Ndt & E International最新文献

{"title":"Pseudo-noise pulse-compression thermography: A powerful tool for time-domain thermography analysis","authors":"Marco Ricci,&nbsp;Rocco Zito,&nbsp;Stefano Laureti","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pulse-compression is a correlation-based measurement technique successfully used in many nondestructive evaluation applications to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of huge noise, strong signal attenuation or when high excitation levels must be avoided. In thermography, the pulse-compression approach was firstly introduced in 2005 by Mulavesaala and co-workers [1], and then further developed by Mandelis and co-authors that applied to thermography the concept of the thermal-wave radar developed for photothermal measurements [2-3]. Since then, many measurement schemes and applications have been reported in the literature by several groups by using various heating sources, coded excitation signals, and processing algorithms. The variety of such techniques is known as pulse-compression thermography or thermal-wave radar imaging.</p><p>Even despite the continuous improvement of these techniques during these years, the advantages of using a correlation-based approach in thermography are still not fully exploited and recognized by the community. This is because up to now the reconstructed thermograms' time sequences after pulse-compression were affected by the so-called sidelobes, i.e. the temperature time trends of the pixels exhibit oscillations, especially in the cooling stage, so that they do not reproduce the output of a standard thermography measurement. This is a severe drawback since it hampers an easy interpretation of the data and their comparison with other thermography techniques.</p><p>To overcome this issue and unleash the full potential of the approach, this paper shows how it is possible to implement a pulse-compression thermography procedure capable of suppressing any sidelobe by using a pseudo-noise excitation and a proper processing algorithm.</p><p>At the end of the procedure, time-sequences of thermograms are reconstructed that correspond to the sample response to a well-defined virtual excitation, namely a rectangular pulse, making the pulse-compression procedure “transparent”. This allows the analysis of pixel time trends by using thermal theory-driven processing such as thermal signal reconstruction, pulsed-phase thermography, etc. Moreover, by tuning the characteristic of the pseudo-noise excitation, it is possible to pass from simulating a very short excitation pulse, retrieving results analogous to pulsed-thermography, to simulating long-pulse excitation to match the sample spectral characteristics maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio. This makes the procedure very flexible and extremely attractive in many applications such as high-attenuating materials, characterization of fast thermal phenomena, and inspection of fragile samples inspection, e.g. paintings or other artworks, etc.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 103218"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096386952400183X/pdfft?md5=c06bd04d43bc5701eb829fa74d8f079f&pid=1-s2.0-S096386952400183X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142161582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scattering matrix similarity metric optimization for improved defect characterisation based on dynamic graph attention networks","authors":"Junjie Ren,&nbsp;Yiliang Hu,&nbsp;Hua Cui,&nbsp;Jianfeng Xu,&nbsp;Long Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrasonic scattering matrices contain rich defect information and have great potential for characterising small crack-like defects. However, experimentally measured scattering matrices often exhibit some level of distortions compared to those of the idealised defects, posing challenges for accurate defect characterisation. In this paper, defect characterisation was performed by adopting a nearest neighbour approach based on a scattering matrix database of reference defects, and the test data were contaminated by coherent measurement noise of varying amplitudes. The performance of different similarity metrics on characterisation accuracy was studied, including the Euclidean similarity, cosine similarity, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the structural similarity index. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of different similarity metrics, we propose a defect characterisation framework by constructing similarity graphs and leveraging advanced graph neural networks. Within the proposed approach, multiple metrics were adopted to quantify the similarity between the scattering matrices of different defects, and an improved dynamic graph attention network was developed based on a customised neighbour sampling strategy to learn the optimal metric from the graph-structured data. Experimental results show that compared to the conventional approach which adopted a globally optimal similarity metric, the proposed method can reduce the root mean squared error for the length and angle predictions by 60.5% and 67.1%, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 103220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142122004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A size-distinguishing miniature electromagnetic tomography sensor for small object detection","authors":"Xun Zou,&nbsp;Saibo She,&nbsp;Zihan Xia,&nbsp;Yuchun Shao,&nbsp;Zili Zhang,&nbsp;Ziqi Chen,&nbsp;Xinnan Zheng,&nbsp;Kuohai Yu,&nbsp;Wuliang Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electromagnetic tomography (EMT) is an emerging imaging technique that presents the property distribution of conductive or magnetic materials based on signals from the coil array on the EMT sensor. However, conventional EMT researches generally involve large-size EMT sensors, which are ineffective in detecting and discerning the size of small objects due to limited spatial resolution, sensitivity and relatively high noise level. As such, this paper presents a novel miniature EMT sensor, which incorporates 8 small coils around the circumference for imaging and 2 larger horizontal coils that generate a vertical field for target size distinction. Moreover, a novel equivalent theory is proposed to approximate the effect of the horizontal coils by the cumulative effect of the 8 small coils. An EMT testing system is established with the proposed sensor array and the multi-channel instrument developed in our lab. Experiments based on multiple sample distributions and different reconstruction algorithms validate the ability of the sensor to detect and distinguish the size of small objects of different materials. Furthermore, the equivalent theory was validated through the experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 103219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001841/pdfft?md5=ee8dce3da72c191835959c868351b0dd&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001841-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142157879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning based approach for automatic defect detection and classification in adhesive joints","authors":"Damira Smagulova ,&nbsp;Vykintas Samaitis ,&nbsp;Elena Jasiuniene","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an automated technique combining ultrasonic pulse echo method with machine learning algorithms to detect and classify the depth of interface defects in adhesively bonded joints. After data preprocessing for machine learning and extracting 32 ultrasonic features, the binary and ternary datasets were established for “defect”-“no defect” and its depth classifications. The importance and classification accuracy of various feature subsets—initial, single interface, minimised, tree-based, recursive, sequential, and LDA—were explored. A support vector machine (SVM) model was trained on these datasets. For “defect” vs. “no defect” classification, the initial feature subset achieved over 90 % accuracy on train/test data and 83 % on unseen data. For the ternary dataset, depth classification accuracy on unseen data in recursive feature subset was 97 % for “depth 1,” 62 % for “depth 2,” and 91 % for “depth 3.” The obtained results demonstrate prediction accuracy and suitability of ML models for classifying defects and predicting their depths in adhesive bonds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 103221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001865/pdfft?md5=1f8ee6409ce7384aa01fa1c469f37c22&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001865-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142117395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetical and ultrasonic characterizations of concretes subjected to internal swelling reactions","authors":"X. Dérobert ,&nbsp;G. Villain ,&nbsp;S. Palma-Lopes ,&nbsp;V. Bouvard-Coconet ,&nbsp;J.M. Decitre ,&nbsp;J. Jabbour ,&nbsp;S. Qu ,&nbsp;J.L. Geffard ,&nbsp;O. Durand ,&nbsp;G. Gugole ,&nbsp;O. Abraham","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among pathologies of reinforced concrete structures, internal swelling reactions (ISR), including alkali-aggregate reaction and delayed ettringite formation, are at the origin of cracks and major disorders due to rebar corrosion. Visual evaluation of crack density combined to non-destructive testing techniques can be used to characterize the global swelling and then give some structural diagnosis. For the last ones, an intermediate step (assimilated to a calibration step) can be performed at laboratory to evaluate the sensitivity of electromagnetic, electrical and ultrasonic properties of concretes subject to ISR.</p><p>This present study focuses on such characterizations of concrete samples presenting different levels of ISR and for several water content. Numerous samples have been extracted from mock-ups representative of two massive concrete structures, affected one by alkali-aggregate reaction and the other by delayed ettringite formation, and conditioned in homogeneous and controlled conditions. After describing the experimental campaign, results are shown and commented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 103217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142117394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz spectroscopy and effective medium theory for thickness measurement of adhesive bonds","authors":"Ji-Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiao-Jiao Ren ,&nbsp;Li-Juan Li ,&nbsp;Dan-Dan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Gu ,&nbsp;Jun-Wen Xue ,&nbsp;Qi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study deals with the characterization of multilayer adhesive structures via terahertz waves, particularly focusing on inversion analysis of the adhesive layer thickness. Terahertz-time-of-flight (THz-TOF), sensitive to the dielectric properties of materials, serves as an excellent device for non-destructive evaluation. Further, the transfer matrix method is introduced to simulate THz propagation through layered materials with various optical properties. An improved model iteration approach and particle swarm optimization algorithm are employed to effectively determine the adhesive layer thickness. This methodology utilizes effective medium theory (EMT), specifically for adhesive penetration into the cushion, thereby enhancing the thickness measurement accuracy. Among the various EMT models, the Lorentz-Lorenz (L-L) model is commonly regarded as the most effective one. An objective function based on combining the Pearson correlation coefficient and the root mean square error is proposed to refine the iterative inversion process. The results of this approach have been benchmarked with traditional THz-TOF calculations and computed tomography imaging, revealing that the proposed methodology is consistent with CT findings and outperforms conventional THz-TOF calculations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TDOA-based localization of cracking sound events with minimal-error microphone subsets","authors":"Georg Karl Kocur,&nbsp;Bharath Kumar,&nbsp;Bernd Markert","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a method based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and index minimal-error subsets of microphones to localize sudden cracking sound events, which appear somewhere in flax-fiber reinforced concrete specimens. Validation tests with small-scale pendulum impacts and known impact locations were carried out. Error estimation was performed and error ellipses were calculated. Microphone subsets leading to the smallest localization error were indexed. We validated the localization accuracy against localization results calculated using the delay-and-sum beamforming technique. Further, tension tests on concrete specimens were performed until failure; crack patterns were recorded by photogrammetry. The cracking sound events were localized. With the good match between TDOA-based localization results and crack patterns, we demonstrate that the proposed localization procedure is reliably applicable for real-time localization of concrete cracking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001762/pdfft?md5=00e6b69b8cb29be77ba571499f2f07ac&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001762-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient method for water content estimation of building materials from spectral reflectance","authors":"Bikram Koirala,&nbsp;Paul Scheunders","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We propose a nondestructive methodology to accurately estimate the water content of building materials from spectral reflectance in the shortwave infrared. The water content of a wet sample is estimated from the relative position of its reflectance spectrum on the curve between 2 reference spectra with known water content. By design, the approach is invariant to variations in illumination and acquisition conditions. Validation is done on datasets of clay powders and bricks. The experimental results provide confirmation of the effectiveness of the proposed method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103214"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142006340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ice matrix composites for Cryo-ultrasonic testing","authors":"Kaden C. Wells ,&nbsp;Francesco Simonetti ,&nbsp;Christian Peco ,&nbsp;Andrea P. Argüelles","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cryo-ultrasonic testing utilizes polycrystalline ice coupling to enable the inspection of metallic components with complex shape. The relatively high velocity of compressional waves in ice (approximately 4000 m s⁻¹) and its ability to support the propagation of shear waves, significantly strengthen the ultrasonic transmission through curved interfaces over conventional water coupling. This paper explores the possibility of further enhancing the ultrasonic properties of ice by dispersing solid particles in water before it is frozen. Complex physicochemical phenomena occur when aqueous dispersions freeze which can lead to a solid material with microstructural characteristics that may be unfavorable to the propagation of ultrasonic waves. Here, these effects are controlled to produce a composite material consisting of alumina nanoparticles in an ice matrix. The composite exhibits compressional and shear wave velocities of approximately 4800 m s⁻¹ and 2700 m s⁻¹ , respectively. Importantly, the mass density of the material is more than twice as large as the density of water. Finally, it is shown that a phenomenon similar to a glass transition occurs during freezing which results in low ultrasonic attenuation when the temperature approaches – 100 °C.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001804/pdfft?md5=72c414339fd76e96762e439b769aa51f&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001804-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid multi-modal NDE sensing system for in-motion detection and localization of rolling contact fatigue damage in rails","authors":"Zebadiah Miles ,&nbsp;Zi Li ,&nbsp;Lei Peng ,&nbsp;Yufei Chu ,&nbsp;Takuma Tomizawa ,&nbsp;Farzia Karim ,&nbsp;Bruce Maxfield ,&nbsp;Ming Han ,&nbsp;Lalita Udpa ,&nbsp;Anish Poudel ,&nbsp;Sunil Kishore Chakrapani ,&nbsp;Yiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents a multi-modal hybrid-probe approach to nondestructive inspection of RCF cracks and damage in rails. A combination of electromagnetic (EM) and ultrasonic testing (UT) techniques are presented, which allows for complementary physics to be utilized to enhance detection and characterization of surface and sub-surface cracks in a non-contact manner at high speeds. A novel integrated design which combines the motion-induced eddy current (MIEC) effect and ultrasonic Rayleigh surface waves generated and detected using electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is presented. The hybrid probe was tested at low speeds to demonstrate an increased damage localization capability. This was carried out using a data registration and fusion approach between the sensing modalities. Finally, the capability of MIEC effect at high-speeds is demonstrated. The results show that the hybrid probe has a high potential for in-motion, high-speed damage detection and characterization in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142049902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}