Venância Antonia Nunes Azevedo, Maria Alice de Almeida, Matheus de Andrade Chaves, Luca Angi Souza, Luiziana Cavalcante Costa Fernandes Crisóstomo, Mariana Aragão Matos Donato, Christina Alves Peixoto, Josimar Oliveira Eloy, Flávio Vieira Meirelles, Felipe Perecin, Juliano Coelho da Silveira, José Roberto Viana Silva
{"title":"Effects of Liposome-Encapsulated α-Pinene on In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development in Bovine Species","authors":"Venância Antonia Nunes Azevedo, Maria Alice de Almeida, Matheus de Andrade Chaves, Luca Angi Souza, Luiziana Cavalcante Costa Fernandes Crisóstomo, Mariana Aragão Matos Donato, Christina Alves Peixoto, Josimar Oliveira Eloy, Flávio Vieira Meirelles, Felipe Perecin, Juliano Coelho da Silveira, José Roberto Viana Silva","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) represents a crucial phase in embryo production, often compromised by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Strategies to mitigate ROS are essential to improve oocyte quality. This study investigated the effects of liposome-encapsulated α-pinene (Lip-α-pinene) on bovine oocyte IVM and embryonic development following parthenogenetic activation. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro for 22–24 h in control medium or supplemented with Lip-blank, or 0.01, 1.0 or 100.0 µg/mL Lip-α-pinene. Lip-α-pinene had a size of 75.86 ± 0.95 nm, low polydispersity (0.26 ± 0.00), and zeta potential of −31.55 ± 2.23 mV. Nuclear maturation was not affected. However, COCs matured with 1.0 µg/mL Lip-α-pinene showed well-preserved ultrastructure of oocyte and cumulus cells, reduced ROS levels and lipid accumulation compared to control, Lip-blank, and 100.0 µg/mL Lip-α-pinene. This was accompanied by relative abundance of <i>NRF2</i>, <i>SOD</i>, and <i>PRDX6</i>. Furthermore, 1.0 and 100.0 µg/mL Lip-α-pinene increased cleavage rates and cells per blastocyst compared to control, while blastocyst rates and lipid content were not affected. In conclusion, 1.0 µg/mL Lip-α-pinene enhances antioxidant capacity of bovine oocytes by reducing ROS and lipid accumulation, associated with abundance of <i>NRF2</i>, <i>SOD</i>, and <i>PRDX6</i> transcripts, thereby improving oocyte competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12917933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146227479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kouta Iijima, Ryuzaburo Shibayama, Chika Fujimori, Atsushi P. Kimura
{"title":"The Bivalent Chromatin and a Potential Silencer for Differential Expression of PRSS Genes in the Human Testis","authors":"Kouta Iijima, Ryuzaburo Shibayama, Chika Fujimori, Atsushi P. Kimura","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The gene regulatory mechanism of individual genes during spermatogenesis is well understood in model animals, but not in non-model animals such as human. The mouse <i>Prss/Tessp</i> locus encompassing six testis-specific protease genes is a model of gene function and regulation in the testis. Here we investigated the expression and regulation of <i>PRSS</i> locus in primates, especially human. Unlike high expression of all six genes in mouse testis, one or two different <i>PRSS</i> genes were predominantly expressed in six primate species. In human testis, <i>PRSS50</i> was a predominant gene, and the other five <i>PRSS</i> genes were expressed at low levels. Interestingly, promoters of four lowly expressed <i>PRSS</i> genes were marked with both histone H3K4 trimethylation and histone H3K27 trimethylation in human spermatocytes and spermatids, while their orthologous mouse genes were marked only with histone H3K4 trimethylation. Additionally, an ATAC-seq peak in human testis exhibited silencer activity for <i>PRSS45</i> which is a lowly expressed gene in human but a predominant gene in chimpanzee. These results suggest that bivalent chromatins and an active silencer cooperatively function to achieve appropriate levels of expression for individual <i>PRSS</i> genes during human spermatogenesis. These findings provide mechanistic insights into gene regulation in human spermatogenesis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolutionary Characteristics of the Protamine-Like Protein (PLI) Gene Family in Syngnathidae Fishes and Its Potential Regulatory Role in Sperm Morphological Specialization","authors":"Xiaoqian Peng, Wanghong Xiao, Yaqi Wang, Jinfeng Liu, Jiani Zhang, Jingwen Yang, Geng Qin, Qiang Lin","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Syngnathidae fishes possess an elongated sperm morphology that is adapted for fertilization within the brood pouch. Protamine-like proteins (PLs) present a class of DNA-binding proteins that replace histones and bind to DNA during the late stages of vertebrate spermatogenesis, promoting chromatin condensation into compact sperm nuclei. To verify the correlation between the specialized sperm morphology of Syngnathidae fishes and PLI (PL Type I) gene family evolution, this study analyzed sperm morphology in 61 teleost species and revealed that Syngnathidae fishes have relatively elongated sperm heads (head length/diameter, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Genomic analysis of 46 teleost species indicated that the PLI gene family underwent duplication events in the ancestor of Syngnathidae fishes, with some species retaining two copies and members of the genus <i>Hippocampus</i> carrying three copies (PLIa, PLIb, and PLIc). Further analysis of PLI sequence structures showed that Syngnathidae PLIs generally have a high arginine content (26%–58%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results demonstrated that the three PLIs in seahorses were highly expressed during stage V of testis development, confirming the role of PLIs in Syngnathidae spermatid maturation. Our findings suggest that the PLI gene family in Syngnathidae undergoes specific gene duplication and sequence variation, which may enhance chromatin condensation by PLIs and play a crucial regulatory role in shaping the unique sperm head morphology of Syngnathidae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Talita de Oliveira Farias, Pedro Igor Macário Viana, George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck, Paulo H. R. Amaral, Vinícius A. C. G. Baliza, Victor. H. S. De Paiva, Juan C. González Pérez, Sônia Aparecida Talamoni, Georgia Correa Atella, Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa
{"title":"Reproductive Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in the Neotropical Sperm-Storing Vespertilionid Bat Yellowish Myotis: AI Analysis, Lipid Profile, and Androgenic Function","authors":"Talita de Oliveira Farias, Pedro Igor Macário Viana, George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck, Paulo H. R. Amaral, Vinícius A. C. G. Baliza, Victor. H. S. De Paiva, Juan C. González Pérez, Sônia Aparecida Talamoni, Georgia Correa Atella, Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Neotropical yellowish myotis reproduces seasonally, presenting four reproductive stages. During the reproductive cycle, a fluctuation occurred in the activity of the brown adipose tissue with a mass decrease in the Maturing and Mature stages, coinciding with higher serum testosterone levels. To investigate the importance of reproductive parameters, lipid composition, and androgenic function of brown adipose tissue, a machine learning model trained on a comprehensive dataset ranked reproductive parameters across stages. Additionally, twenty-four male adult bats were collected in Santuário do Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil, for lipid extraction and cell culture analyses. The Machine Learning/Shapley additive explanations method revealed that the brown adipose tissue was the third most important reproductive parameter for classifying bats in the reproductive stages. Brown adipose tissue lipid composition showed increased free fatty acids and decreased diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, and free cholesterol in the Maturing and Mature stages, correlating with elevated serum testosterone levels. The brown adipose tissue produced testosterone in all reproductive stages and stimulated TM3 Leydig cells, with significant increases in the Mature and Regressed stages. These results suggest that brown adipose tissue may support Leydig cell steroidogenesis through the provision of free cholesterol, potentially facilitating testosterone production in the yellowish myotis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12908206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146202116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James M. Hester, Suzanne M. Getman, Melissa E. Pepling, Francisco J. Diaz
{"title":"Zinc Deficiency Disrupts Germ Cell Nest Breakdown During In Vitro Ovary Culture","authors":"James M. Hester, Suzanne M. Getman, Melissa E. Pepling, Francisco J. Diaz","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70092","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In mammals, the size of the non-renewable primordial follicle pool is established before or soon after birth. Primordial follicles, each composed of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic cells, are the only source of gametes during the entire reproductive lifespan of the female. The size of the initial follicle pool is a key component in determining reproductive longevity, and impaired follicle assembly has severe consequences for fertility. Here, we evaluate the effect of zinc deficiency on germ cell survival and follicle activation in late pregnancy and early postnatally using in vitro organ culture of mouse ovaries. Zinc deficiency did not affect apoptosis, germ cell number, and gene expression in fetal ovaries. Germ cell nest breakdown, which occurs in the newborn mouse ovary, involves invasion of germ cell cysts by somatic cells to form primordial follicles was disrupted by zinc deficiency leading to fewer oocytes enclosed in follicles (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Gene expression of both an oocyte-specific factor (<i>Bmp15</i>) and granulosa cell–specific factor (<i>Foxl2</i>) shown to regulate nest breakdown was decreased by zinc deficiency (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was also a strong trend toward fewer activated growing follicles after zinc-deficient culture of newborn ovaries (<i>p</i> = 0.051). The initial wave of follicle activation is key for both paracrine and endocrine signaling from the ovary. Disruption of this process, as well as impaired primordial follicle formation, may impact subsequent fertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12897922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deciphering mRNA Translation During Sperm Capacitation: A New Frontier in Fertility Research","authors":"Saurabh Tiwari, Nehal Thakor, Jacob Thundathil","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Male infertility accounts for approximately 50% of infertility cases, with nearly 30% remaining unexplained after standard evaluations. This highlights the need for a better understanding of sperm function to advance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Sperm were long considered translationally quiescent; however, emerging evidence suggests that sperm translate messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to synthesize proteins crucial for sperm functions. However, mRNA translation during capacitation remains poorly understood, despite its potential importance for fertility diagnostics. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), and epitranscriptomic marks regulate mRNA stability, localization, and translation initiation, modulating gene expression across reproductive tissues. Ejaculated sperm harbor initiation and elongation factors, ribosomal proteins, and other translation components, such as RBPs. Several cytoskeletal proteins and metabolic enzymes exhibit mRNA-binding activity, with the interaction of some RBPs modulated by phosphorylation during capacitation. Sperm RNA is abundant in sncRNAs, whose altered profile has been implicated in various forms of male infertility. Understanding the interplay among RBPs, the epitranscriptome, and sncRNAs could reveal mechanisms underlying sperm function and identify molecular biomarkers for infertility diagnosis. Disruptions in RNA–protein interactions may underlie idiopathic infertility, presenting opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This review highlights emerging research on sperm mRNA translation as a promising avenue for improving fertility diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12887750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Sex Reversal Y (SRY) in Pregonadal Sexual Development","authors":"Robert P. Erickson","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70066","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role <i>of Sex reversal Y</i> (gene symbols <i>Sry</i> for mice, <i>SRY</i> for humans) in gonadal phase sexual differentiation and maintenance is well established. Sex reversal Y is expressed in the preimplantation embryo, and some of the many genes differentially expressed by sex in such embryos do so because of it (with the majority controlled by the sex chromosomal ratio). However, its role in pregonadal differentiation of the sexes has not been resolved. This review examines possibilities for the mechanisms by which Sex reversal Y could exert an influence on those differences, including a role in regulating non-coding RNAs. The possibility that these mechanisms vary between these two species, long separated by evolution, is also raised.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel Rodriguez, Alexandra Keller, Lindsey Jennett, Megan Johnson, Ian Shofner, Mubashrah Mahmood, Bethany Redel, Karl Kerns
{"title":"Capacitation-Induced Zinc Ion Flux and Sperm Plasma Membrane Remodeling Predict Porcine In Vitro Fertilization Cleavage Success","authors":"Isabel Rodriguez, Alexandra Keller, Lindsey Jennett, Megan Johnson, Ian Shofner, Mubashrah Mahmood, Bethany Redel, Karl Kerns","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Semen evaluation in human and animal reproduction relies on sperm motility and morphology; however, these often fail to predict fertility. The domestic boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) serves as a biomedical model for male reproduction due to similarities in sperm size, capacitation dynamics, and acrosomal structure to humans in comparison to traditional rodent models. This study evaluated sperm capacitation biomarkers, particularly zinc signatures, to predict cleavage success after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Semen from 20 boars (3 replicates each) was analyzed at 0, 1 and 4 h post-in vitro capacitation (IVC) using image-based flow cytometry to assess 4 zinc signatures, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosomal remodeling. Capacitation kinetics were quantified between timepoints. Motility was measured by computer-assisted semen analysis, and IVF cleavage percentages were determined. Zinc signature 1 at 4 h post-IVC negatively correlated with cleavage percentage (<i>r</i> = −0.366), indicating higher noncapacitated sperm proportions reduce fertilization potential. The delta of zinc signature 3 from 1 to 0 h also negatively correlated (<i>r</i> = −0.441), suggesting excessively rapid capacitation impairs fertilization. Models combining capacitation biomarkers, motility, kinetics, and morphology parameters had higher predictive power (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.469) than motility models alone. Zinc signatures may serve as mechanistic fertility biomarkers in a translational boar model applicable to animal breeding and human-assisted reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146011509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asexual Reproduction in Sponges: A Review","authors":"Alexander V. Ereskovsky, Andrey I. Lavrov","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sponges (phylum Porifera) are an early-branching lineage of Metazoa. The long independent evolution of sponges makes them an essential group for comparative studies of the emergence and early evolution of various aspects of metazoan biology, including asexual reproduction. This review provides a current critical overview of the modes of asexual reproduction in sponges with an emphasis on the morphogeneses accompanying it. Asexual reproduction occurs in all poriferan clades and has three modes: fragmentation, budding, and gemmulation. Fragmentation seems to be a universal, but unspecialized and passive form of asexual reproduction; it relies on the pronounced regeneration capabilities of sponges. Budding and gemmulation are processes that are triggered by endogenous factors and are an integral part of the life cycle in many species. Budding seems to occur in all poriferan classes but differs in its mechanisms between classes: buds in Demospongiae are formed through mesenchymal morphogeneses, while in Homoscleromorpha and Calcarea—through epithelial ones. In contrast to other modes of asexual reproduction, gemmulation is restricted to freshwater demosponges and a few brackish-water marine demosponges. Gemmules represent compact groups of dormant cells, thesocytes, coated by a thick protective coat; in favorable conditions, these cells give rise to a new individual. Gemmulation represents not only a reproduction mechanism but also a mechanism for enduring adverse environmental conditions becoming a very important alternative reproduction strategy for sponges living in discontinuous-fragmented and/or unstable environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro I. Ivonnet, Lukas Chambers, Lisa Künzi, Gabriel Garcia
{"title":"Cold Shock Compromises the Electrically Mediated Block to Polyspermy in Lytechinus variegatus Eggs","authors":"Pedro I. Ivonnet, Lukas Chambers, Lisa Künzi, Gabriel Garcia","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70084","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exposure to low temperature prior to insemination increases the likelihood of polyspermy in <i>Lytechinus variegatus</i> eggs. Electrophysiological recordings reveal that cold shock partially disrupts the egg's action potential, producing a subthreshold depolarization during the fertilization response. This attenuated shift in membrane potential appears insufficient to activate the fast block to polyspermy, allowing entry of multiple sperm. These findings identify a temperature-sensitive vulnerability in the electrical barrier to polyspermy in sea urchin eggs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12816943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}