Ndt & E International最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Strain measurement at up to 3000 °C based on Ultraviolet-Digital Image Correlation 基于紫外线-数字图像相关性的高达 3000°C 的应变测量
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103155
Y.X. Luo , Y.L. Dong
{"title":"Strain measurement at up to 3000 °C based on Ultraviolet-Digital Image Correlation","authors":"Y.X. Luo ,&nbsp;Y.L. Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Development in aerospace technology makes it increasingly important to understand the thermal-mechanical behavior of materials subject to high temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000 °C. In this work, a simple and low-cost Ultraviolet-Digital Image Correlation (UV-DIC) system composed of a CCD camera, a telecentric lens and a single UV bandpass filter was proposed for deformation measurement at up to 3000 °C. Hafnium carbide (HfC) powder was used as the speckle pattern material. To verify the UV-DIC system and the speckle pattern, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of graphite heated by electric current was measured from 25 °C to 3000 °C. The results show that the system can effectively suppress strong heat radiation at up to 3000 °C, and that the prepared speckle pattern can withstand 3000 °C. Comparison of the measured CTE of graphite with that in the existing database verifies the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method and technology lay the foundation for further development of the DIC in ultra-high temperature deformation measurement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Alternative data evaluation methodology for infrared thermography analogous to the Shock Response Spectrum analysis method 类似于冲击响应谱分析方法的红外热成像替代数据评估方法
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103154
Harutyun Yagdjian, Martin Gurka
{"title":"Alternative data evaluation methodology for infrared thermography analogous to the Shock Response Spectrum analysis method","authors":"Harutyun Yagdjian,&nbsp;Martin Gurka","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We propose an alternative method for processing infrared thermography (IRT) data based on a thermal 1-layer model. The method is based on the analogy of the Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) analysis for mechanical systems (ISO 18431). A thermal Q-factor, similar to the resonance sharpness (Q-factor) of a mechanical oscillator, is introduced as a parameter for selecting a specific thermal 1-layer model. Two main aspects of this method and corresponding properties have been considered: the strictly model-based treatment of this methodology and an empirical introduction of additional bandpass filters. The method is validated with two practical examples: for a homogeneous polymer sheet with blind holes and an inhomogeneous plate made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) with artificial defects, the capability of defect detection is compared with established methods. The comparison of the results with the commonly used data processing methods of IRT as Pulsed Phase Thermography (PPT) and Modified Differential Absolute Contrast (MDAC) shows equivalent or sometimes improved performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultrasonic immersion testing of residual stress in plates using collinear Lamb wave mixing technique 利用准线 Lamb 波混合技术对板材中的残余应力进行超声波浸入式测试
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103153
Jingpin Jiao , Lintong Li , He Zhang , Hongtao Lv , Bin Wu , Cunfu He
{"title":"Ultrasonic immersion testing of residual stress in plates using collinear Lamb wave mixing technique","authors":"Jingpin Jiao ,&nbsp;Lintong Li ,&nbsp;He Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongtao Lv ,&nbsp;Bin Wu ,&nbsp;Cunfu He","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nondestructive estimation of residual stresses has been a major challenge in engineering. Herein, the collinear Lamb wave mixing method is proposed for residual stress measurement in metal plates under immersion ultrasonic testing. Numerical simulations have been conducted to investigate the influences of excitation parameters on the performance of the wave mixing method. The results showed that the receiver position and cycle numbers of primary waves affect the amplitude of the method, and optimal excitation parameters recommended. Ultrasonic immersion experiments are conducted on two types of plate-like specimens using the collinear Lamb wave mixing method. Experimental results showed that the proposed method is effective for measuring the residual stress in metal plates. The immersion ultrasonic testing can significantly reduce the influence of inconsistent coupling conditions between the transmitters and the specimen on experimental results, therefore it is more reliable than conventional contact testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141250240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Three-dimensional super-resolution crack imaging in industrial manufactured components: A truncated correlation photothermal coherence tomography approach 工业制成品中的三维超分辨率裂纹成像:截断相关光热相干断层扫描方法
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103145
Damber Thapa , Koneswaran Sivagurunathan , Alexander Melnikov , Andreas Mandelis
{"title":"Three-dimensional super-resolution crack imaging in industrial manufactured components: A truncated correlation photothermal coherence tomography approach","authors":"Damber Thapa ,&nbsp;Koneswaran Sivagurunathan ,&nbsp;Alexander Melnikov ,&nbsp;Andreas Mandelis","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The challenge of detecting cracks in powder metallurgy (PM) components has been a topic of interest for many years, with no practical commercial solution currently in place. This study employs enhanced truncation-correlation photothermal coherence tomography (eTC-PCT) to visualize 3D cracks within PM automotive parts. Through the application of effective diffusion-wave reversal techniques, blurred infrared thermophotonic images of subsurface defects (cracks) in (“green”) compressed metal PM components were restored to their original geometric resolution over the entire depth range. This approach enabled the creation of 3-dimensional depth-resolved photothermal tomographic images and cross-sectional mappings of cracks. The developed technique reveals the precise spatial dimensions of surface and subsurface cracks, reaching depths of down to 3 mm (not an upper limit) that conventional thermal imaging cannot access due to limitations imposed by the depth-integrated nature of conventional thermal-wave imaging, the properties of PM materials, and the physics of spreading diffusion. The super-resolution method was further applied to a sintered automotive part, specifically validating the efficacy of eTC-PCT for non-destructive imaging (NDI) in manufactured automotive components. Diffusion reversal imaging shows promise as a non-destructive testing (NDT) tool, with potential applications in a wide range of manufactured products, including both the green and sintered stages of automotive component production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103145"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001105/pdfft?md5=87087826a125f42e74785ba09e6d444b&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001105-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141250241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Intrusive laser triangulation method for non-contact detection of voids in translucent composites 用于非接触式检测半透明复合材料空隙的侵入式激光三角测量法
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103143
Drago Bračun , Luka Selak , Damjan Klobčar , Marko Katić , Damir Markučič
{"title":"Intrusive laser triangulation method for non-contact detection of voids in translucent composites","authors":"Drago Bračun ,&nbsp;Luka Selak ,&nbsp;Damjan Klobčar ,&nbsp;Marko Katić ,&nbsp;Damir Markučič","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A non-contact optical inspection method for detecting voids in translucent composites is presented. Structured laser light is used to illuminate the inspected part. As the light penetrates the matrix, it scatters and is reflected from internal structures, rendering them perceptible in close proximity of the laser illumination. A systematic image acquisition and scanning approach is employed along with image processing to reconstruct and visually represent the internal composition of the inspected part. Experiments involving translucent epoxy and polyester based composites demonstrate capability to detect voids with depths reaching up to 5 mm. The detection depth is predominantly influenced by the light transmittance properties of the matrix, as well as the density and quantity of fiber layers. The arrangement of the camera and laser on the same side of the inspected part facilitates the examination of parts with varying thicknesses. The presented method is intended for automated inspection in mass production by leveraging its non-contact characteristics and high operational velocity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001087/pdfft?md5=f4ff6fe4ebe9a14e1a6fea4f7073275e&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001087-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141095963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analytical method of mutual inductance for T-R rectangular coils perpendicular to the planar medium 垂直于平面介质的 T-R 矩形线圈互感的分析方法
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103142
Dehui Wu, Yu Zhang
{"title":"Analytical method of mutual inductance for T-R rectangular coils perpendicular to the planar medium","authors":"Dehui Wu,&nbsp;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some studies indicate that for specific defect detection in eddy current testing (ECT), the transmitter-receiver (T-R) probe models with tangential rectangular transmitter coil exhibit effective detection performance. In this context, mutual inductance being a crucial parameter. The calculation of mutual inductance for vertically oriented T-R coils is more intricate compared to that of parallel T-R coils, which is currently predominantly focused on circular mutual inductance analysis. This paper presents a closed-form formula for the mutual inductance of rectangular T-R coils oriented vertically to the conductor based on the method of the second-order vector potential approach. In this model, a form function concerning the coil's position and shape is defined, allowing convenient extension to T-R coils of arbitrary shapes and positions. Simultaneously, the validity of the theory is tested against experimental measurements on different positions and frequencies of coil systems above an aluminum plate. The results indicate good agreement between theoretical and experimental results within the 100 Hz to 100 kHz range. Consequently, this model can offer guidance for the calculation of mutual inductance for vertically oriented rectangular T-R coils in ECT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141054334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantitative guided wave imaging with shear horizontal waves and deep convolutional descent full waveform inversion 利用剪切水平波和深度卷积下降全波形反演进行定量导波成像
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103141
Junkai Tong , Jian Li , Min Lin , Shili Chen , Guoan Chu , Lingling Lv , Pengfei Zhang , Zhifeng Tang , Yang Liu
{"title":"Quantitative guided wave imaging with shear horizontal waves and deep convolutional descent full waveform inversion","authors":"Junkai Tong ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Min Lin ,&nbsp;Shili Chen ,&nbsp;Guoan Chu ,&nbsp;Lingling Lv ,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Tang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effectively determining the size and thickness distributions of corrosion damages is a vital problem in nondestructive testing (NDT). In this article, a new approach is introduced that employs magnetostrictive transducers (MST) to excite the first dispersive shear horizontal mode (SH1), and utilizes the DCD-FWI (deep convolutional descent full waveform inversion) to provide comprehensive thickness mapping in just 1 s. Compared with traditional imaging techniques, DCD-FWI network is an intrinsically full waveform inversion (FWI) based method, which yields reliable imaging results in large scale finite element simulations. Moreover, the shorter wavelength and resistance to water loading of SH guided waves bring about reliable imaging results. Combined with these advantages, the high energy transfer efficiency of the MST enhances the proposed method's robustness, as demonstrated by guided wave tomography experiments on aluminum plates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103141"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141042219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modulated step-heating thermography for coating thickness measurement 用于测量涂层厚度的调制阶跃加热热成像技术
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103140
Fei Chen , Kai Zhang , Haijun Jiang , Zhonghua Shen , Li Chen
{"title":"Modulated step-heating thermography for coating thickness measurement","authors":"Fei Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Haijun Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Shen ,&nbsp;Li Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the modulated step-heating thermography is proposed for opaque coating thickness measurement. The surface is heated by a modulated heating flux at a frequency that the thermal wave is confined within the coating layer. The DC component of the thermal signal is normalized by the amplitude of the AC component to cancel out the influences from the variations in heating intensity, surface absorptivity and emissivity, resulting in a linear correlation to the coating thickness. Meanwhile, it eliminates the need for tedious frequency trail and the issue of the nonmonotonicity as suffered in conventional thermography. Both theoretical and experimental results confirmed the effectiveness. Specimens with thickness ranging from 100 to 400 μm are measured with a relative error within ±7.9 %.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103140"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141039434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sizing horizontal metallic inclusions in insulators using lock-in inductive infrared thermography 利用锁定感应式红外热成像技术确定绝缘体中水平金属夹杂物的大小
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103139
Arantza Mendioroz , Jon Pérez-Arbulu , Agustín Salazar
{"title":"Sizing horizontal metallic inclusions in insulators using lock-in inductive infrared thermography","authors":"Arantza Mendioroz ,&nbsp;Jon Pérez-Arbulu ,&nbsp;Agustín Salazar","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a methodology to size the area and depth of horizontal metallic inclusions of unknown geometry, embedded in insulators, using lock-in inductive thermography. The method is based on averaging the amplitude and phase thermograms along circles concentric with the center of the heated region. We present an analytical calculation of the surface temperature distribution produced by a horizontal circular heat source, taking into account conductive coupling with the air, and we propose to fit the averaged data to this model. We present lock-in thermography data on resin samples containing embedded calibrated circular and rectangular Cu slabs that we excite inductively. The results indicate that it is possible to determine the area and depth of rectangular heat sources with aspect ratio below 1.5 with accuracy better than 10 %.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103139"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096386952400104X/pdfft?md5=03f522cdc1a784c19185405c0ba822ea&pid=1-s2.0-S096386952400104X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140951788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Noncontact visualization of multiscale defects in CFRP composites using eddy current testing with T-R probe 利用 T-R 探头进行涡流测试,对 CFRP 复合材料中的多尺度缺陷进行非接触式可视化分析
IF 4.2 2区 材料科学
Ndt & E International Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103138
Jun Cheng , Yulong Zhu , Buyun Wang , Mengmeng Liu , Dezhang Xu , Jinhao Qiu , Toshiyuki Takagi
{"title":"Noncontact visualization of multiscale defects in CFRP composites using eddy current testing with T-R probe","authors":"Jun Cheng ,&nbsp;Yulong Zhu ,&nbsp;Buyun Wang ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Liu ,&nbsp;Dezhang Xu ,&nbsp;Jinhao Qiu ,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Takagi","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is widely used in modern industries, and damages may occur from manufacturing to utilization, highlighting the importance of CFRP detection. As being a multi-phase structural material, the CFRP's mesostructural features contained in eddy current signals can obscure macroscopic defect characteristics. Phase rotation is a common method for eddy current signal processing, but the specific criteria for evaluation of processing effect are lacking. This paper proposes three reliable criteria for assessment of the phase rotation processing effects of Transmitter-Receiver (T-R) probe signals, namely: signal overlap ratio (SOR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and image average gradient (IAG). To begin, the SOR serves as a crucial indicator for assessing signal similarity and the degree of overlap, with a low SOR indicating the method's effectiveness in distinguishing defect characteristics. Subsequently, by comparing the SNRs of images, the clarity of defects under different rotation angles can be effectively quantified. Finally, a novel criterion, i.e. the IAG, is introduced. What distinguishes this criterion is its higher degree of automation, facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of processing effects without excessive subjective intervention. After analyzing these criteria, it is clear that the IAG criterion excels in automation and objectivity for evaluating eddy current signal processing effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信