Molecular Imaging and Biology最新文献

{"title":"The Binding of the High Affinity Radioligand Fallypride to the D2-dopamine Receptor is Sensitive to Injected Mass - a PET Study in Rodents.","authors":"Miklós Tóth, Lenke Tari, Sangram Nag, Tian Qiu, Zhisheng Jia, Jenny Häggkvist, Jogeshwar Mukherjee, Andrea Varrone, Christer Halldin, Lars Farde","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02096-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02096-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fallypride is a widely used high affinity radioligand for quantification of D2-dopamine receptor binding in small animal PET imaging. To examine the effect of mass both [¹⁸F]fallypride and [¹¹C]fallypride was injected in mice over a wide range of molar activity and the binding potential (BP) was compared.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Eight mice (C57BL/6 J) went through three PET measurements within two weeks. [¹¹C]fallypride with the highest possible molar activity (MA) and [¹⁸F]fallypride with normal and lower molar activity (lowerMA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The binding of [¹¹C]fallypride was highest with a BP_ND of 13.5 ± 1.1 BP_ND. The binding of [¹⁸F]fallypride was lower, 8.6 ± 2.2 BP_ND in the normal condition and 5.3 ± 1.3 BP_ND at the lowerMA condition. By consequence, BP_ND showed a strong negative correlation with injected mass (R2 = 0.95, P < 0.05). Binding data were entered in a Scatchard analysis yielding a B_max of 62 pmol/g and a K_D of 0.25 nM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this PET study in mice the average radioligand occupancy was estimated to 19% even for ¹¹C-labeled fallypride despite the high MA of 153.3 GBq/µmol and low injected mass of 0.03 µg. Therefore, high affinity radioligands should be applied with care in small animal PET studies and radiochemistry has to be at its best to assure that tracer conditions are met in small animal imaging PET imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"290-297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13160952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Fluorescence of Near-Infrared Anti-CEA Antibodies for Visualizing Colorectal Cancers Using Modified Heptamethine Cyanines.","authors":"K Cox, J Jitender, S Mehta, Dong-Hao Li, S Amirfakhri, R M Hoffman, J Shively, P Yazaki, M J Schnermann, M Bouvet, T M Lwin","doi":"10.1007/s11307-025-02076-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-025-02076-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clinical success of fluorescence-guided surgery is dependent on tumor-specific probes that can achieve high tumor-to-background contrast. Conventional near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores often alter the pharmacokinetic properties of the parental molecule that result in aggregation, altered biodistribution, and impaired tumor targeting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This present study evaluates two charge-balanced heptamethine cyanine dyes, FNIR-Tag-766 and FNIR-Tag-804, conjugated to a humanized anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody (M5A). Their performance was compared to the standard M5A-IR800CW conjugate in both subcutaneous and orthotopic colorectal cancer xenograft models in mice. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), tumor-to-background ratio (TBR), and ex vivo biodistribution were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The M5A-FNIR-766 conjugate produced a greater MFI in tumors at all timepoints compared to M5A-IR800CW, resulting in a significantly improved TBR. Ex vivo analysis at 96 h confirmed higher tumor accumulation for M5A-FNIR-766 and revealed a reduction in hepatic signal for both M5A-FNIR-Tag conjugates. The observations were concordant in the clinically relevant orthotopic model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Antibody-fluorophore conjugates linked to the charge-modified FNIR-Tag dyes provide improved tumor-specific signals and a more favorable biodistribution profile than the same antibody conjugated to a conventional dye. By achieving superior performance through intrinsic fluorophore design rather than complex bioconjugation strategies, the approach provides a clinically translatable advancement for tumor-specific FGS.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"369-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13161264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146157567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Imaging of Macrophages in Cardiovascular Diseases.","authors":"Jia Xu, Wei Sun, Xin Zhang, Yinting Xiong, Jiani Qiu, Tang Gao, Haiyan Cao, Li Zhang, Mingxing Xie, Qing Lv, Wenqian Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02080-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02080-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular imaging exhibits remarkable potential in immune cell tracking and advancing personalized clinical management, providing not only diagnostic and prognostic information but also enabling treatment efficacy quantification and therapeutic optimization. Macrophages play an essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of various cardiovascular diseases. This review comprehensively examines the characteristics of diverse molecular imaging modalities and their applications in macrophage imaging, encompassing major cardiovascular conditions, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac transplantation. We anticipate that advancements in novel noninvasive molecular imaging technologies for macrophages will ultimately facilitate clinical diagnosis, outcome prediction, treatment strategy formulation, and therapy response monitoring, thereby providing critical technical support for precision medicine practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"227-237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146132325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Bifunctional pHLIP-RGD Scaffold for Site-Specific [^99mTc] Tc Labeling: Radiochemical Evaluation and Proof-of-Concept Tumor Targeting.","authors":"Mingming Yu, Yuehua Chen, Bangxu Yu, Xia Li, Yuan Su, Zhenguang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02091-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02091-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop a novel molecular scaffold designed for dual targeting via site-specific [^99mTc] Tc labeling, we report its radiochemical evaluation and preliminary targeting efficacy in acidic tumor models.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>The pHLIP-RGD scaffold was synthesized by conjugating pHLIP variant 7 (var7) with cyclo(RGDfK) peptide. Pharmacokinetic assessment of [^99mTc] Tc-pHLIP-RGD was performed in MDA-MB-231 xenograft-bearing mice through quantitative biodistribution studies and small-animal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>[^99mTc] Tc-pHLIP-RGD demonstrated high stability in mouse serum for at least 4 h and exhibited strong binding affinity and specificity both in vitro and in vivo. Biodistribution studies revealed rapid tumor accumulation and prolonged retention, with uptake values of 7.01 ± 1.28, 4.23 ± 0.44, 8.04 ± 0.63, and 9.60 ± 1.26%ID/g at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h post-injection, respectively. Off-target accumulation was primarily observed in the liver. In blocking studies, the administration of non-radioactive pHLIP-RGD partially reduced tumor uptake of [^99mTc] Tc-pHLIP-RGD, with tumor distribution values at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h of 4.66 ± 0.49, 3.25 ± 0.36, 3.04 ± 1.15, and 3.75 ± 0.57%ID/g, respectively. SPECT imaging findings were consistent with biodistribution data, showing clear visualization of tumors at all time points. Tumor visibility was significantly reduced in the blocking study, with a corresponding increase in liver uptake.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The heterodimeric radiotracer [^99mTc] Tc-pHLIP-RGD exhibited high radiochemical yield, good stability, and favorable tumor uptake and retention characteristics. These proof-of-concept results suggest the potential of the dual-targeting design strategy for developing diagnostic imaging agents for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"298-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of Imaging Parameters of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and Serological Indices in Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.","authors":"Yihan Yan, Lifang Pang, Yibo He, Zhenghao Jiang, Yiqiu Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02089-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02089-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the value of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT parameters and serological indices in predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) preoperatively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 102 patients with ICC diagnosed between January 2018 and December 2022. All patients underwent preoperative [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT scanning and serological marker evaluations before surgical tumor resection. The [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT scanning was jointly evaluated by two nuclear medicine physicians blinded to the clinical information and compared with postoperative pathologic results. The tumor SUVmax, tumor-to-background ratios (TBR), SUVpeak, and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were obtained from the PET/CT scans. Presurgical serological testing included carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The results were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to develop a prediction model for LNM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 102 patients with ICC, 60 (58.8%) patients had LNM while 42 patients (41.2%) were free of LNM. TBR(without LNM: 6.9 ± 3.6 vs. LNM: 8.2 ± 2.9, P = 0.019), CA19-9(506.9 ± 1602.7 vs. 1901.2 ± 3195.1, P = 0.011) and CEA(5.1 ± 8.9 vs. 32.5 ± 82.7, P = 0.035) in the LNM group were significantly higher than in the without LNM group. Three additional, statistically significant features, tumor TBR > 6.4, CA19-9 > 149.7 U/mL and CEA > 3.2 ng/mL, were integrated into a prediction model, which substantially outperformed use of the single parameter in ROC analysis (AUC 0.802 vs. 0.676, 0.671 and 0.656).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TBR > 6.4 and CA19-9 > 149.7 U/mL were identified as effective preoperative predictors of LNM in patients with ICC. The prognostic model we propose, integrating imaging parameters and serological indicators, significantly enhances predictive capability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"360-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetically Controlled Nanocarriers for Site-Specific Drug Delivery and Theranostics in Cancer Precision Medicine.","authors":"Loushambam Samananda Singh, Chabungbam Satyananda Singh, Thounaojam Premlata","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02097-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02097-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing demand for precision oncology has intensified interest in magnetically controlled nanocarriers (MCNCs) as versatile platforms for targeted drug delivery and theranostics. Conventional cancer therapies are often limited by nonspecific drug distribution, systemic toxicity, and poor efficacy against heterogeneous tumors. MCNCs, typically based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and hybrid composites, address these limitations by enabling site-specific accumulation, stimuli-responsive release, and real-time imaging in external magnetic fields. These systems integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functions within a single platform, advancing the concept of image-guided and personalized medicine. Recent advances in surface engineering, biodegradable ferrites, and magnetic-plasmonic hybrids have enhanced their biocompatibility, stability, and multimodal performance. Furthermore, their incorporation into combination therapies, such as magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy, has demonstrated synergistic antitumor effects. Despite these advances, translational barriers persist, including challenges in deep tissue targeting, biosafety validation, scalable synthesis, and regulatory standardization. Integrating AI-driven modeling and digital twins can optimize the design, dosing, and magnetic field control for personalized therapy. Collectively, magnetically regulated theranostic nanoplatforms represent a promising frontier in precision cancer medicine, bridging diagnosis, therapy, and real-time monitoring toward safer, more effective, and patient-tailored oncologic care.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"191-211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theranostic and Radionuclide-based Treatment Approaches for Radioiodine-refractory Thyroid Cancer: From Biology to Clinical Application.","authors":"Mubeen Hussein Arawker, Fitrat Habibullah, Lijun Fu, Shantanu Baral, Xinguang Qiu","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02082-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02082-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When differentiated thyroid cancer stops taking up radioiodine, treatment becomes significantly more challenging, and the disease often behaves more aggressively. Systemic therapies such as multikinase inhibitors and mutation-specific drugs have expanded available options, but many patients experience side effects, and responses can vary widely. At the same time, advances in molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy are changing how this condition is managed. Short-term MAPK inhibition can restore iodine uptake in some patients, creating an opportunity to give radioiodine again. For patients with spreading or fast-growing disease, a growing range of theranostic agents, including ¹⁷⁷Lu and ²²⁵Ac-based treatments directed at SSTR, PSMA, or FAP, provides a more targeted approach that is guided by PET imaging and has shown promising activity in early clinical experience- The increasing use of quantitative PET information, radiomic analysis, and personalized dosimetry may further support better treatment selection. Despite these developments, the optimal combination of radionuclide therapy with redifferentiation strategies, multikinase inhibitors, and gene-targeted treatments remains unclear. This review brings together current and emerging treatment approaches for radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer and discusses how theranostics may become part of routine care.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"212-226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146220160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Anti-MMP-9 Peptide-Modified Nanoparticles for Precision MRI Diagnosis of Endometriosis.","authors":"Qi Zhang, Haicheng Li, Linghui Xu, Shiman Wu, Yujia Shen, Yiting Wang, Xiongrui Guo, Qianwen Zhu, Xiaohong Ruan, Junhai Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02086-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02086-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometriosis diagnosis is often limited by the resolution of conventional imaging techniques (ultrasound/non-targeted MRI) as well as the invasiveness and recurrence risks associated with laparoscopy. To overcome these challenges, we developed anti-MMP-9 peptide-conjugated NaGdF₄@PEG-Cy5.5 nanoparticles (NPPCNs), which integrate NaGdF₄ cores to enhance T1 relaxivity and biocompatibility for MMP-9-targeted molecular imaging. In vitro studies confirmed both cytocompatibility and high-affinity MMP-9 binding. In vivo biodistribution, assessed through T1-weighted MRI and fluorescence imaging within 48 h post-injection, revealed significant nanoparticle accumulation in endometriotic lesions, with elevated signal intensity compared to controls. This MMP-9-targeted theranostic platform offers a non-invasive method for lesion detection, providing a novel approach for precise diagnosis and surgical navigation in endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"334-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147317708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the Feasibility of One-Day Dual-Low-Activity ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MR in Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.","authors":"Wenjin Zhao, Lifang Pang, Yunze Xie, Wenxin Tang, Hongcheng Shi","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02081-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02081-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The standard 2-day dual-tracer PET protocol provides more information but is time consuming. Thus, this study aimed to validate the feasibility of 1-day ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE and ¹⁸F-FDG dual-low-activity PET/MR imaging in patient with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs).</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Fourteen NENs patients who underwent 1-day ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE and ¹⁸F-FDG dual-low-activity PET/MR, and another 14 patients matched with the same primary tumor sites and tumor grades who underwent 2-day ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MR were retrospectively enrolled. Imaging analysis was performed, including lesion detection rate and diagnostic confidence. Additionally, the diagnostic confidence was also assessed based on ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE PET, ¹⁸F-FDG PET and PET/MR, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 1-day protocol detected 39 out of 40 lesions in 14 patients, while the 2-day protocol detected 65 out of 66 lesions in 14 patients. No significant differences were observed in lesion detection (all P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in diagnostic confidence between the 1-day protocol and the 2-day protocol for ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE PET (median [IQR]: 3[2-3] vs. 3[2-3]), ¹⁸F-FDG PET (1[1-2] vs. 1[1-1]), and PET/MR (4[3-5] vs. 5[4-5]) in all lesions (all P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 1-day ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE and ¹⁸F-FDG dual-low-activity PET/MR imaging protocol in patients with NENs is feasible and provides equivalent lesion detection and diagnostic confidence compared to the 2-day protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"260-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146181186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging vascular characteristics and glycolytic metabolism of glioblastoma in a chick embryo model using ¹H MRI and [¹⁸F]FDG-PET.","authors":"Elisabeth Non Gash, Jan Schulze, Sarah E Barnett, Mahon L Maguire, Michael Batie, Mohesh Moothanchery, Stephen Pickup, Ian Scott, Rasheed Zakaria, Judy M Coulson, Sonia Rocha, Harish Poptani","doi":"10.1007/s11307-026-02084-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11307-026-02084-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess hypoxia-associated host-tumour vascular adaptations and glycolytic metabolism in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) glioblastoma model.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>U251 GBM cells were conditioned under normoxia (21% O₂) or hypoxia (1% O₂) for 72 h before implantation onto the CAM on embryonic day 7 (E7). Imaging was performed on E13 using MRI (control-CAM n = 8, normoxic-tumour n = 7, hypoxic-tumour n = 6) and brightfield microscopy (control-CAM n = 7, normoxic-tumour n = 8, hypoxic-tumour n = 7). Tumours were harvested on E14 for histology and gene expression analyses. In a separate cohort of 25 GBM-CAM tumours grown under normoxic conditioning, the correlation of glucose metabolism was assessed using [¹⁸F]FDG-PET on E12 followed by lactate MRS on E13 (n = 8).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Normoxia- and hypoxia-conditioned tumour-bearing CAMs exhibited vascular remodelling and significant upregulation of VEGFA and ADM compared to cultured cells. αSMA staining confirmed vessel infiltration in normoxia-conditioned tumours. CAIX staining revealed a hypoxic core in these tumours while hypoxia-conditioned tumours displayed heterogeneous staining. In both conditions, GLUT1 staining colocalised with CAIX staining, indicating hypoxia-associated glycolysis. GLUT1, PDK1 and LDHA expression was elevated in CAM tumours relative to tumour cells in vitro. In the metabolic imaging cohort, most tumours exhibited [¹⁸F]FDG uptake and lactate signal. However, no statistically significant relationship was observed between the two methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The CAM model provides a versatile platform for investigating GBM vascularisation and metabolism. Hypoxic conditioning amplifies transcriptional and vascular changes to the CAM. Although both [¹⁸F]FDG uptake and lactate were measurable, no significant correlation between the two was observed, potentially reflecting variability in tumour engraftment, vascular delivery of [¹⁸F]FDG, and microenvironmental influences on lactate accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18760,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Biology","volume":" ","pages":"347-359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13161295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147276646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}