Mycologia最新文献

{"title":"A new fossil species of <i>Meliolinites</i> Selkirk associated with <i>Rhodoleia</i> leaves from the Upper Pliocene of southwestern China.","authors":"Zhuo-Er Wang, Zhi-Hui Song, Rui Cao, Han-Shi Li, Gui-Hua Chen, Su-Ting Ding, Jing-Yu Wu","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2348980","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2348980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fossil epifoliar fungi are valuable indicators of paleoenvironment and paleoecology. The Meliolaceae, members of which typically inhabit the surface of living plants as biotrophs or pathogens, is one of the largest groups of epifoliar fungi. In this study, we report a novel fossil species of <i>Meliolinites</i> Selkirk (fossil Meliolaceae), <i>Meliolinites tengchongensis</i>, on the lower epidermis of compressed fossil <i>Rhodoleia</i> (Hamamelidaceae) leaves from the Upper Pliocene Mangbang Formation of Tengchong, Yunnan, southwestern China. <i>Meliolinites tengchongensis</i> is characterized by web-like, superficial, brown to dark brown, septate, and branching mycelia bearing 2-celled appressoria and unicellular phialides. The fungal colonies also include ellipsoidal, 5-celled, 4-septate ascospores and dark brown perithecia with suborbicular outline and verrucose surface. The well-preserved vegetative and reproductive organs help us to explore the potential disease process of the new fossil species. Besides, the presence of fungal remains indicates that the fungal taxon might have maintained its host preference since at least the Late Pliocene. Furthermore, the occurrence of both fossil fungi and their host plants in Tengchong indicate a subtropical-tropical, warm, and humid climate during the Late Pliocene, whereas the distribution pattern of the fungi on the host leaves suggests that <i>Rhodoleia</i> may have been a part of the middle-upper canopies in the Tengchong Late Pliocene multilayered forest.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141288324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetics of the rust fungi (Pucciniales) of South Africa, with notes on their life histories and possible origins.","authors":"Alan R Wood, M Catherine Aime","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2334189","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2334189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>South Africa has an indigenous rust (Pucciniales) funga of approximately 460 species. This funga was sampled with species from as many genera as possible. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) region was amplified from samples representing 110 indigenous species, as well as the small subunit (18S) region and the cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) in some cases, and these were used in phylogenetic analyses. One new species is described, 12 new combinations made, six names reinstated, and two life history connections made. The life histories of this funga were summarized; it is dominated by species with contracted life histories. The majority of species are autoecious, with a small proportion being heteroecious. Of the autoecious species, many will likely be homothallic with no spermagonia. A shortened life history with homothallism allows for a single basidiospore infection to initiate a local population buildup under the prevailing unpredictable climatic conditions. Suggestions are made as to the possible origin of this funga based on the development of the modern South African flora. It is postulated that the rusts of South Africa are of relatively recent origin, consisting of three groups. Firstly, there is an African tropical element with members of the Mikronegerineae (<i>Hemileia</i>), the Sphaerophragmiaceae (<i>Puccorchidium, Sphaerophragmium</i>), and certain Uredinineae (<i>Stomatisora</i>). Their immediate ancestors likely occurred in the tropical forests of Africa during the Paleogene. Secondly, there is a pantropical element including the Raveneliaceae (e.g., <i>Diorchidium, Maravalia, Ravenelia</i> sensu lato, <i>Uropyxis</i>). This likely diversified during the Neogene, when the mimosoids became the dominant trees of the developing savannas. Thirdly, the Pucciniaceae invaded Africa as this continent pushed northward closing the Tethys Sea. They diversified with the development of the savannas as these become the dominant habitat in most of Africa, and are by far the largest component of the South African rust funga.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of <i>Phanerochaete australis</i> in enhancing defense activity against <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> in upland rice.","authors":"Gustavo de Andrade Bezerra, Marina Teixeira Arriel Elias, Niedja Bezerra Costa, Marta Cristina Corsi de Filippi","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2345029","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2345029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inclusion of biological control in the integrated management of rice blast (<i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> [Mo]) reduces pesticide application. <i>Phanerochaete australis</i> (Pha) has been shown to be a potential inducer of resistance to rice blast. Pha was isolated saprophytically from the rice phylloplane and studied for its interaction with Mo in the defense process of upland rice plants against the pathogen attack. Investigating the Pha × Mo interaction in a completely randomized design, the suppression of leaf blast and the epidemiological components of disease development were quantified in vivo, whereas the physiological and biochemical aspects, as defense enzymes and oxidative complex components, were evaluated in vitro during the induction of resistance. In the Pha × Mo interaction, it was found that seed treatment can significantly reduce disease severity by up to 93%, increase the photosynthetic apparatus, mobilize photoassimilates to the defense system, intensify defense enzyme and oxidant complex activities (chitinase [CHI], β-1,3-glucanase [GLU], lipoxygenase [LOX], phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [PAL], poliphenoloxidase [PPO], peroxidase [POX], catalase [CAT], cuperoxide dismutase [SOD]), decrease phenolic compounds (TPCs), and increase photosynthetic pigment levels compared with the negative control (Mo). When treating the seed, we are referring to an induction process where there is no physical contact between the pathogens. The enzymes produced by the interaction between the microorganisms validate this process; thus, Pha acts as an inducer of resistance to upland rice plants challenged with Mo.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141184160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2355844","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2355844","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular insights into fungal diversity reveal three novel species of <i>Leucocoprinus</i> from southern Punjab, Pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Asif, Malka Saba, Mubashar Raza, Else C Vellinga","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2351769","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2351769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three novel species of the genus <i>Leucocoprinus</i>, named <i>Lc. cinnamomeodiscus, Lc. dahranwalanus</i>, and <i>Lc. iqbalii</i>, are described from unexplored regions of southern Punjab, Pakistan, based on comprehensive analyses of morphoanatomical characteristics and molecular phylogenetic data. We provide illustrations of freshly collected basidiomata and detailed line drawings highlighting key anatomical features. The molecular phylogenetic analyses, which are based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and combined ITS-28S sequences, consistently position these newly described species within the genus <i>Leucocoprinus</i>. Additionally, this study also introduces new taxonomic combinations for previously reported <i>Leucoagaricus</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141284247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> corn population is composed of prolific conidium producers: Implications for saprophytic disease cycle.","authors":"Rebecca R Sweany, Brian M Mack, Solomon T Gebru, Mark K Mammel, Jeffrey W Cary, Geromy G Moore, Matthew D Lebar, Carol H Carter-Wientjes, Matthew K Gilbert","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2343645","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2343645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ascomycete fungus <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> infects and contaminates corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts with toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins. Subdivision between soil and host plant populations suggests that certain <i>A. flavus</i> strains are specialized to infect peanut, cotton, and corn despite having a broad host range. In this study, the ability of strains isolated from corn and/or soil in 11 Louisiana fields to produce conidia (field inoculum and male gamete) and sclerotia (resting bodies and female gamete) was assessed and compared with genotypic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences between whole genomes. Corn strains produced upward of 47× more conidia than strains restricted to soil. Conversely, corn strains produced as much as 3000× fewer sclerotia than soil strains. <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> strains, typified by sclerotium diameter (small S-strains, <400 μm; large L-strains, >400 μm), belonged to separate clades. Several strains produced a mixture (M) of S and L sclerotia, and an intermediate number of conidia and sclerotia, compared with typical S-strains (minimal conidia, copious sclerotia) and L-strains (copious conidia, minimal sclerotia). They also belonged to a unique phylogenetic mixed (M) clade. Migration from soil to corn positively correlated with conidium production and negatively correlated with sclerotium production. Genetic differences correlated with differences in conidium and sclerotium production. Opposite skews in female (sclerotia) or male (conidia) gametic production by soil or corn strains, respectively, resulted in reduced effective breeding population sizes when comparing male:female gamete ratio with mating type distribution. Combining both soil and corn populations increased the effective breeding population, presumably due to contribution of male gametes from corn, which fertilize sclerotia on the soil surface. Incongruencies between aflatoxin clusters, strain morphotype designation, and whole genome phylogenies suggest a history of sexual reproduction within this Louisiana population, demonstrating the importance of conidium production, as infectious propagules and as fertilizers of the <i>A. flavus</i> soil population.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140899106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical characterization of purified phytase produced from <i>Aspergillus awamori</i> AFE1 associated with the gastrointestinal tract of longhorn beetle (<i>Cerambycidae latreille</i>).","authors":"Olusola T Lawal, Christian Onuegbu, Ayoola E Afe, Isaac A Olopoda, Festus O Igbe, Funmillayo M Ojo, David M Sanni","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2350337","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2350337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The need for industrially and biotechnologically significant enzymes, such as phytase, is expanding daily as a result of the increased use of these enzymes in a variety of operations, including the manufacture of food, animal feed, and poultry feed. This study sought to characterize purified phytase from <i>A. awamori</i> AFE1 isolated from longhorn beetle for its prospect in industrial applications. Ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration chromatography were used to purify the crude enzyme obtained from submerged fermentation using phytase-producing media, and its physicochemical characteristics were examined. The homogenous 46.8-kDa phytase showed an 8.1-fold purification and 40.7% recovery. At 70 C and pH 7, the optimum phytase activity was noted. At acidic pH 4-6 and alkaline pH 8-10, it likewise demonstrated relative activity of 88-95% and 67-88%, respectively. It showed 67-70% residual activity between 30 and 70 C after 40 min, and 68-94% residual activity between pH 2 and 12 after 2 h. The presence of Hg⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺ significantly decreased the enzymatic activity, whereas Ca²⁺ and Cu²⁺ enhanced it. Ascorbic acid increased the activity of the purified enzyme, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mercaptoethanol inhibited it. The calculated values for K_m and V_max were 55.4 mM and1.99 μmol/min/mL respectively. <i>A. awamori</i> phytase, which was isolated from a new source, showed unique and remarkable qualities that may find use in industrial operations such as feed pelleting and food processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141184205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In memoriam: Lorelei Louise Norvell, September 6, 1943-August 4, 2023.","authors":"Joe Ammirati, Scott A Redhead","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2341442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2024.2341442","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141162001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Austropuccinia licaniae</i>, first congeneric with the myrtle rust pathogen <i>A. psidii</i>.","authors":"Malte Ebinghaus, Luadir Gasparotto, João M T Martins, Maria D M Dos Santos, Dauri J Tessman, Karine B Barros-Cordeiro, Danilo B Pinho, José C Dianese","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2322903","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2322903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1895 and 2001, rust fungi affecting <i>Licania</i> trees (Chrysobalanchaceae) in Brazil were described as <i>Uredo licaniae</i> by Hennings in the state of Goiás and as <i>Phakopsora tomentosae</i> by Ferreira et al. in the state of Amazonas, respectively. Recently, a <i>Licania</i> rust fungus collected close to the Amazonian type location sharing symptoms with the former two species was subjected to morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses using 28S nuc rDNA (ITS2-28S) and cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit III (CO3) gene sequences. Since the original type specimen of <i>Ph. tomentosae</i> is considered lost, we carefully reviewed the type description and questioned the identity of the telium, which justified the description of the fungus as a <i>Phakopsora</i> species. Furthermore, the additional revision of the type material described by Hennings revealed that <i>Ph. tomentosae</i> is a synonym of <i>U. licaniae</i>. Based on the morphological examinations, disease symptoms, and shared hosts, we concluded that the newly collected material is conspecific with <i>U. licaniae</i>. However, the phylogenetic analyses rejected allocation in <i>Phakopsora</i> and instead assigned the <i>Licania</i> rust fungus in a sister relationship with <i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> (Sphaerophragmiaceae), the causal agent of the globally invasive myrtle rust pathogen. We therefore favored a recombination of <i>U. licaniae</i> (syn. <i>Ph. tomentosae</i>) into <i>Austropuccinia</i> and proposed the new name <i>Austropuccina licaniae</i> for the second species now identified for this genus. The fungus shares conspicuous symptoms with <i>A. psidii</i>, causing often severe infections of growing leaves and shoots that lead to leaf necrosis, leaf shedding, and eventually to the dieback of entire shoots. In view of the very similar symptoms of its aggressively invasive sister species, we briefly discuss the current state of knowledge about <i>A. licaniae</i> and the potential risks, and the opportunity of its identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140288559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of oil contaminants on antioxidant responses and antioxidant properties of <i>Pleurotus florida</i> (P. Kumm).","authors":"Farzaneh Roshandel, Sara Saadatmand, Alireza Iranbakhsh, Zahra Oraghi Ardebili","doi":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2324250","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00275514.2024.2324250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research investigated the antioxidant responses of <i>Pleurotus florida</i> at different concentrations of gas oil [0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (<i>v:v</i>)] for 30 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes decreased in responses to the gas oil presence by an average of 83% and 49%, respectively. In contrast, the activities of the ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes displayed an upward trend in the groups cultured in oil-contaminated media. The gas oil contaminant increased total phenol and flavonoid accumulation, reflecting the variation in secondary metabolism. According to the 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, the 2.5% gas oil treatment resulted in the highest antioxidant activity (48 μg mL^-1). The highest scavenging activity of nitric oxide radicals (IC₅₀ = 272 μg mL^-1) was observed in the treatment with the highest gas oil concentration (10%). Also, this treatment showed an excellent ability to chelate Fe⁺² ions (IC₅₀ = 205 μg mL^-1). The IC₅₀ values of methanolic extract for nitric oxide scavenging activity and metal chelating ability were significantly reduced by increasing gas oil concentration in the treatments. With increasing the gas oil concentration, malondialdehyde content as a criterion measure of lipid peroxidation level showed significant reduction. These results show that <i>P. florida</i> is resistant to and a compatible mushroom with oil pollutants. Also, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle detoxify nitric oxide radicals and products of reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation in the gas oil treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18779,"journal":{"name":"Mycologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140318745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}