NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11112-3
Marius Marc-Daniel Mader, Wanhua Li, Alexa Scavetti, Yongjin Yoo, Gernot Neumayer, Katie Han, Yohei Shibuya, Michael Haney, Tony Wyss-Coray, Lynn George, Frances Lefcort, Michael Bassik, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, Adam C Wilkinson, Marius Wernig
{"title":"Elp1 is required for myeloid differentiation and brain repopulation.","authors":"Marius Marc-Daniel Mader, Wanhua Li, Alexa Scavetti, Yongjin Yoo, Gernot Neumayer, Katie Han, Yohei Shibuya, Michael Haney, Tony Wyss-Coray, Lynn George, Frances Lefcort, Michael Bassik, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, Adam C Wilkinson, Marius Wernig","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11112-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11112-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation-mediated replacement of microglia-the reconstitution of the central nervous system microglial niche with donor-derived myeloid cells-represents a promising strategy for brain cell therapies<sup>1-7</sup>. However, the cell-intrinsic molecular regulators of HSPC-derived myeloid lineage commitment in the brain have remained largely uncharacterized. This is partially because the scarcity of primary HSPCs has rendered large-scale genetic interrogation intractable. Here we explored whether ex vivo expansion of primary cultured HSPCs (cHSPCs) enables unbiased genetic interrogation of haematopoietic differentiation. We established that cHSPCs can be genetically manipulated and readily differentiate into myeloid cells and repopulate microglia niches of the brain after transplantation. Moreover, primary neonatal astrocytes contained strong signals to induce myeloid specification of cHSPCs in vitro. To identify genes that regulate glia-induced myeloid differentiation, we successfully screened around 20,000 individual genetic perturbations and characterized genes involved in the regulation of cell signalling, cell cycle, mitochondrial function and protein translation. Among these genes was elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 1 (Elp1), which suppressed the unfolded protein response during myeloid specification and was essential for the generation but not maintenance of myeloid cells. Our work establishes a platform to investigate the molecular mechanisms of brain myeloid biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11119-w
Guillermo E Parada, Hannes Bretschneider, Jack Daiyang Li, Jacob L Fine, Steven J Dupas, Jonathan D Ellis, Ulrich Braunschweig, Sophie Bonnal, Taykhoom Dalal, Worrawat Engchuan, Mehdi Zarrei, Wei Wei, Nadia Zafar, Martin Hemberg, Liliana Attisano, James Ellis, Manuel Irimia, Michael Wainberg, Brett Trost, Stephen W Scherer, Quaid D Morris, Benjamin J Blencowe
{"title":"A microexon regulatory code reveals autism-linked genetic variation.","authors":"Guillermo E Parada, Hannes Bretschneider, Jack Daiyang Li, Jacob L Fine, Steven J Dupas, Jonathan D Ellis, Ulrich Braunschweig, Sophie Bonnal, Taykhoom Dalal, Worrawat Engchuan, Mehdi Zarrei, Wei Wei, Nadia Zafar, Martin Hemberg, Liliana Attisano, James Ellis, Manuel Irimia, Michael Wainberg, Brett Trost, Stephen W Scherer, Quaid D Morris, Benjamin J Blencowe","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11119-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11119-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal microexons are a highly conserved class of alternative splicing events enriched in genes with critical functions in nervous system biology<sup>1,2</sup>. Microexon splicing is often disrupted in the brains of autistic individuals, and mice with microexon deficiencies display autism-like phenotypes<sup>1,3,4</sup>. However, the full landscape of microexons is not known, and the impact of genetic variation on these exons has not been systematically investigated. Here, through extensive transcriptome profiling, we detect hundreds of new microexons, including many with neuronal subtype-specific splicing patterns, and others that activate nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Using machine learning, we define a sequence code predictive of neuronally spliced microexons and use this to identify critical regulatory elements surrounding the expanded microexon repertoire. This code further reveals genomic variants predicted to alter microexon splicing in individuals affected by autism, with rare variants having the strongest estimated impact. These variants are mostly detected in idiopathic individuals and are associated with autism status. They also converge on synaptic and other autism-linked genes, as well as genes not previously linked to autism. Our results collectively define an expanded repertoire of microexons, delineate their regulatory code, and pinpoint variants predicted to affect their splicing, with implications for the disruption of functions central to neuronal biology and brain disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11157-4
Helen M K O'Neill, Joe Beeken, Heather C Bingham, Rachel E Golden Kroner, Yifan He, Jessica L Stewart, Adil Mohamed Ali, Javier Beltran, Joseph W Bull, Susan Canney, Nuwanthika Dharmaratne, Cristina Eghenter, James A Fitzsimons, Samantha Hill, Clinton N Jenkins, Cindy Julianty, Yolanda M Leon, John MacKinnon, Alphonce B Mallya, Daniel Marnewick, Golo Maurer, Mayra Milkovic, Ameer Awad Mohammed, Yuvenal Pantaleo, Blair Parsons, Fábio Ricarte, Ryan Richards, Sushma Shrestha Sangat, Dewi Puspitasari Sutejo, Mridhu Tandon, Corrado Teofili, Kasmita Widodo, Jens Wunderlich, Steffen Zuther, Zoe G Davies, Robert J Smith
{"title":"Global conservation area coverage substantially exceeds current estimates.","authors":"Helen M K O'Neill, Joe Beeken, Heather C Bingham, Rachel E Golden Kroner, Yifan He, Jessica L Stewart, Adil Mohamed Ali, Javier Beltran, Joseph W Bull, Susan Canney, Nuwanthika Dharmaratne, Cristina Eghenter, James A Fitzsimons, Samantha Hill, Clinton N Jenkins, Cindy Julianty, Yolanda M Leon, John MacKinnon, Alphonce B Mallya, Daniel Marnewick, Golo Maurer, Mayra Milkovic, Ameer Awad Mohammed, Yuvenal Pantaleo, Blair Parsons, Fábio Ricarte, Ryan Richards, Sushma Shrestha Sangat, Dewi Puspitasari Sutejo, Mridhu Tandon, Corrado Teofili, Kasmita Widodo, Jens Wunderlich, Steffen Zuther, Zoe G Davies, Robert J Smith","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11157-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11157-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conservation areas are critical for tackling the global environmental crisis<sup>1</sup>. These sites are reported as covering 18.5% of the terrestrial realm<sup>2</sup> and governments have committed through Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3 to increase this to at least 30% by 2030 (ref. <sup>3</sup>). There are concerns that this potential near-doubling of conservation area coverage will negatively affect vulnerable people and over-stretch conservation resources<sup>4</sup>. However, nationally available datasets indicate that more conservation areas exist than are reflected in global figures<sup>5-7</sup>. We evaluated progress towards the area component of Target 3 using a globally representative sample across 25 countries and territories that incorporated these national datasets<sup>8</sup>. Extrapolating from this sample, we show that conservation areas likely already cover 26.81% of the terrestrial realm. We may be much closer to achieving 30% terrestrial coverage than previously thought. However, we also show that the extra land does not substantially address gaps in ecological representativeness, indicating that solely meeting the area component of Target 3 will do little to solve continuing global biodiversity loss. More focus and resources are needed to achieve the other components of the target, using a more strategic and inclusive approach to fill present gaps and produce equitable and effective conservation area networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11163-6
Jonas Veenstra, Jack Binysh, Vito Seinen, Roger Solé Borràs, Rutger Naber, Damien Robledo-Poisson, Andres Hunt, Wim van Saarloos, Anton Souslov, Corentin Coulais
{"title":"Wave coarsening drives time crystallization in mechatronic metamaterials.","authors":"Jonas Veenstra, Jack Binysh, Vito Seinen, Roger Solé Borràs, Rutger Naber, Damien Robledo-Poisson, Andres Hunt, Wim van Saarloos, Anton Souslov, Corentin Coulais","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11163-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11163-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When metals are magnetized<sup>1</sup>, emulsions phase separate<sup>2</sup>, or galaxies cluster<sup>3</sup>, domain walls and patterns form and irremediably coarsen over time. This coarsening is universally driven by diffusive relaxation towards equilibrium. Here we discover a vibrational counterpart-wave coarsening-in active elastic media<sup>4-13</sup>: vibrations emerge and spontaneously grow in wavelength, period and amplitude, before a globally synchronized state called a time crystal<sup>14-17</sup> forms. We observe wave coarsening in one- and two-dimensional mechatronic metamaterials and capture its dynamical scaling. We further arrest the process by breaking momentum conservation and reveal a far-from-equilibrium nonlinear analogue to chiral topological edge modes<sup>18-24</sup>. Our results open new questions about the transient physics of systems with non-potential interactions<sup>15,25-28</sup> and suggest an organizing principle for nonlinear waves in acoustics<sup>29,30</sup>, optomechanics<sup>31,32</sup>, living matter<sup>6,33</sup> and soft robotics<sup>9</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11141-y
Naixin Qian, Ruoqi Zhao, Kwing Yeung Chan, Vinh Gia Vuong, Xin Gao, Zhilun Zhao, R. Allen LaCour, Yifan Dai, Phoebe A. Stapleton, Beizhan Yan, Teresa Head-Gordon, Wei Min
{"title":"Intrinsic physicochemical activity at microplastic–water interfaces","authors":"Naixin Qian, Ruoqi Zhao, Kwing Yeung Chan, Vinh Gia Vuong, Xin Gao, Zhilun Zhao, R. Allen LaCour, Yifan Dai, Phoebe A. Stapleton, Beizhan Yan, Teresa Head-Gordon, Wei Min","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11141-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41586-026-11141-y","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics have become an integral part of our modern society, largely because they are generally regarded as chemically inert under normal circumstances. However, plastics fragmented into microplastics (less than 5 mm in size) have recently raised significant public concerns, and have been detected widely across ecosystems and human tissues with increasing environmental and health risks1–5. Here we show that commodity microplastics exhibit intrinsic physicochemical activity in water, manifested by the spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species that increases with interfacial hydrophobicity and strongly correlates with interfacial electrostatics. Ab initio calculations support these observations and reveal that hydroxide oxidation becomes energetically more favourable at increasingly hydrophobic microplastic–water interfaces through the combined effects of partial solvation and electrostatics. These interfacial properties and the resulting oxidative chemistry have direct implications for biomolecular adsorption, protein aggregation, and even cellular damage. Together, our findings challenge the prevailing paradigm of plastic inertness, identify a possibly overlooked mechanism for the detrimental effects of microplastics on health and the environment, and contribute to a fundamental understanding of the structure–activity relationship of interfacial water, which may inform the design of safer and more sustainable plastic materials. Commodity microplastics exhibit intrinsic physicochemical activity at water interfaces, manifested by spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species, challenging the prevailing paradigm of plastic inertness, with implications for human health and the environment.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"658 8136","pages":"650-657"},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11141-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11176-1
D Alejandro Canaria, Trang T T Nguyen, Huang Huang, Hui Xu, Lili Yue, Yongyao Fu, Hoa Truong, Kerul Patel, Weimei Xing, Jayamary Divya Ravichandar, Cong Xing, Aron L Martin, George Delidakis, Sylvia Wong, Andrew Pae, Yu Yu, Ramsay Macdonald, Zhiyu Huang, Meagan C Main, Amanali Rodriguez, Xiaoli Lin, Maria L Mouchess, Magdeleine Hung, Ellen M McGlinchey, Lei Chen, Nicole Schirle Oakdale, Brian Carr, Megan L Koleske, Chingwei V Lee, Chen Chen, Tangsheng Yi
{"title":"Engineered TYK2 dependence enables myeloid-selective IL-10 receptor agonism.","authors":"D Alejandro Canaria, Trang T T Nguyen, Huang Huang, Hui Xu, Lili Yue, Yongyao Fu, Hoa Truong, Kerul Patel, Weimei Xing, Jayamary Divya Ravichandar, Cong Xing, Aron L Martin, George Delidakis, Sylvia Wong, Andrew Pae, Yu Yu, Ramsay Macdonald, Zhiyu Huang, Meagan C Main, Amanali Rodriguez, Xiaoli Lin, Maria L Mouchess, Magdeleine Hung, Ellen M McGlinchey, Lei Chen, Nicole Schirle Oakdale, Brian Carr, Megan L Koleske, Chingwei V Lee, Chen Chen, Tangsheng Yi","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11176-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11176-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a central anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses immune responses in myeloid cells but can also activate T cells, limiting its therapeutic use in chronic inflammatory diseases owing to narrow efficacy windows and dose-limiting toxicities<sup>1-5</sup>. Here we show that myeloid and T cells differ in their dependence on JAK-family kinase pairing for IL-10 signalling and function. We took advantage of this differential kinase dependence to engineer a tetravalent nanobody-based myeloid-selective IL-10 receptor agonist (msIL-10R agonist) that fully recapitulates IL-10's potent suppression of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells while avoiding stimulation of T cells. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis reveals a distinct receptor cross-linking geometry of the msIL-10R agonist compared with native IL-10 family cytokines. This tetravalent architecture renders signalling strictly TYK2-dependent and highly sensitive to IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ receptor abundance, thereby conferring selective activity in myeloid cells. This msIL-10R agonist reduces inflammation in humanized mouse models of lipopolysaccharide challenge, delayed-type hypersensitivity and colitis. A humanized version exhibits IgG-like pharmacokinetics, sustained receptor occupancy and durable myeloid suppression up to 30 days without T cell activation or haematological toxicities in non-human primates. These findings establish a geometry-based strategy for achieving cell-type-selective cytokine signalling and identify the msIL-10R agonist as a therapeutic candidate for myeloid-driven inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11159-2
Dan Engelman, Joel Hochstetter, Anaïs Bauduin, Sagar Patil, Marta Valenti, Yura Song, Qiuyu Lian, Annagiada Toniolo, Mohammad Ghiasloo, Nordin Bansaccal, Anne-Lise Delaunois, Mélanie Liagre, Michele De Luca, Esther Hoste, Laura De Rosa, Yulia Shwartz, Benjamin D Simons, Cédric Blanpain
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in epidermal stem cell dynamics.","authors":"Dan Engelman, Joel Hochstetter, Anaïs Bauduin, Sagar Patil, Marta Valenti, Yura Song, Qiuyu Lian, Annagiada Toniolo, Mohammad Ghiasloo, Nordin Bansaccal, Anne-Lise Delaunois, Mélanie Liagre, Michele De Luca, Esther Hoste, Laura De Rosa, Yulia Shwartz, Benjamin D Simons, Cédric Blanpain","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11159-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11159-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epidermis is a stratified epithelium comprising proliferative basal cells and differentiated suprabasal cells that are continuously renewed throughout life. Conflicting theories have been proposed regarding the heterogeneity of the basal cell layer, with some studies proposing that all proliferative cells have self-renewal potential during homeostasis<sup>1-5</sup>. Meanwhile, others posit a model in which stem cell differentiation occurs through an intermediate transit-amplifying-like progenitor state with strictly limited proliferative potential<sup>6-10</sup>. Here, to determine the heterogeneity and pattern of cell fate, we performed intravital time-lapse imaging to track the fate of lineage-labelled cells in the skin interfollicular epidermis. Results from quantitative analyses of clonal dynamics support a two-compartment model of epidermal homeostasis, whereby basal cells are organized in a stem cell-transit-amplifying cell hierarchy. Critical to these conclusions was the discovery of sexual dimorphism in epidermal fate, with female mice showing a highly synchronized pattern of cell division, differentiation and delamination that contributes to accelerated wound healing. Single-cell RNA sequencing, transcriptional profiling and clonal analyses of castrated mice revealed that male sex hormones promote stem cell differentiation and delamination. In summary, our study provides insight into the functional identity of the stem cell population and identifies sex-specific differences in the regulation of epidermal stem cells and transit-amplifying cell fate.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-03247-0
Elizabeth Gibney
{"title":"Is this idea from AI or humans? A detector claims it can tell.","authors":"Elizabeth Gibney","doi":"10.1038/d41586-026-03247-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/d41586-026-03247-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11166-3
E J Olson, D P Gillikin, D Parmenter, S Burns, A Verheyden, O Miyawaki, M Vuille, L F Piccirillo, R Castro, G Yurivilca, R L Edwards, D T Rodbell
{"title":"Interhemispheric monsoon dynamics over the past 450,000 years.","authors":"E J Olson, D P Gillikin, D Parmenter, S Burns, A Verheyden, O Miyawaki, M Vuille, L F Piccirillo, R Castro, G Yurivilca, R L Edwards, D T Rodbell","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11166-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41586-026-11166-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global monsoon system provides freshwater to much of Earth's biota, including its human population<sup>1</sup>. The Milankovitch theory predicts changes in Earth's solar insolation over geologic time, and these variations are expected to result in changes to the global monsoon<sup>2</sup>. Internal climate forcings, such as ice cover and sea surface temperatures, may also affect the system. However, few records of monsoon variability in the Southern Hemisphere over glacial-interglacial cycles exist to test our understanding of the factors that drive variations in the global monsoon. Here we show that monsoons in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres vary with Milankovitch forcing, and with internal boundary conditions over the past 450,000 years. We present a record of South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) variability, based on speleothem oxygen-isotope data from the Amazon Basin. South American Summer Monsoon variability and that of a major Northern Hemisphere monsoon-that is, the Asian monsoon<sup>3,4</sup>-have been strikingly out of phase. However, we observe occasional synchronous behaviour in regions impacted by both monsoons. We identify a synchronicity threshold that is exceeded during ten events, including during glacial terminations. Comparison with palaeoclimatic forcing factors during these intervals indicates that greenhouse gas concentrations, cross-equatorial thermal gradients and sea surface temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific probably influence these events. This record demonstrates that the global monsoon can reorganize itself, especially during intervals of rapidly changing planetary boundary conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NaturePub Date : 2026-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11115-0
Frances E. Reuland, Taylor Adams, Evan D. Sherwin, Sahar H. El Abbadi, Eric A. Kort, Adam R. Brandt
{"title":"Evaluating space-based methane detection through a one-year blind test","authors":"Frances E. Reuland, Taylor Adams, Evan D. Sherwin, Sahar H. El Abbadi, Eric A. Kort, Adam R. Brandt","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-11115-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41586-026-11115-0","url":null,"abstract":"Space-based remote sensing allows detection and monitoring of large, concentrated methane sources worldwide1. However, independent evaluation of instruments and algorithms is limited, and new satellites and artificial intelligence techniques have not been tested under controlled, single-blind conditions2. Here we conduct a year-long, single-blind test involving 746 events: 481 methane releases of 9.5–1,183.7 kg h−1 and 265 blank controls. We released metered methane quantities in Arizona, USA, coinciding with overpasses from 12 government, commercial and non-profit satellites. Fifteen analysis teams from nine countries generated more than 2,250 estimates, making this, to our knowledge, the largest controlled test so far and one of the first evaluations of the instruments EMIT, Tanager-1 (Carbon Mapper) and GHOSt. Performance is heterogeneous: ‘built-for-purpose’ instruments designed to target methane demonstrate excellent detection performance (92–100% true positive rate, 0–11% false positive rate) and quantification accuracy (slope 0.83–1.00, 44% mean absolute percentage error). Instruments repurposed for methane sensing perform more variably (detection rates 62–88%, 46% mean absolute percentage error); still, many demonstrate significant skill. Broad land scanners detect poorly at tested rates but have consistent global coverage and historical archives, motivating additional work. Artificial intelligence-based methods show promise, but caution is warranted; 79% of false positives emerge from these methods. Ground-measured cloud cover >20% degraded performance across systems, raising concerns for use in some locations. Our findings show that satellite-based measurements can achieve accurate detection and quantification of methane point sources when the source location is approximately known. A year-long single-blind study shows that multiple satellites can accurately detect and quantify methane point-source emissions.","PeriodicalId":18787,"journal":{"name":"Nature","volume":"658 8136","pages":"673-681"},"PeriodicalIF":56.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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