Molecular Reproduction and Development最新文献

{"title":"Decoding Müllerian Duct Epithelial Regionalization","authors":"Shuai Jia,&nbsp;Fei Zhao","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Müllerian ducts (MD), also known as paramesonephric ducts, are the primordial anlage of the female reproductive tract organs including the oviduct, uterus, cervix and upper vagina along the craniocaudal axis. Although the general architecture of MD-derived organs is conserved, each organ possesses their unique epithelial structures and cell types to confer their region-specific functions, which collectively coordinate successful fertilization and pregnancy. MD epithelial fate decisions and differentiation along the craniocaudal axis is dependent on spatiotemporal regulation of intrinsic transcription factors and extrinsic signals derived from the mesenchyme. Findings from genetic mouse models, single-cell sequencing studies, and organoid cultures have significantly advanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MD regionalization. In this review, we first discuss the diversity of epithelial morphologies and cell types in the female reproductive tract organs. Then, we discuss the roles of key transcription factors (<i>Hox</i>, transcriptional cascade driving multiciliogenesis, <i>Foxa2</i>, and <i>P63</i>), signaling pathways (estrogen/ESR1, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, and retinoic acid), and epigenetic factors (microRNAs, chromatin remodeling factors, and histone modification enzymes) in region-specific MD differentiation. Further deciphering molecular mechanisms of MD craniocaudal patterning will open new avenues to improve our strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Müllerian anomalies and female reproductive tract disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly(A)-Selected Intergenic Transcripts in In Vivo Developed Bovine Oocytes and Pre-Implantation Embryos","authors":"Saurav Ranjitkar,&nbsp;Mohammad Shiri,&nbsp;Jiangwen Sun,&nbsp;Xiuchun Tian","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intergenic transcription, either failure to terminate at the transcription end site (TES), or transcription initiation at other intergenic regions, is present in cultured cells and enhanced in the presence of stressors such as viral infection. Such intergenic transcription has not been characterized in natural biological samples such as pre-implantation embryos which express more than 10,000 genes and undergo drastic changes in DNA methylation. Using Automatic Readthrough Transcription Detection (ARTDeco) and poly(A)-selected RNA-seq libraries from in vivo developed bovine oocytes and embryos, we found abundant intergenic transcripts that we termed as read-outs (transcribed from 5 to 15 kb after TES) and read-ins (transcribed 1 kb upstream of reference genes, extending up to 15 kb upstream). Read-throughs (continued transcription from TES of expressed reference genes, 4–15 kb in length), however, were much fewer. For example, the numbers of read-outs and read-ins ranged from 3084 to 6565 or 33.36% to 66.67% of expressed reference genes at different stages of embryo development. The less copious read-throughs were at an average of 10% and significantly correlated with reference gene expression (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, intergenic transcription did not seem to be random because many intergenic transcripts (1504 read-outs, 1045 read-ins, and 1021 read-throughs) were associated with common reference genes across all stages of pre-implantation development. Their expression also seemed to be regulated by developmental stages because many were differentially expressed (log₂ fold change ≥ 2, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, while gradual but un-patterned decreases in DNA methylation densities 10 kb both up- and downstream of the intergenic transcribed regions were observed, the correlation between intergenic transcription and DNA methylation was insignificant. Finally, transcription factor binding motifs and polyadenylation signals were found in 27.2% and 12.15% of intergenic transcripts, respectively, suggesting considerable novel transcription initiation and RNA processing. In summary, in vivo developed oocytes and pre-implantation embryos express large numbers of intergenic transcripts, which are not related to the overall DNA methylation profiles either up- or downstream.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The RNA-Binding Protein IGF2BP1 Marks Germ Cells but Is Dispensable for Mouse Fertility","authors":"Shu Wang,&nbsp;Shan Wu,&nbsp;Jinyan Tang,&nbsp;Yuan Chen,&nbsp;Yiyun Zhang,&nbsp;Wenwu Long,&nbsp;Xin Wu","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) is a key reader of N6-methyladenosine modifications that regulate target mRNA stability in eukaryotic cells; however, its role in germ cells has never been explored. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of IGF2BP1 and revealed that it was present not only in oocytes of the mouse ovary but also in ZBTB16-positive undifferentiated spermatogonia in the mouse testis. Coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence staining revealed that IGF2BP1 interacted with TRIM71, a regulator of spermatogonia differentiation, but that its expression was unaffected in the testes of <i>Trim71</i> knockout mice. We also show that IGF2BP1 colocalized with components of the mRNA processing body (P-body), including DDX6 and EDC4. However, contrary to our expectations, using VASA (DDX4)-Cre-mediated conditional knockout mice, we found that germ cell-specific knockout of <i>Igf2bp1</i> did not seem to affect the fertility of male or female mice. Further analysis revealed that spermatogenesis and ZBTB16-positive undifferentiated spermatogonia numbers in the testes of mutant mice remained unchanged and that there were no obvious changes in testicular morphology or cell subpopulations. In summary, although IGF2BP1 is preferentially expressed in germ cells, its function in germ cells may be dispensable.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143423988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Clinical FSH Conundrum: Insights From the Small Ovarian Reserve Heifer Model","authors":"James J. Ireland,&nbsp;Kaitlin R. Karl,&nbsp;Keith E. Latham","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High doses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are used during ovarian stimulation to maximize the number of oocytes recovered for in vitro fertilization (IVF) during assisted reproductive technology (ART) in women. Whether high FSH doses are detrimental to embryo viability remains controversial. Evidence from many clinical studies revealed that FSH dose is inversely correlated with live birth rate in women. The mechanistic basis for this effect has been elusive. This review summarizes over 20 years of work using a unique biomedical model, the small ovarian reserve heifer (SORH). Those studies revealed that excessive FSH doses can disrupt gene expression via multiple cell-signaling pathways in ovarian cells, resulting in follicular hyperstimulation dysgenesis (FHD). This compromises the capacity of ovulatory-size follicles to respond to gonadotropins, produce estradiol and ovulate, causes premature cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation, and impairs the fertilizability of oocytes. The SORH model has thus provided new insights into the nature and mechanisms of the deleterious effects of excessive FSH doses during ovarian stimulation. The SORH model has been and remains valuable for basic research and for the discovery of ways to optimize FSH dosing clinically to improve IVF success and ART outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Bovine Ovarian Tissue Heterotopic Autotransplantation: VEGF Beneficial and Detrimental Effects","authors":"Ana N. P. Morais,&nbsp;Samara S. Souza,&nbsp;Francisco L. N. Aguiar,&nbsp;Gustavo D. A. Gastal,&nbsp;Fabiana A. S. Brandão,&nbsp;Juliany A. Souza,&nbsp;Lucy V. S. Ñaupas,&nbsp;Kele A. Alves,&nbsp;Benner G. Alves,&nbsp;Melba O. Gastal,&nbsp;Ana P. R. Rodrigues,&nbsp;José R. Figueiredo,&nbsp;Dárcio Í. A. Teixeira,&nbsp;Eduardo L. Gastal","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) has been suggested as an alternative to preserving female fertility in livestock species, as currently performed in women. The OTT technique has been tested as xenografting or autografting in different body sites and animal species. Currently, there are no reports available regarding the autotransplantation of ovarian tissue using the bovine model and also testing the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on graft survival. This study evaluated the effects of ovarian tissue short-term exposure to VEGF before heterotopic autotransplantation into a subcutaneous site (flank region) for 7 days in cattle. The initial finding was that after OTT and without pre-exposure to VEGF, the ovarian grafts had 42% of normal preantral follicles, which indicates a substantial step forward for this technique in cattle. Furthermore, VEGF exposure actively facilitated the process of neoangiogenesis, the proliferation capability of the stromal cells for activation of the cell cycle, maintained the balance between types I and III collagen fibers, and reduced the total collagen of the grafted tissue. Moreover, ovarian fragments previously exposed to VEGF tended to have greater follicular density; however, a detrimental effect of VEGF on follicular morphology was noticed. In conclusion, this study marks a significant step forward in bovine OTT and provides a foundation for further investigations into the specific pathways, stages, and durations of VEGF exposure to unveil strategies for refining ovarian transplantation techniques in cattle and other species.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of Proteolysis During Oocyte In Vitro Maturation","authors":"Filiz Tepekoy,&nbsp;Berk Bulut,&nbsp;Erdal Karaoz","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In vitro maturation (IVM) is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) applied to obtain mature oocytes in culture. Decline in IVM success rates by age has led consideration of novel approaches based on cellular dynamics. Our aim was to achieve proteostasis in old bovine oocytes from 13 to 16-year-old bovine with a lower potential for fertilization. Lysosomal activation was achieved through increasing concentrations of proton pump activators PIP2 (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μM), PMA (0.1, 1, 10, and 50 μM), and DOG (0.1, 1, 10, and 50 μM) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h of IVM in old bovine oocytes. Morphological analysis was performed and IVM rates were determined. DQ-Red BSA was applied to live oocytes to determine proteolytic activation while lysosome density was determined by Lysotracker probe. Protein carbonylation was detected through oxyblot analysis. Polar body extrusion (PBE), through which a haploid nonfunctional polar body is released in the perivitelline space after completion of the first meiotic division, was observed in PIP2-0.1 μM, -0.5μM-6h; PIP2-5μM-12h; PMA-0.1μM-18h; PIP2-0.1μM, -0.5μM-24h groups. Oocyte diameter was the highest in DOG-1μM-6h, PMA-0.1μM-12h, PIP2-1μM-18h, and PIP2-0.5μM-24h groups. Morphological scores of oocytes were higher in young and old control groups. PIP2, PMA, and DOG affected oocyte quality positively after 6 h of IVM yielding in oocyte scores similar to the control group oocytes. However, they had a negative impact on the oocyte scores in longer periods of IVM, except for lower doses PMA (0.1 and 1 μM) at 12 h and PIP2 (0.5 μM) and PMA (0.1 μM) at 18 h, which were able to maintain the scores relatively closer to the control oocytes. Proteolytic activation was achieved in all groups at 6 h of culture. At all other time points PIP2 and PMA groups showed a better response to proteolytic activation. Lysosome density was increased in PIP2-5μM-6h; PIP2-0.1μM, -1μM-12h; PIP2-1μM, -5μM-18h as well as PMA-0.1μM-6h; PMA-1μM, -10μM-12h; PMA-1μM-18h; DOG-50μM-6h and DOG-0.1μM-12h. Protein carbonylation was the lowest in PIP2-0.1 μM groups at 12, 18, and 24 h. This study suggests that proton pump activators PIP2 and PMA was found to have a positive impact on IVM in terms of both morphological scores and proteolytic activation in a time and dose dependant manner.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal Regulation of Urokinase- and Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Mouse Sertoli Cells","authors":"Sara Carosi,&nbsp;Federica Innocenti,&nbsp;Lucia Monaco,&nbsp;Gaia Laurenzi,&nbsp;Rossana Saracino,&nbsp;Rita Canipari,&nbsp;Elena Vicini","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A role for the plasminogen activator (PA) system has been postulated in mammalian gonads, considering the complex process of morphogenesis these organs undergo during their development. Our results show that mouse Sertoli cells under basal conditions produce both types of PA, tissue-type PA (tPA) and urokinase-type PA (uPA), and hormonal treatments increase the production of both enzymes. The increased enzyme secretion does not correlate with a parallel increase in their mRNAs. However, the proteolytic activity results from a balance between enzyme activity and inhibitors. Hormonal stimulation decreased the expression of the inhibitor PAI-1, suggesting that the increase in proteolytic activity might depend on the decreased production of PAI-1.</p><p>The expression of the two enzymes and their inhibitor depends on the seminiferous epithelium stage. We observed higher <i>uPA</i> mRNA levels at stages VII-VIII and IX-XII, <i>tPA</i> peaks at stages VII-VIII, and <i>PAI-1</i> mRNA levels decreased at stages VII-VIII and IX-XII.</p><p>The testes from mice lacking the <i>uPA</i> gene (<i>uPA</i>^−/−) presented statistically smaller sizes and weights. Histological analysis of <i>uPA</i>^−/−animals showed tubular morphology defects and atypical residual bodies (RB), suggesting a defect in Sertoli cell phagocytosis. Moreover, we show lower sperm concentration and motility in <i>uPA</i>^−/− mice. These data suggested an effective deficiency of testicular development in the absence of uPA.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive Physiology and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Testicular Development and Spermatogenesis in Echinoderms: A Marine Invertebrate Deuterostomes","authors":"Ziming Li,&nbsp;Yujia Yang","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Echinoderms exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies as adaptations to variable environments. The processes of gonadal development, germ cell differentiation, and spermatogenesis in echinoderms are crucial physiological processes that warrant further in-depth exploration. This review systematically summarizes research from early basic sciences to recent studies on male gonadal development and spermatogenesis, encompassing morphology, histology, physiology, cell biology, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. We introduce the structural and cellular similarities and differences among model or non-model organisms from five classes of echinoderms to provide insights for future comparative research between higher vertebrates and lower organisms. The regulatory systems involved in echinoderm spermatogenesis are described from various aspects including nutritional supply, environmental factors, neurological influences, endocrinological influences, and hormonal influences. This article aims to elucidate gonadal development and spermatogenesis in echinoderms—organisms at unique evolutionary nodes—providing valuable materials for studying adaptive evolution and developmental biology. Additionally, a comprehensive summary of characterized genes and gene markers associated with testes development and spermatogenesis is provided as useful information for future systematic studies on cell subpopulations. Future studies can focus on molecular changes associated with chromatin remodeling during germ cell development, cellular differentiation, and intercellular communication mediated by receptor-ligand interactions, to further our understanding of biological processes and regulatory networks involved in echinoderm gonadal development and spermatogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting Nose into Reproduction: Influence of Nasal and Reproductive Odourant Signaling on Male Reproduction","authors":"Kamaraj Elango,&nbsp;Jukka Kekäläinen","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mrd.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Odourant receptors (ORs) are not restricted only to the nose, but also occur in many other organs and tissues, including the reproductive system. In fact, ORs are the most heavily expressed in testis than in any other extra-nasal tissue. Accumulating evidence suggests that olfactory and reproductive systems are both structurally and functionally linked and that these interconnections can influence various aspects of reproduction. In this article, we first review our current understanding of these interconnections and then collate accumulated evidence on the presence of ORs in the male reproductive system and sperm cells. We then investigate the potential role of female reproductive tract odourants in sperm chemotaxis and selection. Finally, since the existing evidence especially for sperm odor sensing capability and its physiological function are controversial, we also review potential reasons for the controversy and propose some ways to resolve the debate. Collectively, we conclude that reproductive odourant signaling may play an important, although currently largely unclear role in many key processes directly related to male fertility. However, since we lack holistic understanding of the functional significance of ORs and odor sensing pathways of the male reproductive system, more empirical research is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gentamicin Has No Significant Adverse Effect on Porcine Embryo Development In Vitro","authors":"Rylie S. Noland,&nbsp;Bethany K. Redel,&nbsp;Marissa G. LaMartina,&nbsp;Paula R. Chen,&nbsp;Randall S. Prather","doi":"10.1002/mrd.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The composition of the culture medium affects the viability and developmental competency of porcine embryos produced in vitro. Previous transcriptional profiling has identified areas of improvement in the formulation of these media. Xenobiotic metabolism-related genes were upregulated in in vitro-cultured porcine embryos compared to their in vivo-derived counterparts, and the antibiotic gentamicin is a component of porcine embryo culture media. While effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, gentamicin has been observed to be toxic to rat embryos and may induce changes in gene expression in cell culture. The objective of this study was to determine if gentamicin has an adverse effect on the development of porcine embryos. After in vitro fertilization, presumptive zygotes were placed in either MU4 medium containing gentamicin or MU4 medium without gentamicin. No difference was detected in blastocyst development, total cell number, apoptotic index, or expression of 3 selected genes between embryos cultured with or without gentamicin (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Therefore, porcine embryos are able to tolerate the presence of 10 μg/mL gentamicin without significant impacts on blastocyst development rate, total cell number, or apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18856,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Reproduction and Development","volume":"91 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mrd.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}