Ndt & E International最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasonic detection method of contact load between rollers and raceways of wind turbine main shaft bearings","authors":"Zeqi Bian ,&nbsp;Yan Lyu ,&nbsp;Jie Gao ,&nbsp;Xuri Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Wu ,&nbsp;Cunfu He","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The load distribution inside a bearing is one of the key factors affecting its operational performance. Abnormal changes in load can lead to premature bearing failure. Therefore, accurately detecting the contact load between the roller and raceway of the cylindrical roller bearings is crucial for ensuring its stable operation and service safety. In this study, an efficient ultrasonic detection method based on the theories of acoustoelasticity and load-induced deformation is proposed for measuring the contact load in roller bearings. First, the intrinsic relationship between the radial deformation of the outer raceway and the ultrasonic Time of Flight (ToF) is established using acoustoelastic theory, and the changes in ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics under load are analyzed. Based on the bearing's force model, the relationship between the deformation and load of the roller bearing is further investigated, and a non-Hertzian contact model suitable for roller contact is developed. By combining ToF variations, an ultrasonic reflection measurement method for bearing contact loads is proposed. Subsequently, a finite element simulation model for single-roller loading is established using a real bearing example, and the reliability of the load-induced deformation theory is verified through simulation. Furthermore, single-roller loading experiments were conducted to measure the ToF of reflected ultrasonic pulses at contact points under different loads. The results showed that the contact load values closely matched the applied load values, with errors within an acceptable range, proving the feasibility of the proposed detection method. Finally, this method was applied to measure the static load distribution of a cylindrical roller bearing, and the results were consistent with the theoretical load distribution, demonstrating the potential of this method for bearing load monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MTR-MUSIC: A time-reversal based super-resolution ultrasonic imaging method for multilayer structure defects","authors":"Binwen Li ,&nbsp;Xinqi Tian ,&nbsp;Weijia Shi ,&nbsp;Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiubin Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Closely spaced defects, like porosity and microcracks, are common during material manufacturing and service. Due to the limitations of array aperture and ultrasonic frequency, traditional ultrasonic imaging methods cannot characterize defects under the Rayleigh limit. The time-reversal multiple signal classification (TR-MUSIC) method is effective for subwavelength defect imaging. However, TR-MUSIC is only suitable for isotropic medium, not including multilayer mediums. Furthermore, the axial localization ability of TR-MUSIC is influenced by severe axial extended artifacts. To deal with the above limitations, a modified time-reversal multiple signal classification (MTR-MUSIC) method is proposed. An improved Green's function is developed to correct the travel time errors caused by acoustic refraction in multilayer mediums, and the total focusing imaging index is utilized as a weighted factor to mitigate the axial artifacts associated with TR-MUSIC. Experiments are conducted on 2 mm spaced side-drilled holes in multilayer structure specimens. The results show that MTR-MUSIC can accurately image two holes with a distance of 0.43 Rayleigh limit in triple-layer mediums, and the full width at half maximum of the axial main lobe is below 1 mm, which shows better axial localization ability. It demonstrates promise for MTR-MUSIC in super-resolution imaging defects among anisotropic mediums, including immersion detection, weld structures, and composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nondestructive electrical conductivity imaging method based on carbon-coated magnetic particles","authors":"Yaoting Han,&nbsp;Yanting Chen,&nbsp;Yiru Xiao,&nbsp;Lingshu Liu,&nbsp;Kai Wang,&nbsp;Yihua Kang,&nbsp;Bo Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In magnetic particle inspection (MPI), defect detection typically relies on optical interpretation of magnetic particle indications. However, ambient illumination and surface conditions can interfere with visual contrast, reducing the reliability of crack identification. In response to these issues, this study proposes an electrical conductivity imaging method based on carbon-coated magnetic particles (ECI-CCMP). The method utilizes the aggregation of carbon-coated magnetic particles (CCMPs) to form stable conductive paths at defect sites. By detecting electrical signals rather than relying on visual contrast, the method effectively eliminates the influence of ambient lighting and surface contamination. Variations in local conductivity caused by CCMP aggregation enable the localization and characterization of cracks. The preparation and characterization of CCMPs were investigated, and the effects of carbon shell content on their electrical and magnetic properties were systematically analyzed. Subsequently, a conductivity measurement film with a flexible interdigital electrode array was developed for imaging magnetic particle indications. The feasibility and sensitivity of ECI-CCMP were experimentally validated using type A1 standard test shims with a minimum groove depth of 15 μm and bearing roller containing natural cracks. The experimental results confirm that ECI-CCMP achieves reliable sensitivity and robustness under complex illumination and surface conditions, thus providing an effective strategy that overcomes the limitations of optical methods in MPI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103490"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed interpretation and classification of acoustic emission signals using explainable deep convolutional neural networks","authors":"Xuhui Huang,&nbsp;Obaid Elshafiey,&nbsp;Ming Han,&nbsp;Yiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model interpretability remains a critical challenge for deep learning applications in Acoustic Emission (AE) signal characterization, limiting their trustworthiness in structural health monitoring. The proposed approach integrates explainable Convolutional Neural Network with physics-informed segmentation to enhance both classification accuracy and interpretability. By segmenting signals based on the theoretical arrival times of fundamental Lamb wave modes (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>), and employing Class Activation Mapping (CAM), Gradient-weighted CAM (Grad-CAM), and Dimension-wise CAM (DCAM), we provide quantitative insights into the model's decision-making process. Using 200 AE signals from pencil break tests, our model identifies distinct features for different events. Visualizations show the model focuses on <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> transition and post-A₀ regions, with DCAM highlighting significant importance in the <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> transition region for the closest test point. In this paper, we address the 'black box' nature of deep learning by offering quantitative, physics-based intuition, correlating model outputs to specific AE signal segments and underlying physical processes such as Lamb wave mode interactions and dispersion. By bridging the gap between deep learning performance and human-interpretable insights, our method enhances the reliability of AE-based structural health monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103487"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven deep representation of acoustic signals amplifies the accuracy of coin-tap test for non-destructive detection of defects","authors":"Yonglin Wu ,&nbsp;Hongyu Li ,&nbsp;Peng Jiang,&nbsp;Tiejun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coin-tap test is a simple way for non-destructive detection of defects, and has long been used in engineering structures. However, improving the accuracy of coin-tap test is challenging. In this work, we propose a data-driven deep representation method for acoustic signals to amplify the accuracy of coin-tap test. We design an incremental dense one-dimensional convolutional neural network (IDCNN) with two feature aggregation blocks to organize deep representations. We introduce six types of defects to three types of bi-layered structures, use coin-tap tests to obtain acoustic signals, and train the IDCNN. The results show that the IDCNN performs well for deep representation of acoustic signals and significantly amplifies the accuracy of coin-tap test. The accuracy rate for defect detection ranges from 98.42 % to 99.06 %. The rates of missing and false alarms for defects are extremely low, ranging from 0.94 % to 1.58 % and from 0.72 % to 1.32 %, respectively. The results show that the data-driven deep representation of acoustic signals results in an effective coin-tap test for non-destructive detection of defects. The proposed method has potential for broad applications in acoustic-based non-destructive tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional spatial coherent imaging based on two-dimensional laser ultrasonic row-column addressing array","authors":"Long Chen ,&nbsp;Zenghua Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu ,&nbsp;Yanping Zhu ,&nbsp;Cunfu He","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) imaging represents a crucial advancement in ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT). Compared with one-dimensional (1D) arrays, full matrix capture (FMC) based on two-dimensional (2D) arrays experiences exponential growth in required elements and sampling channels, fundamentally constraining array aperture and imaging resolution. The row-column addressing (RCA) array innovatively reduces the element count from <em>N</em> × <em>N</em> to <em>N</em> + <em>N</em> through alternating row-column addressing, significantly decreasing channel requirements and sampling data volume. This study pioneers a fully optical approach for 2D RCA array, aiming to achieve 3D non-contact imaging of body defects. Methodologically, the research progresses through three phases: First, to generate uniform energy cylindrical waves, an optical modulation technique was developed to create elongated homogenized laser spots, enabling laser ultrasonic orthogonal compound scanning for array data acquisition. Second, a 3D spatial coherence imaging algorithm was established for multimode characterization of artificial blind holes and simulated corrosion defects. Finally, systematic comparisons of several array configurations and imaging algorithms were conducted, with optimization strategies analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that laser ultrasonic RCA array imaging effectively reconstructs 3D defect geometries and dimensional features. Multimode visualization successfully resolves geometrical variations across defect regions. This work introduces a novel non-contact array inspection methodology, facilitating the transition from 2D to 3D in ultrasonic NDT. The findings provide critical insights into adaptive algorithm selection and system optimization for high-resolution volumetric inspection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103486"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-linear feature based damage localization in riveted plates using FBG sensors for guided wave sensing utilizing instantaneous baseline","authors":"Rohan Soman ,&nbsp;Farzam Omidi Moaf ,&nbsp;Maciej Radzienski ,&nbsp;Marzena Kurpińska ,&nbsp;Tomasz Wandowski ,&nbsp;Pawel Kudela","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems ensure safety and reliability of structures. They may be used for maintenance planning which reduces the maintenance cost and potentially can extend lifetime. As a result, there is a lot of active research in the area for SHM of structures. The SHM system should be low cost, suitable for continuous monitoring, able to detect small levels of damage. Guided waves (GW) based SHM techniques allow monitoring of large plate-like structures with a few sensors and have been identified as the most promising of techniques for SHM.</div><div>One of the challenges of GW based techniques is that most of the developed techniques depend on comparison of the current measurements with a known baseline. Often the baseline measurement is not available or is acquired under different operating conditions. As a result, the applicability of these techniques although excellent in laboratory testing is not satisfactory in real applications. Few works utilizing non-linear features as a damage sensitive feature for reference-free SHM have been proposed with varying degrees of success. The current work builds on this initial idea for utilizing non-linear features and pairs it up with instantaneous baseline approach to develop a technique for reference-free damage detection and localization. Through the utilization of appropriate time windows and the inherent directional sensitivity of the fibre Bragg grating (FBG), it has been shown that damage can be satisfactorily detected and localized. In order to ascertain the presence of damage, a novel metric based on the spectral energy is developed. The robustness of the metric is further enhanced through multi-frequency data fusion. The developed metric and the utilization of FBG sensors for measurement of non-linear features is the main novelty of this work. In addition, a systematic approach for the threshold determination which takes into consideration systematic non-linearities is proposed. The methodology is applied on two aluminium plates riveted together. Damage is simulated through removal of the particular rivet. Various damage scenarios have been studied and the performance of the technique is compared with existing state-of-the art methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103483"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U-NET autoencoder for amplitude recovery on binarized Full Matrix Captures","authors":"Aurélien Thon ,&nbsp;Guillaume Painchaud-April ,&nbsp;Alain Le Duff ,&nbsp;Pierre Bélanger","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Full Matrix Capture (FMC) and the Total Focusing Method (TFM) are instrumental techniques in ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) in industries such as aerospace, oil and gas, and manufacturing, and allow efficient defect detection by capturing all possible transmitter–receiver pairs and generating highly resolved images on a predefined pixel grid. The use of dense linear or matrix probes presents significant challenges in data storage and transfer but also in the complexity of the acquisition system’s electronics. In this context, binary acquisition steps in as an attractive alternative for simplifying acquisition equipment and reducing data size. However, binary formats carry the drawback of amplitude information loss. To address this, the present study explores the application of a U-NET autoencoder neural network to reconstruct amplitude data from binarized FMC signals. The autoencoder’s U-NET architecture is particularly suited for this task due to its effectiveness with limited datasets, a common issue in NDT. Finite element simulations were used to generate training and validation datasets. Experimental tests were then conducted on steel samples containing various defects, such as Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) cracks, side-drilled holes (SDH), and a realistic fatigue crack in a steel bar. The reconstructed FMC data were evaluated using TFM images and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), showing that the neural network accurately reconstructed FMCs. Notwithstanding the presence of minor amplitude errors, the spatial positioning of defects remained precise, demonstrating the method’s viability for practical NDT applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry complex structure inspection using stretchable eddy current array sensors","authors":"Lei Peng ,&nbsp;Na Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuhui Huang ,&nbsp;Zi Li ,&nbsp;Yiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eddy-current testing (ECT) is widely used for the inspection and evaluation of structures made from conductive materials. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to improve the reliability and sensitivity of ECT sensors, including the development of state-of-the-art flexible eddy current sensor arrays based on polyimide substrates. These probes can adapt to uneven surfaces due to their flexibility. However, there are still situations where these probes fail. In this work, we propose a stretchable EC sensor array probe with a soft substrate material, designed to deform and conform to complex surfaces. A 3D simulation model was developed to study the effect of the probe's stretchability on defect detection. A prototype of the probe was fabricated and tested on various samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed probe successfully inspected pit defect with 2 mm radius and 0.5 mm depth on a bent pipe with bending radius of 6 inches, where the flexible probe had previously failed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103482"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage imaging using 2D teager-kaiser operator for early-time ultrasonic guided wavefields","authors":"Mohsen Barzegar,&nbsp;Muchao Zhang,&nbsp;Helena G. Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic wavefield imaging using wavefield measurement systems, such as scanning laser Doppler vibrometer systems, has proven to be a powerful non-destructive testing (NDT) technique. Yet, conventional energy-based imaging methods require bypassing the incident wave and reflection from borders to isolate trapped waves, which makes these approaches less effective in scenarios where excitation occurs within the inspection area and boundaries are closely situated, like an adhesive lap joint. This study introduces a damage imaging approach using the 2D Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKO) applied to the wavefield and its square waveform. The proposed method exploits early wavefield propagation for direct damage imaging. This is particularly advantageous for disbond imaging, where the S0 mode is converted to A0 in the disbond region. In such cases, it enhances effectiveness in systems where measurements are more sensitive to the out-of-plane vibrations (A0) while the in-plane vibrations (S0) are weak. It is found that applying TKO to the wavefield achieves high contrast imaging compared to root-mean-square (RMS) calculations. The proposed method, applied to the square waveform of the wavefield, indirectly exploits its phase sensitivity to the disbond region and directly provides high contrast imaging, which provides an effective solution for high contrast disbond imaging using early wave propagation. Numerical simulation and experimental validation on different adhesive joints with a variety of disbond sizes demonstrate that the proposed technique effectively amplifies weak defect-induced interactions while reducing masking effects from direct wave propagation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 103485"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}