Mycobiology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology of <i>Tolypocladium globosum</i> sp. nov. Isolated from Soil in Korea.","authors":"Kallol Das,&nbsp;Jung-Joo Ryu,&nbsp;Soo-Min Hong,&nbsp;Seong-Keun Lim,&nbsp;Seung-Yeol Lee,&nbsp;Hee-Young Jung","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2023.2192614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2023.2192614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, fungal strains designated as KNUF-22-14A and KNUF-22-15A were isolated from soil samples in Korea. These two strains were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics as well as phylogenetic analyses and were found to be morphologically and phylogenetically identical. Upon their morphological comparison with closely related species, such as <i>Tolypocladium album</i>, <i>T. amazonense</i>, <i>T. endophyticum</i>, <i>T. pustulatum</i>, and <i>T. tropicale</i>, a difference in the size of short phialides [0.6-2.4(-9.3) × 0.8-1.4 µm] was observed. Meanwhile, these strains had larger conidia (1.2-3.0 × 1.2-3.0 µm) than <i>T. album</i>, <i>T. amazonense</i>, <i>T. endophyticum</i>, and <i>T. tropicale</i> and smaller conidia than <i>T. pustulatum</i>. Phylogenetic analyses using a multi-locus datasets based on ITS, LSU, and SSU showed that KNUF-22-14A and KNUF-22-15A formed a distinct cluster from previously identified <i>Tolypocladium</i> species. Thus, these fungal strains isolated from soil in Korea are proposed as a novel species according to their characteristics and are named <i>Tolypocladium globosum</i> sp. nov.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/87/60/TMYB_51_2192614.PMC10142388.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9392600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncharted Diversity and Ecology of <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> (<i>Oomycota</i>) in Freshwater Environments.","authors":"Bora Nam,&nbsp;Thuong T T Nguyen,&nbsp;Hyang Burm Lee,&nbsp;Sang Kyu Park,&nbsp;Young-Joon Choi","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2121496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2121496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungal-like family <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> (<i>Oomycota</i>), also called \"water mold,\" includes mostly aquatic saprophytes as well as notorious aquatic animal pathogens. Most studies on <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> have been biased toward pathogenic species that are important to aquaculture rather than saprotrophic species, despite the latter's crucial roles in carbon cycling of freshwater ecosystems. Few attempts have been made to study the diversity and ecology of <i>Saprolegniaceae</i>; thus, their ecological role is not well-known. During a survey of oomycetes between 2016 and 2021, we investigated the diversity and distribution of culturable <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> species in freshwater ecosystems of Korea. In the present study, members of <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> were isolated and identified at species level based on their cultural, morphological, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, substrate preference and seasonal dynamics for each were examined. Most of the species were previously reported as animal pathogens; however, in the present study, they were often isolated from other freshwater substrates, such as plant debris, algae, water, and soil sediment. The relative abundance of <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> was higher in the cold to cool season than that in the warm to hot season of Korea. This study enhances our understanding of the diversity and ecological attributes of <i>Saprolegniaceae</i> in freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/91/41/TMYB_50_2121496.PMC9645278.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial Effects on the Physiological Characteristics of <i>Lentinula edodes</i>.","authors":"Minseek Kim,&nbsp;Seong-Hyeok Yang,&nbsp;Hui-Gang Han,&nbsp;Eunbi Kim,&nbsp;Sinil Kim,&nbsp;Youn-Lee Oh,&nbsp;Hyeon-Su Ro","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2138226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2138226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the mating of filamentous basidiomycetes, dikaryotic mycelia are generated through the reciprocal movement of nuclei to a monokaryotic cytoplasm where a nucleus of compatible mating type resides, resulting in the establishment of two different dikaryotic strains having the same nuclei but different mitochondria. To better understand the role of mitochondria in mushrooms, we created four sets of dikaryotic strains of <i>Lentinula edodes</i>, including B2 × E13 (B2 side) and B2 × E13 (E13 side), B5 × E13 (B5 side) and B5 × E13 (E13 side), E8 × H3 (E8 side) and E8 × H3 (H3 side), and K3 × H3 (K3 side) and K3 × H3 (H3 side). The karyotypes and mitochondrial types of the dikaryotic strains were successfully identified by the <i>A</i> mating type markers and the mitochondrial variable length tandem repeat markers, respectively. Comparative analyses of the dikaryotic strains on the mycelial growth, substrate browning, fruiting characteristics, and mitochondrial gene expression revealed that certain mitochondria are more effective in the mycelial growth and the production of fruiting body, possibly through the activated energy metabolism. Our findings indicate that mitochondria affect the physiology of dikaryotic strains having the same nuclear information and therefore a selection strategy aimed at mitochondrial function is needed in the development of new mushroom strain.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d8/2c/TMYB_50_2138226.PMC9645275.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Control of Oomycete Soilborne Diseases Caused by <i>Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans</i>, and <i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i> in Solanaceous Crops.","authors":"Elena Volynchikova,&nbsp;Ki Deok Kim","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2136333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2136333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oomycete pathogens that belong to the genus <i>Phytophthora</i> cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops such as pepper, potato, and tobacco, resulting in crop production losses worldwide. Although the application of fungicides efficiently controls these diseases, it has been shown to trigger negative side effects such as environmental pollution, phytotoxicity, and fungicide resistance in plant pathogens. Therefore, biological control of <i>Phytophthora</i>-induced diseases was proposed as an environmentally sound alternative to conventional chemical control. In this review, progress on biological control of the soilborne oomycete plant pathogens, <i>Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans</i>, and <i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i>, infecting pepper, potato, and tobacco is described. Bacterial (e.g., <i>Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas,</i> and <i>Streptomyces</i>) and fungal (e.g., <i>Trichoderma</i> and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) agents, and yeasts (e.g., <i>Aureobasidium</i>, <i>Curvibasidium</i>, and <i>Metschnikowia</i>) have been reported as successful biocontrol agents of <i>Phytophthora</i> pathogens. These microorganisms antagonize <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. <i>via</i> antimicrobial compounds with inhibitory activities against mycelial growth, sporulation, and zoospore germination. They also trigger plant immunity-inducing systemic resistance <i>via</i> several pathways, resulting in enhanced defense responses in their hosts. Along with plant protection, some of the microorganisms promote plant growth, thereby enhancing their beneficial relations with host plants. Although the beneficial effects of the biocontrol microorganisms are acceptable, single applications of antagonistic microorganisms tend to lack consistent efficacy compared with chemical analogues. Therefore, strategies to improve the biocontrol performance of these prominent antagonists are also discussed in this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bb/fc/TMYB_50_2136333.PMC9645277.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community of Endophytic Fungi from Alpine Conifers on Mt. Seorak.","authors":"Ju-Kyeong Eo,&nbsp;Ahn-Heum Eom","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2135832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2135832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic fungi occupy various ecological niches, which reinforces their diversity. As few studies have investigated the endophytic fungi of alpine conifers, we focused on four species of alpine conifers in this study-<i>Abies nephrolepis</i>, <i>Pinus pumila</i>, <i>Taxus cuspidata</i> var. <i>nana</i>, and <i>Thuja koraiensis</i>-and examined them for endophytic fungi. A total of 108 endophytic fungi were isolated. There were four taxa in <i>A. nephrolepis</i>, 12 in <i>P. pumila</i>, 18 in <i>T. cuspidata</i> var. <i>nana</i>, and 17 in <i>T. koraiensis</i>; these were divided into five classes: Agaricomycetes (3.2%), Dothideomycetes (29.0%), Leotiomycetes (15.0%), Sordariomycetes (41.9%), and Orbiliomycetes (1.6%). The most prevalent fungi were <i>Sydowia polyspora</i> (22.7%) and Xylariaceae sp. (22.7%) in <i>P. pumila</i>, <i>Phomopsis juglandina</i> (16.1%) in <i>T. cuspidata</i> var. <i>nana</i>, and <i>Thuja</i>-endophytes sp. 1 (70.0%) in <i>T. koraiensis</i>. However, there was no dominant species growing in <i>A. nephrolepis</i>. Some host plants were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. We obtained 4618 reads for <i>A. nephrolepis</i> and 2268 reads for <i>T. koraiensis</i>. At the genus level, the top three endophytic fungi were Ophiostomataceae_uc (64.6%), Nectriaceae_uc (15.5%), and unclassified organism (18.0%) in <i>A. nephrolepis</i> and Nectriaceae_uc (41.9%), Ophiostomataceae_uc (41.8%), and Magnaporthaceae_uc (9.2%) in <i>T. koraiensis</i>. Our results show that there are different communities of endophytic fungi among different host plants, even if the host plants are in the same region. Such ecological niches are important in terms of the ecological restoration of alpine conifers.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/76/f2/TMYB_50_2135832.PMC9645271.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of the Bambusicolous Fungus <i>Apiospora</i> in Korea: Discovery of New <i>Apiospora</i> Species.","authors":"Sun Lul Kwon, Minseo Cho, Young Min Lee, Hanbyul Lee, Changmu Kim, Gyu-Hyeok Kim, Jae-Jin Kim","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2133808","DOIUrl":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2133808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many <i>Apiospora</i> species have been isolated from bamboo plants - to date, 34 bambusicolous <i>Apiospora</i> species have been recorded. They are known as saprophytes, endophytes, and plant pathogens. In this study, 242 bambusicolous <i>Apiospora</i> were isolated from various bamboo materials (branches, culms, leaves, roots, and shoots) and examined using DNA sequence similarity based on the internal transcribed spacer, 28S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and beta-tubulin regions. Nine <i>Apiospora</i> species (<i>Ap. arundinis</i>, <i>Ap. camelliae-sinensis</i>, <i>Ap. hysterina</i>, <i>Ap. lageniformis</i> sp. nov., <i>Ap. paraphaeosperma</i>, <i>Ap. pseudohyphopodii</i> sp. nov., <i>Ap. rasikravindrae</i>, <i>Ap. saccharicola</i>, and <i>Ap. sargassi</i>) were identified <i>via</i> molecular analysis. Moreover, the highest diversity of <i>Apiospora</i> was found in culms, and the most abundant species was <i>Ap. arundinis</i>. Among the nine <i>Apiospora</i> species, two (<i>Ap. hysterina</i> and <i>Ap. paraphaeosperma</i>) were unrecorded in Korea, and the other two species (<i>Ap. lageniformis</i> sp. nov. and <i>Ap. pseudohyphopodii</i> sp. nov.) were potentially novel species. Here, we describe the diversity of bambusicolous <i>Apiospora</i> species in bamboo organs, construct a multi-locus phylogenetic tree, and delineate morphological features of new bambusicolous <i>Apiospora</i> in Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/51/b0/TMYB_50_2133808.PMC9645279.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex TaqMan qPCR Assay for Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Three <i>Sclerotinia</i> Species.","authors":"Dong Jae Lee,&nbsp;Jin A Lee,&nbsp;Dae-Han Chae,&nbsp;Hwi-Seo Jang,&nbsp;Young-Joon Choi,&nbsp;Dalsoo Kim","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2131999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2131999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White mold (or Sclerotinia stem rot), caused by <i>Sclerotinia</i> species, is a major air, soil, or seed-transmitted disease affecting numerous crops and wild plants. Microscopic or culture-based methods currently available for their detection and identification are time-consuming, laborious, and often erroneous. Therefore, we developed a multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the discrimination, detection, and quantification of DNA collected from each of the three economically relevant <i>Sclerotinia</i> species, namely, <i>S. sclerotiorum</i>, <i>S. minor</i>, and <i>S. nivalis</i>. TaqMan primer/probe combinations specific for each <i>Sclerotinia</i> species were designed based on the gene sequences encoding aspartyl protease. High specificity and sensitivity of each probe were confirmed for sclerotium and soil samples, as well as pure cultures, using simplex and multiplex qPCRs. This multiplex assay could be helpful in detecting and quantifying specific species of <i>Sclerotinia</i>, and therefore, may be valuable for disease diagnosis, forecasting, and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/45/a9/TMYB_50_2131999.PMC9645266.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Target Genes from Mycelium and Primordium in Model Mushroom <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>.","authors":"Tuheng Wu,&nbsp;Jian Chen,&nbsp;Chunwei Jiao,&nbsp;Huiping Hu,&nbsp;Qingping Wu,&nbsp;Yizhen Xie","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2116819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2116819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Schizophyllum commune</i> has emerged as the most promising model mushroom to study developmental stages (mycelium, primordium), which are two primary processes of fruit body development. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been proved to participate in fruit development and sex differentiation in fungi. However, potential lncRNAs have not been identified in <i>S. commune</i> from mycelium to primordium developmental stages. In this study, lncRNA-seq was performed in <i>S. commune</i> and 61.56 Gb clean data were generated from mycelium and primordium developmental stages. Furthermore, 191 lncRNAs had been obtained and a total of 49 lncRNAs were classified as differently expressed lncRNAs. Additionally, 26 up-regulated differently expressed lncRNAs and 23 down-regulated between mycelium and primordia libraries were detected. Further, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs target genes from the MAPK pathway, phosphatidylinositol signal, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy, and cell cycle. This study provides a new resource for further research on the relationship between lncRNA and two developmental stages (mycelium, primordium) in <i>S. commune</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1e/82/TMYB_50_2116819.PMC9645281.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40485764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Mycena subpiligera</i> sp. nov., a Symbiotic Species from China Associated with the Seed Germination of <i>Gastrodia elata</i>.","authors":"Li-Na Liu, Guo-Ying Zhou, Ai-Rong Shen, Bao-Ming Shen, Yun Tan, Zhu-Ming Tan","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2132001","DOIUrl":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2132001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycena subpiligera</i>, a new taxon in sect. <i>Fragilipedes</i> that can strongly enhance the germination efficiency of <i>Gastrodia elata</i> seeds, was discovered in subtropical areas of China. As revealed by a morphological comparison with related <i>Mycena</i> species as well as maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA, the new taxon can be distinguished from phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species. Optimal cultural conditions for <i>M</i>. <i>subpiligera</i> basidiomata are reported, and the germination rate of the new species is compared with that of <i>M</i>. <i>citrinomarginata</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/50/65/TMYB_50_2132001.PMC9645273.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40697623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Load of Groundwater Systems in Geographically Segregated Islands: A Step Forward in Fungal Control.","authors":"Joong Hee Cho,&nbsp;Nam Soo Jun,&nbsp;Jong Myong Park,&nbsp;Ki In Bang,&nbsp;Ji Won Hong","doi":"10.1080/12298093.2022.2123549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2123549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungal distribution, diversity, and load were analyzed in the geographically segregated island groundwater systems in Korea. A total of 79 fungal isolates were secured from seven islands and identified based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. They belonged to three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chlorophyta), five classes, sixteen orders, twenty-two families, and thirty-one genera. The dominant phylum was Ascomycota (91.1%), with most fungi belonging to the <i>Cladosporium</i> (21.5%), <i>Aspergillus</i> (15.2%), and <i>Stachybotrys</i> (8.9%) genera. <i>Cladosporium</i> showed higher dominance and diversity, being widely distributed throughout the geographically segregated groundwater systems. Based on the diversity indices, the genera richness (4.821) and diversity (2.550) were the highest in the groundwater system of the largest scale. As turbidity (0.064-0.462) increased, the overall fungal count increased and the residual chlorine (0.089-0.308) had low relevance compared with the total count and fungal diversity. <i>Cladosporium</i> showed normal mycelial growth in de-chlorinated sterilized samples. Overall, if turbidity increases under higher fungal diversity, bio-deterioration in groundwater-supplying facilities and public health problems could be intensified, regardless of chlorine treatment. In addition to fungal indicators and analyzing methods, physical hydrostatic treatment is necessary for monitoring and controlling fungal contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":18825,"journal":{"name":"Mycobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4b/61/TMYB_50_2123549.PMC9645270.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40485766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}