Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance to WHO-Categorised Critically Important Antimicrobials in Piglet-Derived <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Enterococci: A One Health Approach.","authors":"Maria Manuel Donato, Olga Cardoso, Sara Carolina Henriques, Fernando Ramos","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health issue affected by human, animal, and environmental factors within a One Health framework. Livestock production, particularly pig farming, contributes to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria through antimicrobial use and selective pressure. This study characterized the antimicrobial resistance profiles of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and enterococci isolated from piglet faeces in Portugal, with emphasis on antimicrobials classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) according to their importance for human medicine. A total of 340 <i>E. coli</i> and 130 <i>Enterococcus</i> isolates were tested using disk diffusion, and the resistance frequencies were calculated at isolate level. <i>E. coli</i> showed high resistance to commonly used antimicrobials, including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (67.1%) and ciprofloxacin (43.2%), a highest priority critically important antimicrobial (HPCIA). Resistance was also found to human-only drugs such as piperacillin (67.4%) and, at a lower frequency, imipenem (2.6%), a last-resort carbapenem. Multidrug resistance was detected in 61.2% of isolates. Among enterococci, <i>E. faecium</i> exhibited high resistance to imipenem (64.4%), while <i>E. faecalis</i> and other <i>Enterococcus</i> species showed notable resistance to ciprofloxacin. Overall, resistance crossed all WHO antimicrobial categories. This finding highlights the potential role of pig production in the dissemination of AMR across ecosystems and suggests the need for strengthened One Health surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host Protein Palmitoylation: A Two-Edged Sword in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.","authors":"Shiyi Wang, Wei Yu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein palmitoylation is a two-edged sword in regulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. On the one hand, SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the host's palmitoyl transferases (ZDHHC5/9/20) to modify its spike protein (S protein), enhancing its stability, membrane anchoring, and fusion, consequently facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication, and release. On the other hand, the host utilises this modification to activate antiviral defences: palmitoylation of the mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) leads to its accumulation in the mitochondria and initiates interferon signalling; palmitoylation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is essential for its activation and transport; and palmitoylation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) increases its ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion. This defensive-offensive interplay within the same regulatory system offers fresh opportunities for targeted therapy, including the development of specific ZDHHC inhibitors, palmitoylated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-based decoy vesicles, and metabolic intervention approaches. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct in-depth analyses of the functions of key modification sites and develop precise regulatory strategies to address the ongoing threat posed by coronaviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. HR58 Reveals Its Potential Against Fungal Phytopathogens.","authors":"Carla Calvo-Peña, Marina Ruiz-Muñoz, Seyedehtannaz Ghoreshizadeh, Samantha Crespo, Juan José R Coque, Rebeca Cobos","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptomyces</i> sp. HR58, isolated from the hop rhizosphere, exhibits antifungal activity against a variety of fungal phytopathogens affecting many crops. HR58 was characterized using phenotypic and genomic approaches. Growth tolerance and enzymatic activities were assessed, and whole-genome sequencing enabled the prediction of biosynthetic gene clusters. The strain HR58 displayed morphological and biochemical traits characteristic of the genus <i>Streptomyces</i>, growing from pH 5 to pH 12 and salt tolerance up to 5% NaCl. Genome analysis revealed a size of 8,270,372 bp with a GC content of 71.76% and the presence of gene clusters associated with antifungal activity. Although ANI analysis showed 96.6% identity with <i>Streptomyces anulatus</i> ATCC 11523, the dDDH value of 66.5% fell below the species delineation threshold of 70%, indicating that HR58 cannot be confidently assigned to any currently described <i>Streptomyces</i> species. A biosynthetic gene cluster encoding the antifungal compound cycloheximide was identified in its genome, and cycloheximide production was assessed in liquid cultures. Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) biosynthesis by strain HR58 was also confirmed, and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated. The ability of strain HR58 to biosynthesize antifungal nanoparticles further enhances its potential applications in sustainable agriculture, offering a promising alternative for the development of eco-friendly plant disease control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence Mechanisms of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> During Co-Infection.","authors":"Nicholas S Briggs, Stefano Camaione, Jack Goodall, Kevin E Bruce, Thushan de Silva, Malcolm E Winkler, David I Roper","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (pneumococcus) represents a key clinical challenge, being a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. Typically existing as a nasopharyngeal commensal, pneumococcus undergoes significant metabolic changes during its switch to a virulent pathogen, when it can cause severe pneumoniae, bacteriemia and meningitis. This switch is poorly understood but is thought to be influenced by environmental signals arising from co-infections between pneumococcus and other bacteria as well as viruses in the nasopharynx. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multi-stage progression of pneumococcal invasive disease, from initial colonisation to host barrier migration. We examine environmental triggers that drive the lifestyle switch from commensal to virulent, highlighting the role of other organisms in this stimulation. In particular, we focus on influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus, as well as other bacteria including <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>. Overall, we bring the current understanding of the field into the context of the growing antimicrobial resistance global threat, demonstrating that understanding these complex cross-species interactions is vital for developing clinical interventions against secondary pneumococcal infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic Gradients Drive Divergent Bacterial Communities and C/N/P/S Cycling Functional Gene Profiles in Urbanized Coastal Sediments.","authors":"Shuangfei Li, Hongmei He, Wenxuan Zhang, Liao Ouyang, Shuhua Liu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coastal sediment bacteria mediate essential biogeochemical cycles, yet their functional gene potential to anthropogenic stress gradients remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a comparative analysis of sediment bacterial communities and carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (C/N/P/S) cycling genes between the west and east coasts of Shenzhen, China, a region exemplifying sharp contrasts between intensive urbanization and relatively pristine marine environments. We integrated 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing with QMEC (Quantitative Microbial Element Cycling), a high-throughput quantitative PCR chip to profile both bacterial taxonomic composition and quantitatively measured gene abundances across C/N/P/S biogeochemical pathways. Western sediments, under strong terrestrial input, exhibited higher ammonium and organic carbon, while eastern sediments had higher salinity. Bacterial alpha diversity was significantly higher in the west, and community structure differed markedly between regions (ANOSIM R = 0.334, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Although dominant phyla (Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Planctomycetota) were shared, genus-level taxa diverged: <i>Sulfurovum</i> (sulfur cycling) was enriched in the west, while organic-degrading <i>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia</i> and <i>Phaeodactylibacter</i> prevailed in the east. Notably, functional gene abundance for all four biogeochemical cycles was an order of magnitude higher in western sediments, with denitrification genes dominating there and nitrification genes in the east. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and the Mantel test identified nitrate as the primary environmental driver of bacterial variation (<i>r</i> = 0.574, <i>p</i> = 0.001), alongside salinity, temperature, ammonium, and total organic carbon. These findings reveal distinct bacterial adaptations to contrasting anthropogenic pressures and demonstrate that sediment bacterial functional gene profiles can serve as sensitive indicators of ecosystem health, providing a quantitative microbiological basis for targeted pollution management in urbanized coastal zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Family <i>Borreliaceae</i> in Australia: Diversity, Tick Vectors, Wildlife Hosts and the Lyme Disease Controversy.","authors":"Giusto Trevisan, Serena Bonin","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The family <i>Borreliaceae</i> comprises the genera <i>Cristispira</i> and <i>Borrelia</i>, the latter including the subgenera <i>Borrelia</i> and <i>Borreliella</i>. Australia hosts a unique assemblage of wildlife and tick species that may support the circulation of indigenous <i>Borrelia</i> lineages. A narrative review of the available literature was conducted to summarize current knowledge of the taxonomy, diversity, ecology, tick associations, vertebrate hosts, and potential public health significance of <i>Borreliaceae</i> detected in Australia. The diversity of Australian <i>Borrelia</i> is currently represented by members of the relapsing fever (RF) and Echidna-Reptile (REP) groups. These include <i>Borrelia queenslandica</i>, <i>Borrelia</i> sp. HB, <i>Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi</i>, <i>Ca. B. undatumii</i>, and <i>Ca. B. rubricentralis</i>, which have been detected in association with native wildlife and tick species. However, vector competence has not yet been demonstrated for most tick-associated Borrelia lineages identified in Australia. To date, no indigenous member of the <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> sensu lato complex has been convincingly detected in Australian ticks, wildlife, or humans. Nevertheless, persistent symptom complexes following tick exposure have been reported and are currently grouped under the umbrella term Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks (DSCATT). Current evidence indicates that Australian <i>Borreliaceae</i> fauna is dominated by indigenous relapsing fever and reptile-associated lineages rather than Lyme borreliosis agents. Further genomic, ecological, reservoir-host, and vector-competence studies are needed to clarify their transmission cycles, evolutionary relationships, zoonotic potential, and their significance within a One Health framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chaetocin: An In Vitro Bactericidal Compound That Disrupts Redox Homeostasis in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.","authors":"Jinghua Shi, Qiyue Jia, Yangxue Ye, Bin Wang, Zimo Wang, Deqian Ji, Yu Lu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. We found that the natural product chaetocin exhibits in vitro bactericidal activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that chaetocin exerts its antibacterial activity by disrupting bacterial thiol-redox homeostasis, with the thioredoxin reductase TrxB2 as a key mediator. Chaetocin treatment leads to a disruption of cellular thiol-redox homeostasis and accumulation of lethal reactive oxygen species. Notably, modulation of TrxB2 expression directly altered bacterial susceptibility to chaetocin, indicating that TrxB2 is involved in the response to chaetocin. These findings establish chaetocin as an in vitro active compound and a promising lead for further investigation targeting bacterial redox homeostasis and provide a promising foundation for the development of a new class of anti-tuberculosis agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Recombinase-Aided Amplification (RAA) in Veterinary Medicine.","authors":"Shaomei Li, Jieqi Gao, Yongqiang Miao, Qianlin Chen, Hao Mu, Hua Zheng, Yifan Zhang, Jie Zhou, Chunhua Huang, Mingwen Li, Yuandi Yu, Liu Yang","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid and accurate pathogen detection is crucial to mitigating the significant economic impacts of infectious animal diseases. Recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) has emerged as a highly promising isothermal diagnostic tool, characterized by its rapid turnaround time, robust amplification efficiency, and single-copy analytical sensitivity. In veterinary diagnostics, RAA has evolved from single-pathogen proof-of-concept assays to become a promising technology for point-of-care scenarios. This review critically evaluates the integration of RAA with real-time fluorescence, CRISPR-Cas systems, lateral flow dipsticks (LFDs), and suspension microarray technologies, highlighting their impact on assay sensitivity and point-of-care (POC) applicability. Despite recent advancements, including encouraging progress in multiplexing and expanded applications in companion animal medicine, inherent challenges such as matrix effects in crude clinical samples, aerosol contamination risks, and commercialization barriers remain. By benchmarking RAA against traditional molecular methods and structurally similar technologies like recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), this review outlines future trajectories for optimizing RAA platforms, aiming to maximize their utility in routine veterinary surveillance and epidemiological control.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Metabolic Status and Vaginal Microbiome Ecology in Early Pregnancy: Associations with Microbial Stability and Birth Outcomes.","authors":"Carlos Daniel Mora-Vargas, Tahiri Mendoza-Hernández, Janet Flores-Villanueva, Miguel Angel Diaz-Zurita, Arturo Flores-Pliego, Oscar Villavicencio-Carrisoza, Ana Jimena Lopez-Diaz, Héctor Jesús Borboa-Olivares, Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto, Aurora Espejel-Nuñez","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to characterize the vaginal microbiome during early pregnancy according to maternal metabolic status, including prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG), and to explore its relationship with subsequent birth outcomes. A prospective observational cohort study was conducted with sixty-nine pregnant women recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy. Vaginal samples collected between 11 and 13.6 weeks of gestation were analyzed using long-read 16S-rRNA gene sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Microbial composition, alpha diversity (richness, Shannon diversity, and evenness), and community structure were evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and birth outcomes. Vaginal microbial communities were predominantly composed of <i>Lactobacillus</i> species across all groups; however, distinct ecological configurations were observed according to maternal metabolic status. Women with normal prepregnancy BMI exhibited a greater representation of <i>Lactobacillus crispatus</i>, whereas overweight, obesity, and excessive GWG were characterized by a predominance of <i>Lactobacillus iners</i>. Maternal obesity was associated with reduced richness and diversity, a trend toward lower community evenness, and enrichment of anaerobic taxa. Women with adverse birth outcomes, particularly preterm birth, exhibited greater community heterogeneity and a higher contribution of non-<i>Lactobacillus</i> anaerobes. Overall, maternal metabolic status was associated with distinct vaginal microbiome configurations during early pregnancy. These findings suggest subtle ecological differences in the predominance of Lactobacillus species, community composition, and microbial diversity that may be relevant to subsequent obstetric outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of the -308 G/A Polymorphism in the <i>Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha</i> (<i>TNFα</i>) Gene Promoter and Its Relationship with the Development of Severe Dengue in Patients from Urabá Subregion, Antioquia-Colombia.","authors":"Jorge Emilio Salazar Flórez, Ronald Guillermo Peláez Sánchez, Luz Stella Giraldo Cardona, Leci Camila Ariza Salas, Juliana María Martínez Garro, Marco Torres-Castro, Fernando P Monroy, Luis Ernesto López-Rojas, Katerine Marín Velasquez, Berta Nelly Restrepo Jaramillo, Margarita Arboleda Naranjo","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms14102354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus (DENV), a positive sense RNA virus belonging to <i>Flaviviridae</i> family. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito. Worldwide, between 100 and 400 million cases are reported annually. The infection in humans can cause three clinical forms, which are related to severity: dengue without warnings signs, dengue with warnings signs, and severe dengue. Genetic variants in genes encoding immune system proteins have been associated with severe clinical forms of dengue, including variants in <i>TNF-α</i>. <i>TNF-α</i> plays a key role in dengue immunopathogenesis, and promoter polymorphisms may influence <i>TNF-α</i> expression and inflammatory responses associated with severe disease. Therefore, understanding host genetic variation may contribute to elucidating mechanisms involved in progression to severe clinical forms. This study explored the association between the <i>TNF-α</i> -308 G>A promoter polymorphism and dengue severity. We included 92 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases: 30 with dengue without warning signs, 43 with dengue with warning signs, and 19 with severe dengue. Genotyping was performed using PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis of the <i>TNF-α</i> promoter region. Because of the low frequency of A allele carriers and sparse data, pairwise Firth penalized logistic regression models adjusted for age and primary/secondary infection status were used to evaluate the association between variant carrier status and dengue severity. The <i>TNF-α</i> -308 A allele was detected in a small proportion of participants, with variant carriers accounting for 10.5% of severe dengue cases. Adjusted analyses showed higher point estimates for severe dengue compared with dengue without warning signs and dengue with warning signs; however, the associations were not statistically significant, and confidence intervals were wide. Genotype frequencies showed no statistically significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (<i>p</i> = 0.112), and the estimated post hoc statistical power was 11.3%. The <i>TNF-α</i> -308 G>A polymorphism was not significantly associated with dengue severity in this sample. The observed estimates were imprecise and should be considered exploratory, warranting confirmation in larger and more diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149270524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}