Ndt & E International最新文献

{"title":"Nondestructive examination of internal defects in cylindrical glass fiber reinforced plastics using dynamic active microwave thermography","authors":"Pouya Faraji Kalajahi,&nbsp;Davood Akbari","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the applicability of Dynamic Active Microwave Thermography (DAMT) in nondestructive inspection of GFRP cylindrical shells has been investigated experimentally and numerically. In this regard, Cylindrical GFRP samples were prepared through a filament winding process. Two types of planar and linear defects were created inside the cylindrical samples. Holes and cracks in three different diameters and lengths were engraved on the inner side of the samples. Aiming to create temperature contrast between sound and defected areas a microwave excitation setup comprising a microwave horn antenna, a rotational element, and a Faraday's cage was utilized. Thermal images were captured from the surface of the samples by means of an IR camera. The influences of different parameters including excitation power, heating time, and standoff distance on the temperature contrast were assessed. Besides, in order to examine the electrical field distribution, the interaction of the E-field with the sample, and the temperature distribution on the surface of the sample, the heating process was simulated numerically using the finite element method. The FEM analysis results indicate a proper agreement with the experimental test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The design of high temperature EMATs to avoid irreversible magnetic losses","authors":"Nived Suresh ,&nbsp;Pierce Elliott ,&nbsp;Cosmin Radu ,&nbsp;Joseph Corcoran","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many applications demand Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) withstand exposure to elevated temperature without performance degradation. Permanent magnet EMATs are typically optimized on the basis of maximizing magnetic bias and mode purity, but there is a gap in the literature to-date about magnetic design to limit signal degradation through irreversible demagnetization. For practical purposes, recoverable irreversible demagnetization, which can only be recovered through active remagnetization, represents permanent damage to an EMAT. The extent of recoverable irreversible demagnetization depends on a combination of magnetic material selection and the physical configuration of the magnet (including magnet geometry, interaction with other ferromagnetic materials, and interaction with other magnetic fields). This paper presents the background theory on self-generated demagnetizing fields, which lead to recoverable irreversible losses, and presents an approach to predict the resulting magnetic losses. Thermal exposure experiments on different magnetic configurations are presented, illustrating the predictive method, and showing the importance of magnetic design to avoid magnetic losses. A further experiment, where EMATs are built with different magnetic configurations, shows that a favorable design results in negligible loss in post-exposure ultrasonic signal amplitude, whereas an unfavorable design led to a 65 % loss. Consequently, it is proposed that when designing an EMAT for elevated temperature, minimizing the demagnetizing field should be included as an important aspect of optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum machine learning for recognition of defects in ultrasonic imaging","authors":"Anurag Dubey ,&nbsp;Thulsiram Gantala ,&nbsp;Anupama Ray ,&nbsp;Anil Prabhakar ,&nbsp;Prabhu Rajagopal","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper discusses a new paradigm of employing a quantum machine learning (QML) algorithm for automated weld defect recognition. A variational quantum classifier (VQC) using ultrasonic phased arrays is proposed to extract weld defect features in the atomic state to improve the classification accuracy and achieve high-speed calculation due to simultaneous qubits. The VQC is trained using a simulation-assisted weld dataset generated using finite element (FE) models and deep convolution generative adversarial networks (DCGAN). The total focusing method (TFM) weld images of porosity and slag are generated using time-transmitted signals received by performing full matrix capture, modeling various defect morphologies using FE simulations. These datasets are fed to train the DCGAN to generate synthetic TFM images. We use the feature selection method to obtain the best results with a quantum circuit with minimal qubits. Prominent features so obtained are supplied to the encoder circuit of the VQC to convert it to a quantum domain, thereby passing to an ansatz circuit to train quantum hyperparameters. The loss is computed for every iteration by optimizing the learnable parameters of the VQC. The VQC is trained by varying quantities of datasets to improve the reliability and efficiency of the weld defect classifications. It is found that VQC outperforms some of the classical machine learning algorithms with an accuracy of <span><math><mrow><mn>96</mn></mrow></math></span>%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel multi-fidelity Gaussian process regression approach for defect characterization in motion-induced eddy current testing","authors":"Xuhui Huang ,&nbsp;Zi Li ,&nbsp;Lei Peng ,&nbsp;Yufei Chu ,&nbsp;Zebadiah Miles ,&nbsp;Sunil Kishore Chakrapani ,&nbsp;Ming Han ,&nbsp;Anish Poudel ,&nbsp;Yiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel framework aimed at addressing the challenge of surface defect characterization in lab-scale tests. It utilizes a high-speed rotational disc setup to simulate the dynamics of rolling contact fatigue found in railway inspections through Motion-Induced Eddy Current Testing (MIECT). A key component of our approach was the integration of experimental data and finite element modeling, aimed at interpreting the relationship between defect dimensions, velocity, and their impact on magnetic sensor outputs. Our research focused on two main objectives: developing a forward model to predict the differential peak-to-peak amplitude (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) of sensor readings from defect size and velocity, and to perform inverse estimation of defect sizes from <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> across continuous velocity ranges. The key findings reveal that for the forward problem, the Radial Basis Function Multi-Fidelity Scaling (RBF-MFS) method outperforms other multi-fidelity and single-fidelity approaches. Moreover, the proposed Gaussian Process Regression with Multi-Fidelity Scaling and Feature Discretization (GPR-MFS-FD) method outperformed the state-of-the-art multi-fidelity method in the inverse estimation of defect geometries. This innovative method leverages high-fidelity experimental data together with low-fidelity physics simulations via multi-fidelity scaling and feature discretization to effectively manage velocity range inputs, reflecting real-world operational uncertainties in high-speed transport vehicles and infrastructures. Our integrated and novel data-driven approaches advance defect characterization, enhancing MIECT's application in surface defect detection and analysis, with potential extensions to other NDE applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Going deeper on magneto-optical Faraday effect analysis to detect fatigue crack with high-spatial resolution for non-destructive inspection","authors":"I Dewa Made Oka Dharmawan ,&nbsp;Jinyi Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we introduce a high-resolution technique for defect detection that uses the magneto–optical (MO) Faraday effect. Our system combines a portable polarized microscope and an MO sensor for the high spatial observation of a magnetic domain structure. We accurately localized and characterized the fatigue defects through integrated image pre-processing and cross-power spectral density analysis. This approach enhances our analysis of the magnetic domain structure, increasing the spatial capabilities of the microscope to detect fatigue defects. We conducted experiments on fatigue cracks with defect depth angles of 0°, 30°, and 60°, analyzing their relationship through signal amplitude and the tendency of the signal shift with increasing defect angle. Our findings were validated using a tunnel magnetoresistance sensor. Future research will focus on the optimization of feature extraction complexity, considering the limited computational power available for portable non-destructive testing devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical modeling and non-dimensionalization study for endoscopic ultrasound acoustic field in tubular structure","authors":"Ze Xi,&nbsp;Songyuan Li,&nbsp;Chenkai Feng,&nbsp;Xiangang Wang,&nbsp;Xiaowei Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been introduced to non-destructive testing for the internal inspection of tubular structure. It is a typical inspection application on layered media with a non-planar interface. Existing research in this area is hindered by two significant limitations: i) the absence of an EUS acoustic field model that is adaptable to the layered medium with non-planar interfaces; ii) the lack of a generalizable analysis and regularity of the EUS acoustic field distribution. This paper derives a refraction model for the tube interface and delay law. By combining these with the angular spectrum model, an analytical acoustic field model for EUS in tubular structure is developed, providing the theoretical framework for acoustic field analysis and interpretation. Subsequently, the geometric and acoustic parameters of the transducer and the tubular object are non-dimensionalized to normalize diverse EUS inspection scenarios. A parametric analysis is then conducted to identify and comprehend the regularity of the EUS acoustic field distribution, which is the main object of this study. The derived EUS acoustic field regularity is validated through an EUS inspection experiment of a tube using control variate method. The quantitative analysis result of the EUS imaging aligns with the expectations from beam analysis. The proposed analytical model is applicable to any scenarios with multi-layered media and with arbitrary interfaces. Its primary strength lies in its intuitive ability to demonstrate the impact of various parameters on the acoustic field distribution. The methodology of non-dimensionalization provides a paradigm for deriving generalizable regularities in the field of ultrasonic testing and imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-collinear wave mixing to determine physical ageing in PVC pipelines","authors":"Nandini Chidambaram ,&nbsp;Doekle Yntema ,&nbsp;Tiedo Tinga ,&nbsp;Richard Loendersloot","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ultrasonic signal amplitudes obtained from non-collinear wave mixing has previously shown significant changes for physically aged Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes, demonstrating the method's effectiveness in assessing the ageing condition of PVC. However, the exact relationship between the measured amplitudes and the extent of physical ageing in PVC has yet to be established. Additionally, it has not yet been validated against established methods or applied to determine the service lifetime of PVC pipes. This study outlines a three-step process to validate the effectiveness of the non-collinear wave mixing technique for assessing the physical ageing of PVC pipelines. Firstly, the non-collinear wave mixing results are compared with the established laboratory method of differential scanning calorimetry, to validate the scattered wave amplitude measurements. Secondly, employing the Arrhenius relation, service lifetime estimates derived from non-collinear wave mixing results align within the expected magnitudes, emphasizing the technique's potential for in-situ pipeline inspections. Finally, a material model is utilized to estimate the Third Order Elastic Coefficient (TOEC) <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> based on the measured amplitudes, demonstrating a linear correlation with annealing time. A 50% change in TOEC <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> signifies a brittle state, indicating a high risk of failure. A combination of experimental and analytical analyses highlighted TOEC <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> variations as the primary factor influencing non-collinear wave mixing amplitude changes during physical ageing. This comprehensive approach also highlights the importance of incorporating diverse factors to precisely forecast and oversee the performance of PVC pipes in real-world environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive study on microwave inspection of internal pipe wall thinning: Discontinuities, reflections and signals","authors":"Weiying Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave inspection of internal pipe wall thinning (PWT) relies on reflections occurring at locations where inner radius changes. Reflections also occur at other discontinuities, such as air gaps and the pipe end, which seriously contaminate the measurement signals for PWT and pose challenges to PWT characterization. This study clarified the mechanism of reflections from different types of discontinuities using theoretical, analytical, and numerical solutions. By establishing a formula to calculate the characteristic impedance of a circular waveguide, we were able to analytically compute the scattering parameter <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>11</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> for a waveguide with a full-circumferential PWT, providing insights for PWT characterization. Furthermore, we defined the number of repetitions per unit of frequency as <span><math><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow></math></span> and represented the measured <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>11</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> signals in the <span><math><mrow><mi>Ω</mi><mo>−</mo></mrow></math></span> domain. The correspondence between <span><math><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow></math></span> and traveling distance enables localization of discontinuities without considering frequency-dependent propagation velocity. The <span><math><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow></math></span> domain representations primarily associated with PWT were isolated by band and converted back to the frequency domain, allowing for more effective PWT characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 103269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural health assessment of existing dams based on non-destructive testing, physics-based models and machine learning tools","authors":"Gabriella Bolzon ,&nbsp;Antonella Frigerio ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hajjar ,&nbsp;Caterina Nogara ,&nbsp;Emanuele Zappa","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safe operation of dams is ensured by monitoring systems that collect periodic information on environmental conditions (for example, temperature and water level) and on the structural response to external actions. In newly built or retrofitted facilities, large networks of sensors can take daily measurements that are automatically transferred to servers. In other cases, additional information can be acquired, occasionally or systematically, through emerging drone-based non-contact full-field techniques.</div><div>The measurements are processed by various analytical and machine learning tools trained on historical data sets, capable of highlighting any anomalous recordings. Monitoring data can also support the accurate calibration of a physics-based model of the structure, usually built in the finite element framework. The analyses carried out by the digital twin allow the experimental database to be expanded with the displacements evaluated in the event of extreme environmental conditions, damage or collapse mechanisms never occurred before.</div><div>This contribution illustrates an integrated approach to the safety assessment of existing dams that combines experimental, computational and data processing methodologies. Attention is particularly focused on model calibration procedures and on the uncertainties that influence the characteristics of the joints. The presented results of the validation studies performed by the Authors on benchmark and real-scale problems highlight the merits and limitations of alternative approaches to data exploitation and remote measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of crack orientation in electrically conductive materials using eddy current testing powered by rotational directive filter","authors":"Wataru Matsunaga ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Xu ,&nbsp;Koichi Mizukami ,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Mizutani ,&nbsp;Akira Todoroki","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we developed a method to identify crack orientation in carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) by controlling its electromagnetic field using a rotational directive filter (RDF) during eddy current testing (ECT). Finite element analysis showed that by applying an RDF and rotating it, the eddy currents induced in the CFRTP can be changed and controlled in any in-plane direction. A slit simulating a crack was used to identify crack orientation in CFRTP. The ECT output change reached the maximum when the RDF angle coincided with the crack orientation. The proposed method can identify crack orientation in CFRTP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 103273"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}