development of advanced metallic catalysts for electrochemical applications. Integration of iNPs within mesoporous carbon nanostructures enhances mass and electron transfer during electrolysis and provides a protective mesoporous confinement that prevents iNP sintering and loss during operation. Here we describe a generalized two-step strategy to integrate iNPs with up to eight metal components into mesoporous carbon nanostructures that allows control over the ordering degree, phases and morphology. Ligand-assisted interfacial assembly of monomicelles on diverse metal substrates (using a laboratory-made amphiphilic copolymer as a structure-directing agent, with dopamine acting as both carbon precursor and metal-coordinating ligand) results in mesostructured metal-organic superstructures. All of the examples described have at least one noble metal (Pt or Pd) combined with transition metal elements (for example, Fe, Co, among others). Thermal processing of these metal-organic superstructures in an ammonia (NH₃) atmosphere induces the formation of chemically ordered iNPs while simultaneously creating the mesoporous structure. The Protocol also includes procedures for two example electrochemical applications: the oxygen reduction reaction and nitrate reduction reaction for NH₃ production. The entire synthetic procedure takes ~5 d, while physical characterization via electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen sorption isotherms require ~2 d. Investigating the catalytic mechanisms, utilizing in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and online differential electrochemical mass analysis typically take 4-6 h for electrocatalytic reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The HOST assay: an automated video-based evaluation of mosquito attraction to thermal infrared.","authors":"Nicolas A DeBeaubien, Avinash Chandel, Vincent L Salgado, Craig Montell","doi":"10.1038/s41596-026-01335-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-026-01335-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Female mosquitoes transmit pathogens to people during blood feeding, leading to ~700 million infections annually. Females navigate toward humans by integrating multiple sensory cues while flying. Here we describe a behavioral assay system using automated video analysis to measure mosquito landing and walking on target areas emitting human body temperature, elevated CO₂, and human skin odor, and quantify preference indices for such behaviors. This host seeker tracking (HOST) assay can be adapted to measure landing and movement on a target of interest under different combinations and intensities of sensory stimuli. It is distinct from other host-seeking assays in that it allows the impact of thermal infrared radiation and convection to be analyzed individually. Mated female mosquitoes are transferred to specialized cages, allowed to recover, and then assayed. During each HOST experiment, an assay cage is lowered into an arena where females are presented with host-associated cues, and their landing and walking behaviors on targets of interest are video-recorded. After completing the assays, the videos are analyzed using custom scripts (V-HOST), which automatically determine landing and movement on the target areas, and preference indices. The HOST protocol uses interchangeable cages rather than direct release of mosquitoes into the behavior arena, which increases assay throughput, and prevents release of mosquitoes. The HOST assay employs commonly available materials and equipment, making it a readily accessible technique. Using this approach, an experimenter can perform ~24 individual technical replicates in a 4 h period (ZT0-ZT4) and quickly perform the video analysis (10-15 min).</p>","PeriodicalId":18901,"journal":{"name":"Nature Protocols","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147474386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}