Ndt & E International最新文献

{"title":"Tilt effects analysis and evaluation in Pulsed Eddy Current measurements","authors":"Kuohai Yu ,&nbsp;Rui Guo ,&nbsp;Saibo She ,&nbsp;Lei Xiong ,&nbsp;Xinnan Zheng ,&nbsp;Xun Zou ,&nbsp;Jialong Shen ,&nbsp;Wuliang Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sensor tilt is regarded as one of the major causes of noise in eddy current testing. A tilted Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) probe can lead to signal distortion, resulting in errors in measurements and evaluations. For the first time, this paper investigates the tilt effect on PEC signals by developing an analytical solution for tilted PEC sensors. The analytical solution combines the theory of mutual impedance variation of tilted coils with PEC testing. It is found that the impact of tilt angles on PEC signals follows a double-exponential function in terms of both amplitude and the decreasing rate of transient voltage change. Corresponding experiments have been conducted, which agree well with the numerical results and validate the analytical solutions. Additionally, a sensor tilt angle estimation method based on the double-exponential relationship curve is developed and an average absolute error of 0.2829° has been achieved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103570"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic imaging using a phased array probe with a buffer consisting of a bundle of circular cylinders","authors":"Mingqian Xia,&nbsp;Kohei Nishiuchi,&nbsp;Takahiro Hayashi,&nbsp;Naoki Mori","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The authors have previously investigated defect imaging using a phased array probe with a buffer consisting of thin plates. Although the phased array probe with a stacked plate buffer works well in defect imaging, there remains the issue of spurious images due to trailing waves generating at the side walls of a plate, and large stacked plate buffers are required to avoid the trailing waves. To solve these issues, a buffer consisting of circular cylinders is introduced. Considering dispersion characteristics of longitudinal vibration mode of guided waves in a circular cylinder and dimensions of phased array probe, cylinder buffers were designed and fabricated. Using the buffer consisting of circular cylinders, defects were well visualized with two imaging algorithms, plane wave imaging and total focusing method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced microwave waveguide probe-based methods for damage detection of GFRP composites","authors":"Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Zhaozong Meng ,&nbsp;Fei Fei ,&nbsp;Constantinos Soutis","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this work is to enhance the microwave waveguide-based non-destructive detection of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by introducing new strategies for probe design and signal processing. The tapering geometry in the waveguide probe design improves the spatial resolution and sensitivity, and the additive manufacturing technique employed reduces the overall cost. In addition, a new approach is proposed for the optimal selection of the inspection frequency in the analysis of the raw frequency-domain data, which achieves high signal contrast. The spatial Fourier transform is introduced to eliminate the undesirable stand-off distance effect in the conventional waveguide-based inspection. Test samples with subsurface grooves and impact-induced damage were examined. It was found that a 1 mm wide groove at a depth of 9 mm and a 10 J barely visible impact damage were well detected and characterised. The results demonstrate the significant potential of microwave testing for the evaluation of composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103572"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of antenna polarization and moisture content on detection of GFPR bars in concrete using ground penetrating radar","authors":"Taemin Lee ,&nbsp;Myung-Hun Lee ,&nbsp;Jinyoung Hong ,&nbsp;Jiyoung Min ,&nbsp;Hajin Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) has recently emerged as a promising alternative to traditional steel reinforcement in concrete due to its superior durability. However, conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) methods often face limitations in detecting GFRP rebars, posing challenges for the maintenance and safety assessment of civil infrastructure. This study evaluates the applicability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for detecting GFRP reinforcement in concrete through both numerical simulation and experimental validation. The investigation focuses on the influence of antenna polarization and concrete moisture conditions on electromagnetic (EM) wave-based detection. Numerical simulations confirmed that increased moisture in concrete enhances dielectric contrast, thereby improving the visibility of GFRP bars. For experimental validation, two concrete specimens—a beam and a slab embedded with GFRP reinforcement—were prepared and tested. The results revealed that EM wave reflection energy increased by up to 17.0 % and 15.8 % under wet conditions using cross and normal polarizations, respectively. These findings underscore the significance of selecting appropriate antenna polarization and accounting for moisture conditions to improve the detection accuracy of GFRP rebars using GPR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing NDT 4.0 with Deep Attention Learning for Anomaly Detection (DAL-AD) in Mg-based L-PBF components","authors":"Ayush Pratap ,&nbsp;Neha Sardana ,&nbsp;Tao Wu ,&nbsp;P. Karthikeyan ,&nbsp;Pao-Ann Hsiung","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detection of anomalies in 3D-printed magnesium alloy while printing is difficult because of the reactive nature of the material. In alignment with the principles of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) 4.0, which emphasizes the inspection of advanced manufacturing processes and fully automated systems, this work presents a novel approach for anomaly detection in additively manufactured parts. Three Mg-based alloy cubes were printed through Selective Laser Melting (SLM) at different scan rates, and X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) scan was employed to generate the image slices of all three samples. The novel data from all three samples has been selected to segment the anomaly from the printed part. The work has incorporated an innovative approach of adding a saliency map to the model for segmenting the different 3D printed volumes. Incorporating attention layers into the U-net algorithm enhances the learning characteristics of the model by emphasizing the specific region concerning the saliency map. It was found that by using an attention layer in the model, the accuracy in the segmentation of anomalies has been increased compared to simple U-net and other transfer learning approaches as a backbone. The proposed methodology with salient connection has achieved the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Intersection over union (IOU) of 98.29% and 96.67% respectively, demonstrating its effectiveness in the context of NDT 4.0 for the inspection of additively manufactured components. Further aligning the proposed DAL-AD (Deep Attention Learning for Anomaly Detection) framework with broader industrial segments such as Industry 5.0 and ISO 9000, this work enables AI-assisted, sustainable, and in-situ quality control in additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103569"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic phased array virtual source phase shift migration imaging of curved multilayer components","authors":"Hongwei Hu ,&nbsp;Lingxu Wang ,&nbsp;Juncen Wu ,&nbsp;Yiqi Cai ,&nbsp;Chengwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The total focusing method (TFM) represents an advanced post processing technique in phased array ultrasonic testing. However, the commonly used ray-tracing TFM is time consuming when calculating the refraction points in complex curved multilayer components. To enhance imaging efficiency while maintaining high imaging quality, this research proposes a virtual source extended non-stationary phase shift migration (VSENPSM) algorithm specifically designed for curved multilayer components. The proposed method enhances the emission energy by utilizing virtual sources, of which the number of elements is optimized through non-paraxial approximation multivariate Gaussian acoustic field simulation. Then the transmission matrix is reconstructed based on virtual source theory and extrapolated to various depths, achieving image reconstruction through cross-correlation with the reception matrix. Automatic image denoising is realized by integrating principal component analysis (PCA) with a fast and flexible denoising network (FFDNet), significantly enhancing spatial resolution and contrast resolution. The verification was performed on side-drilled holes in aluminum alloy, copper alloy and aluminum-steel explosive welding test blocks. Results show that the proposed FFDNet-VSENPSM algorithm achieve superior signal-to-noise ratio and exhibit over 6 times improvement in computational efficiency compared to the virtual source TFM (VSTFM) algorithm. This method provides a valuable reference for ultrasonic testing of curved multilayer components, demonstrating broad application prospects in industrial non-destructive evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103575"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conductivity invariance phenomenon of eddy current testing- analytical modeling and physical interpretation","authors":"Fenglong Wang ,&nbsp;Yating Yu ,&nbsp;Cheng Sun ,&nbsp;Haipeng Yang ,&nbsp;Guiyun Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Conductivity Invariance Phenomenon (CIP) has been previously discovered in our previous work—in multilayer structures, when the alien material layer in the conductivity invariance point changes suddenly in electrical conductivity, the eddy current testing signal remains unaffected [1, 2]. The CIP has been proven to potentially eliminate the coupling effects between electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability in Eddy Current Testing (ECT). However, current research on CIP primarily focused on controlling materials within the conductivity invariance point, lacking a deep understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms, which limited the application of CIP in engineering. Therefore, this paper conducts an in-depth investigation of CIP, establishing an analytical model to efficiently calculate the conductivity invariance point and validating it through numerical simulation and experiments. Additionally, this paper finds that the CIP arises from the combined effects of electromagnetic field coupling interference in multilayer structures and the electromagnetic interaction of the alien material layer itself. When the alien material is within the conductivity invariance point, the two effects cancel each other out, demonstrating CIP. On the other hand, the physical mechanism of CIP is demonstrated by the equivalent conversion method. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the future application of CIP in decoupling electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability issues in eddy current testing, facilitating precise measurement of magnetic permeability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on registration and fusion methods for neutron/X-ray three-dimensional tomography images","authors":"Qiang Lin ,&nbsp;Shangxuan Zhong ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Tang ,&nbsp;Wenjian Wang ,&nbsp;Haohao Ding ,&nbsp;Shuyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Min Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to two-dimensional neutron/X-ray computed tomography (CT) image fusion, three-dimensional (3D) fusion enables more comprehensive and accurate data analysis. Therefore, fusion method of neutron/X-ray 3D CT images was studied. In order to enrich information and enhance clarity of the fusion image, a NSCT decomposition-based image fusion method was firstly proposed, the neutron and X-ray images were decomposed into different scale spaces, and image fusion in different scale spaces was performed according to the fusion rules of taking average value, taking the maximum absolute value and the fusion rule of combining the dual-channel unit-linking PCNN (Pulse Coupled Neural Network) model, respectively. Then, using structural consistency between neutron and X-ray tomographic images of a tested sample, a structural similarity (SSIM) index-based inter-layer registration method for dual-source (neutron/X-ray) tomographic images was proposed. A 3D tomographic fusion method was thereby developed and volumetric image fusion was achieved. ‌In the 3D fusion images, the structural representations of plastic materials are predominantly derived from neutron tomographic image, exhibiting higher gray values, while metallic component information is primarily sourced from X-ray tomographic image, showing lower gray values. The fused images are synthesized by integrating the complementary information from both neutron and X-ray modalities, leading to enriched structural details that critically enhance material identification capabilities through cross-modal data fusion, which can be applied to the identification and detection of materials in multiple fields such as aerospace, electric energy, multiphase flow and composite materials in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103567"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive compensation for in-process ultrasonic cladding inspection","authors":"Thomas Leach ,&nbsp;Ewan Nicolson ,&nbsp;Robert Watson ,&nbsp;Charalampos Loukas ,&nbsp;David Lines ,&nbsp;S. Gareth Pierce ,&nbsp;Charles N. MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout the early 21st century, the rise in manufacturing costs has led to economic and industrial drivers to develop novel solutions to tackle the increasing costs of high-integrity manufacturing. A key driver to reduce costs is to implement product quality conformance inspections, such as Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) at the point of manufacture, rather than at the end of the process, reducing manufacturing rework, improving schedule certainty, and increasing manufacturing throughput within industrial facilities. Welding is a highly utilised process deployed in the manufacture of high-value components such as nuclear pressure vessels, which are then clad with a corrosion-resistant alloy, with preferential attributes onto a cheaper base material to reduce the cost of manufacture. Traditional code-compliant ultrasonic inspection methodology commonly requires the machining of any non-planar surfaces prior to inspection, preventing the inspection of cladding methods during manufacture. Until now, in-process inspection has not been applied to weld cladding applications with non-planar surface profiles. This paper presents a novel approach to optimising ultrasonic imaging through the as-clad surface, consisting of multiple angled transmission and reception beams. Representative cladding trials, with artificial ultrasonic reflectors representing typical cladding defects, were introduced to assess the sensitivity of the ultrasonic inspection to defects under various non-planar surfaces. The approach demonstrated a reduction in variability of defect amplitude due to surface profile compensation alone, from 9.42 dB to 1.37 dB, demonstrating the methodology that can be applied agnostically of complex ray-tracing methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103571"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single transmission phase- and frequency-modulated coded excitation for enhanced inspection of thick complex industrial components using a scalable, flexible, lead-free, ultrasonic array","authors":"Elmergue Germano ,&nbsp;Ehsan Mohseni ,&nbsp;David Lines ,&nbsp;Morteza Tabatabaeipour ,&nbsp;Charles N. MacLeod ,&nbsp;Kwok-Ho Lam ,&nbsp;David Hughes ,&nbsp;Heather Trodden ,&nbsp;Anthony Gachagan","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103564","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To address the growing challenge of applying ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation to complex industrial components, flexible ultrasonic arrays have emerged as a conformable solution to inspect such geometries, thereby removing the need for custom-designed wedges to conform to surfaces. Flexible lead-based arrays have been used in prior research. They offer high piezoelectric coefficient, however, they pose human health and environmental risks, and fail to comply with global initiatives including the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) regulation enacted by the European Union. Although numerous studies on the piezoelectric properties of lead-free materials have been conducted, the uptake of technology and implementation in practice has been slow. In this work, a scalable, RoHS-compliant, flexible ultrasonic array was employed to improve operability in thick convex and concave components. However, the lead-free array exhibits lower piezoelectric coefficient compared to its lead-based counterparts, resulting in reduced signal quality. To tackle this shortcoming, single transmission phase-modulated Barker and frequency-modulated chirp excitation schemes, in conjunction with pulse compression, were employed to improve the signal quality. Subsequently, their impact was studied in terms of imaging quality, through Full Matrix Capture (FMC) acquisition methodology and Total Focusing Method (TFM) imaging, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) measurements. A novel SNR method was presented. Existing SNR approaches evaluate image quality by calculating it within a designated area surrounding the target, where the noise level is quantified as the root mean square of the image noise, omitting any indication of the target. In addition to the noise level, artifacts from matched filters and sidelobes require quantitative evaluation. The new SNR technique was proposed to automate the selection of regions when characterising the SNR. The SNR was calculated across regions of varying size, with the region size where the SNR values converged being selected. This technique was utilised in a comparative analysis including a single-cycle pulse excitation, modulated Barker and chirp excitation schemes with equivalent energy levels in simulation and experimentally. The simulated and experimental results showed good agreement, with some discrepancies attributed to imperfections in the experimental conditions. SNR improvement exceeding 2.6 dB was observed experimentally, with the coded excitation techniques showing higher SNR and better image quality without sacrificing acquisition speed. Moreover, sidelobe artifacts were evident in all TFM images, while the coded excitation images further exhibited matched filter processing artifacts. The flexibility of the array was assessed in the subsequent two experiments to determine its effectiveness in improving operability in complex-geometry samples. The convex and concave samples pre-aligned the array to promote a con","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 103564"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}