Ndt & E International最新文献

{"title":"Structural damage detection of switch rails using deep learning","authors":"Weixu Liu ,&nbsp;Shuguo Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaozheng Yin ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Switch rails are weak but essential components in a high-speed rail track system, which have an urgent non-destructive testing requirement due to aging and associated fatigue damage accumulation. They are settled under sophisticated operation environments, which causes them to have unpredictable damages, such as abrasion, exfoliation, and cracks. Our goal is to propose a reliable system to detect structural damages of switch rails. Using ultrasonic guided waves to examine the health status of switch rails makes it possible to continuously evaluate the health status of switch rails when they are in use. Conventional damage detection methods with ultrasonic guided waves such as baseline signal subtraction, independent component analysis-based methods cannot always make reliable detection results. These methods are either lack of powerful abilities to capture the characteristics of damaged signals or time-consuming to be operated in real damage detection tasks. In this paper, a convolutional neural network-based system is proposed to solve both of the above challenges simultaneously. The proposed model employs multiple convolutional layers to extract deep features of ultrasonic guided wave signals. These features are then fed into a classifier to predict whether they are damaged signals or not. To evaluate the proposed model performance, we collected ultrasonic guided wave signals from two different switch rails. The proposed model achieved more than 91% testing accuracy and outperformed other relevant methods. It also demonstrated the proposed model had strong generalization abilities to make it capable in practical switch rail structural damage detection tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141978072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of indentation damage in carbon fiber/epoxy composites via EIT during the application of bending loads","authors":"Tyler N. Tallman ,&nbsp;Laura Homa ,&nbsp;Tyler Lesthaeghe ,&nbsp;Norman Schehl ,&nbsp;Mark Flores ,&nbsp;John Wertz","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a method of spatially mapping the conductivity distribution of a domain and has been studied as a potential embedded sensing or nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tool. An often touted advantage of EIT is that it can be used in-situ; that is, because the method only requires the application of unobtrusive electrodes, it can conceivably be used while the component or structure is in operation. This <em>material-as-the-sensor</em> philosophy strongly aligns with key components of the NDE 4.0 vision such as the realization of intelligent cyber–physical systems (CPS) and digital twins. To date, however, the claim of in-situ sensing via EIT has not been significantly substantiated. This is problematic because operational loads induce strains that often change the conductivity of the material. Establishing that EIT can detect damage-induced conductivity changes through the presence of unrelated strain-induced conductivity changes is therefore important. To that end, we herein study the application of EIT for detecting indentation damage in a carbon fiber/epoxy composite as the composite is loaded in a four-point bend. It was found that the bending load changes the contact impedance of the electrodes, which resulted in poor EIT images when solving the EIT inverse problem with the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-norm on the error term. Using the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-norm on the error term, solved via the primal–dual interior point method (PDIPM), significantly improved image quality. Image quality was even further improved through the use of a mixed prior for regularization, and EIT images were compared to thermography with good agreement. These results show that EIT can indeed detect damage through the presence of an applied load, but care must be taken to account for factors such as outlier data arising from electrode degradation and changing contact impedance. Use of the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-norm on the error term is therefore highly recommended for in-situ imaging via EIT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103206"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weighted squared envelope dispersion entropy as nonlinear measure for dynamic health monitoring of rotating machineries","authors":"Khandaker Noman ,&nbsp;Shun Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Feng ,&nbsp;Yongbo Li ,&nbsp;Wang Xinyue","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of nondestructive testing and evaluation, dispersion entropy (DisE) stands out as a promising dynamic nonlinear health monitoring measure for rotating machineries. However, in high-noise scenarios, transient impulses linked to rotating machinery faults often get submerged under the noise component present in the collected vibration signal. As a result, DisE not only fails to detect the presence of a fault at the earliest stage of inception but also performs poorly in tracking the progression of the incepted fault. Aiming at overcoming the limitations of DisE in dynamic health monitoring of rotating machineries, in this paper, impulses corresponding to a fault is extracted by suppressing the unnecessary noise component by weighting the squared envelope of the collected vibration signal. Due to the application of weighted squared envelope in calculating the DisE, the proposed measure is termed as weighted squared envelope dispersion entropy (WSEDisE). Effectiveness of WSEDisE in dynamic health monitoring of rotating machineries is verified by two different experimental run to failure data collected from rolling element bearings and spur gears. Experimental results show that WSEDisE not only overcomes the weaknesses of original DisE but also demonstrates better performance than conventional entropy-based methods such as permutation entropy (PE) and advanced DisE based method namely multiscale DisE (MDisE).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141961695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reciprocity in laser ultrasound revisited: Is wavefield characterization by scanning laser excitation strictly reciprocal to that by scanning laser detection?","authors":"Bernd Köhler ,&nbsp;Yuui Amano ,&nbsp;Frank Schubert ,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Nakahata","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The often-assumed measurement reciprocity between scanning laser detection and scanning laser excitation is disproved by a simple experiment. Nevertheless, a deeper study based on the reciprocity relation reveals correct reciprocal measurement set-ups for both the probe-excitation/laser-detection and the laser-excitation/probe-detection case. Similarly, the all-laser measurement, that is thermoelastic laser excitation with laser vibrometer detection, is not in general reciprocal with respect to the exchange of excitation and detection positions. Again, a substitute for the laser doppler vibrometer out-of-plane displacement measurement was found which ensures measurement reciprocity together with laser excitation. The apparent confusion in literature about strict validity/non-validity of measurement reciprocity is mitigated by classifying the measurement situations systematically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001695/pdfft?md5=e7cf83d54ed332d68cc54663e5e43c79&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001695-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient defect reconstruction from temporal non-uniform pulsed thermography data using the virtual wave concept","authors":"L. Gahleitner ,&nbsp;G. Mayr ,&nbsp;G. Mayr ,&nbsp;P. Burgholzer ,&nbsp;U. Cakmak","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we present an extension of the virtual wave concept to enable photothermal reconstruction from temporal non-uniform pulsed thermography data. Therefore, we introduce a generalized discrete transformation kernel, which allows to account for arbitrary temporal sampling strategies. First, we show the evidence of the proposed strategy for analytical temperature signals. Moreover, we demonstrate the advantages of the strategy for simulated temperature signals, obtained from an orthotropic sample with defect interfaces at various depth positions. For experimental verification, we apply pulsed thermography in the pulse-echo configuration for a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sample with different embedded defects. It can be shown that efficient time sampling in the virtual wave concept allows a significant reduction in the number of data points compared to uniform sampling, without compromising the quality of the reconstruction results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103200"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869524001658/pdfft?md5=90060c4482d635b90caf2d2b4eaa64ab&pid=1-s2.0-S0963869524001658-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141961694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of through-thickness electrical properties of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics using transmission method based on electromagnetic induction testing","authors":"Wataru Matsunaga ,&nbsp;Satoshi Imai ,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Mizutani,&nbsp;Akira Todoroki","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we proposed an electromagnetic induction testing method for measuring the electrical properties of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) along the through-thickness direction. The effectiveness of the transmission method, wherein the coil is placed opposite to the object to be measured, was demonstrated through finite element analysis and experimental measurements. The simulation results indicated that the output voltage of an interlaminar non-electrically conductive specimen exceeded that of an interlaminar conductive specimen due to the electromagnetic shielding effect. In the experiments, the impedance along the through-thickness direction depended on the lamination configuration and the presence of the PA-6 layer. Our findings indicate that the proposed method can be used to measure the changes in the electrical properties of CFRTP along the through-thickness direction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103202"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141850355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The volumetric ultrasound imaging strategy for quantification of the defects in concrete based on the optimized cumulative kurtosis method","authors":"Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shangda Jia ,&nbsp;Chong Qiao ,&nbsp;Yongze Tang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Li ,&nbsp;Tonghao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, ultrasonic tomography is widely used for quantifying the status of damage/flaw in various materials including metal, concrete, and composite. It is capable of visualizing the internal damage or flaws by reconstructing the velocity of ultrasound. For most cases, the conventional ultrasonic tomography is adapted for slice-based investigations. Though 3D image can be generated by slice-based method, the involvement of multi-scan interpolation caused high computational cost and unexpected errors. Moreover, for 3D imaging, two essential factors are dominant: (i) reconstructing the velocity; and (ii) scheme of forming up the 3D image. To this end, this study proposed to develop a novel volumetric ultrasound imaging strategy with high accuracy. To obtain more accurate Time-of-Flight (TOF) for ultrasonic velocity, an improved method based on cumulative kurtosis is proposed. With the proposed method, the adverse influence of internal complexity within samples on ultrasound was reduced. The proposed novel volumetric ultrasound imaging strategy was verified numerically and experimentally. Finally, the performance of the proposed method has been evaluated by the comparison of three-dimensional imaging results with different inclusion. Additionally, the parametric study was conducted using path average velocity, voxel velocity, and image accuracy. The results show a positive correlation between the number of voxels and imaging accuracy. However, as the number of voxels increases, the errors introduced by the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) increase. The influential factors on the imaging accuracy were discussed, such as inclusion eccentricity, the relationship among the reduced volume imaging quantity, and accuracy in voxel inversion result. For further application, the recommendations were also provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141950477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edge blurring suppression of ultrasonic reflection coefficients in contact state measurement","authors":"Xingyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Chonglin Xu ,&nbsp;Fulai Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrasonic reflection coefficient is the key to contact state evaluation of mechanical devices. Edge blurring can lead to contact state (such as stress concentrations) measurement errors. This reduces the reliability of performance evaluations and introduces potential security risks. In this study, an edge blurring suppression method based on matching pursuit algorithm was proposed. Firstly, the interference signal prediction model is built based on the Nakagami model. Then, a blurred signal separation algorithm based on matching pursuit is proposed to obtain the effective signal. Finally, the reflection coefficient with and without edge blurring effect were obtained. The simulation results show that the maximum relative error of the reflection coefficient is reduced from 219 % to 15 %. The effectiveness of the proposed method is also verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the relative error of the reflection coefficient after edge blurring suppression is reduced from 64 % to 16 %. This indicates that the proposed method can effectively suppress edge blurring, which provides an effective method for edge blurring suppression in various application fields of ultrasonic measurement and improve the reliability of product quality evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103201"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141960190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FTnet: An integrated network for fusing multi-modal NDE data of lightning damage in aircraft composite materials","authors":"Yanshuo Fan ,&nbsp;Rakiba Rayhana ,&nbsp;Catalin Mandache ,&nbsp;Marc Genest ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lightning strikes pose a significant challenge for aircraft and wind turbine blades with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) structures, requiring reliable damage detection techniques. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods, including X-ray and Ultrasonic Testing, are effective in identifying material damage in aircraft. However, X-ray requires access to both sides of the structure, and UT requires a coupling medium between the transducer and the structure, as well as a relatively smooth surface, making both methods less feasible for routine aircraft maintenance. Other NDE techniques, such as eddy current testing and infrared thermography, can detect damage on the side struck by lightning but lack the precision needed for a comprehensive assessment. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a two-stage Fusion-Translation network (FTnet), which integrates NDE 4.0 innovations, including data fusion and advanced imaging algorithms, to optimize the NDE process. By integrating infrared and eddy current data, FTnet characterizes lightning-induced damage with enhanced depth and contour detail, demonstrating superior performance over existing methods in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations. The implementation of FTnet marks an advancement in NDE 4.0, potentially enhancing aircraft safety and streamline maintenance protocols by providing a more reliable and comprehensive assessment of lightning strike damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103196"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-destructive characterisation of pearlitic steel microstructure at room temperature and in-situ microstructure development during heat treatment using electromagnetic sensors","authors":"L. Zhou ,&nbsp;F. Wu ,&nbsp;M.A. Jolfaei ,&nbsp;S. Hobson ,&nbsp;C.L. Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pearlitic steels are important engineering materials in various high-strength applications. Their mechanical properties are influenced by microstructure control using chemical composition and/or thermomechanical processing. In the current study, a novel, non-destructive technique is presented for the characterisation of key microstructure parameters that are essential for strength, both at room temperature and during dynamic heat treatment. The pearlite interlamellar spacing in a 0.81 wt% C steel has been accurately measured at room temperature using an electromagnetic (EM) sensor. Furthermore, the spheroidisation process in 100Cr6 pearlitic steel has been monitored at elevated temperatures. A strong linear relationship between the EM sensor signal and the pearlite interlamellar spacing is demonstrated, indicated by an R² value of 0.91. Additionally, the capability of this method to track the spheroidisation process in real-time during constant heat treatment offers potential avenues for process optimisation in pearlitic steels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 103199"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141729847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}