Microbial pathogenesis最新文献

{"title":"EA mitigates sepsis-induced liver injury by inhibiting the proinflammatory pathways IκBα/NF-κB and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis","authors":"Anpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Ling Xiao ,&nbsp;Qianwen He ,&nbsp;Zujin Xu,&nbsp;Yali Zhu,&nbsp;Zongze Zhang,&nbsp;Jia Zhan,&nbsp;Zhen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary focus of sepsis therapy is to alleviate organ dysfunction. Sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI) occurs in about 40 % of sepsis patients, yet targeted therapeutic strategies remain unavailable. Electroacupuncture (EA) has emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy for sepsis, owing to its capacity to modulate the neuroendocrine-immune network. This study aims to investigate whether EA can alleviate SALI and its potential mechanisms. A murine model of sepsis was established via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The Zusanli (ST36) and Neiguan (PC6) acupoints, known for their anti-inflammatory properties, were selected for EA intervention. Following CLP, mice received EA stimulation at ST36 and PC6 for 20 min daily over two consecutive days. The results showed that EA significantly improved survival and attenuated SALI. Transcriptomic profiling via mRNA-seq uncovered immune cell gene expression changes in response to EA. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that EA downregulated genes involved in proinflammatory responses and leukocyte migration, which were enriched in Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors signaling pathways. Further research confirmed that EA significantly reduced serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in septic mice. Mechanistically, EA suppressed activation of the proinflammatory signaling pathway IκBα/NF-κB and concurrently attenuated pyroptosis by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD axis in immune cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antibacterial activity of 1,8-cineol and the essential oil of Myrciaria pilosa Sobral & Couto","authors":"Hévellin Talita Sousa Lins ,&nbsp;Amanda Vieira de Barros ,&nbsp;Tainara Fernandes Dantas ,&nbsp;Patryck Érmerson Monteiro dos Santos ,&nbsp;Fábio Henrique Galdino dos Santos ,&nbsp;Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro ,&nbsp;Márcia Vanusa da Silva ,&nbsp;Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva ,&nbsp;Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques ,&nbsp;Isadora Gomes de Souza ,&nbsp;Celidarque da Silva Dias ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ,&nbsp;Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for new drugs with antimicrobial activity is a global imperative. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the antimicrobial and modulatory activities of the essential oil from <em>Myrciaria pilosa</em> leaf (EOMP) and its main compound, 1,8-cineole (CNL), against resistant bacteria. So, initial the EOMP was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography, identifying CNL as the main compound (34.51 %) present. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were performed against resistant bacterial isolates of environmental and clinical origin. The results shows that the combination of EOMP and CNL with ampicillin (AMP) significantly reduced MIC values, with FICI values ranging from 0.005 to 1.0 against isolates of <em>Staphylococcus schleiferi</em>, <em>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and <em>Klebsiella oxytoca</em>. As for the results of the growth curve and bacterial kill time assays, for <em>K. oxytoca</em> and <em>S. haemolyticus</em> showed a greater reduction in bacterial load compared to untreated strains. For the <em>in vivo</em> models with <em>Tenebrio molitor</em>, the treatments showed no toxic effects and were effective within the first 24 h in protecting the larvae against infections caused by resistant bacteria. These findings are the first report of the synergistic activity of EOMP with AMP, in addition to its <em>in vivo</em> effectiveness, and reinforce the synergistic potential of essential oils in combating bacterial resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel Escherichia phage against multidrug-resistant hybrid IPEC/ExPEC Escherichia coli","authors":"Napakhwan Imklin ,&nbsp;Kotryna Kvederavičiūtė ,&nbsp;Wanchana Aesomnuk ,&nbsp;Siwaret Arikit ,&nbsp;Pornchalit Assavacheep ,&nbsp;Eugenijus Šimoliūnas ,&nbsp;Rujikan Nasanit","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>In this work, <em>Escherichia coli</em> isolates from pig specimens were investigated for their virulence and drug-resistant profiles. <em>Escherichia</em> phage nasanit was isolated, characterized, and assessed its lytic activity against its host.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and results</h3><div>All tested <em>E. coli</em> isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant hybrid intestinal pathogenic <em>E. coli</em>/extraintestinal pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> (IPEC/ExPEC). The phage exhibited infectivity against <em>E. coli</em> isolates from porcine and bovine specimens by spot testing. Lytic activity assays against its host in simulated intestinal fluid at 39 °C and tryptic soy broth at 30 °C demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial density at 30 °C. Genomic analysis confirmed the absence of undesirable genes, and comparative genomic analysis suggested that the phage constitutes a novel species within the <em>Berlinvirus</em> genus.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>Escherichia</em> phage nasanit demonstrates potential as a biosanitizing agent for mitigating livestock-associated colibacillosis in swine environments.</div></div><div><h3>Impact statement</h3><div><em>E. coli</em> isolates harbored both IPEC and ExPEC virulence genes, coupled with a multidrug resistance, posing a significant risk for diverse disease in swine. <em>Escherichia</em> phage nasanit demonstrated lytic activity against pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> associated with swine and bovine diseases. The phage efficacy in eliminating the tested <em>E. coli</em> suggests its potential application for biosanitation in the swine industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146018709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of two Kımı pickles using the whey and vinegar as fermentation media and determination of bacterial and fungal microbiota, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Kımı pickles","authors":"Damla Adsız ,&nbsp;Nurcan Erbil ,&nbsp;Ahmet İlçim","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants can be used for different purposes, such as food, tea, and spices or for healing against various diseases. In this study, two different Kımı pickles, such as fermented with vinegar (SKT) and fermented with whey (PASKT), were produced. The antibacterial properties of both Kımı pickles were determined by MIC, MBC, and MTC and antibiofilm activity was determined by the crystal violet method. The bacterial microbiota of the Kımı pickle samples were determined by 16S metagenom analysis and the fungal microbiota by ITS metagenom analysis. As a result, the plant known as Kımı was systematically determined as <em>Bunium cylindricum</em> (Boiss. &amp; Hohem.) Drude. PASKT exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against <em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> ATCC 14580, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> ATCC 33495, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 6538, while <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 6538 was the most sensitive to SKT. PASKT inhibited biofilm formation at a higher rate against <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 8739 and <em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> ATCC 14580, while SKT exhibited higher antibiofilm activity against <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> ATCC 33495 and <em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> ATCC 14580. The dominant bacterial genus in the PASKT was <em>Bacteroides</em>, whereas in the SKT it was <em>Latilactobacillus</em>. <em>Dipodascus</em> was the dominant genus in the PASKT fungal microbiota, while <em>Penicillium</em> was the dominant genus in the SKT fungal microbiota. In this study, whey was used as the fermentation medium for PASKT production. This has the potential to create an alternative for the utilization of whey, which is rich in nutrient content but is considered waste and can cause environmental pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146011280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering of polymers decorated bimetallic nanoparticles improves bacterial cuproptosis death in acute lung injury and pediatric severe pneumonia","authors":"Xiao Ma,&nbsp;Ge Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pediatric severe pneumonia represents a significant global infectious illness, characterized by elevated morbidity and mortality rates. In light of antibiotic misuse and bacterial biofilm resistance, various metal-based compounds have been established. Nevertheless, the elevated oxygen levels in the lungs enable certain aerobic pathogenic bacteria to exhibit significant tolerance to oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS), rendering metal-based materials reliant on ROS potentially ineffective in therapeutic applications. Motivated by the susceptibility to cuproptosis in aerobic respiratory cells, we developed an antibacterial copper nanocomposite. We demonstrated that it can efficiently induce cuproptosis-like mortality in the lungs of aerobic bacteria. To overcome the challenges of in vivo cuproptosis, manganese dioxide was initially used to reduce protective glutathione, which binds copper and thereby prevents its interaction with proteins, thereby facilitating antibacterial action through immunological improvement. Cuproptosis-like cell death necessitates a substantial quantity of copper ions. To satisfy this demand, we provide positively hydrophilic altered CM nanoparticles that efficiently traverse the lung mucus layer via local administration, with copper ions subsequently released rapidly by the acidic conditions at the infection site, thereby enhancing the destruction of bacterial biofilms in conjunction with manganese. This drug-delivery method can efficiently address pediatric severe pneumonia, while mitigating systemic toxicity associated with high dosages of copper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salvia abrotanoides leaves and flowers essential oils inhibit the quorum-sensing system of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii","authors":"Mohammad Hadi Masoomi,&nbsp;Matia Sadat Borhani,&nbsp;Mahmood Salehi,&nbsp;Sohrab Boozarpour,&nbsp;Meisam Habibi","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia are some difficult-to-treat nosocomial infections caused by drug-resistant <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>. This study aimed to investigate <em>Salvia abrotanoides</em> essential oils against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of <em>A. baumannii</em>, which have not previously been reported. Essential oils extracted from <em>Salvia abrotanoides</em> leaf (L. EO) and flower (F. EO) were analyzed for the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cell cytotoxicity activity. GC/MS identified 19 new compounds not previously reported in the studied EOs. The IC50 values from the DPPH assay were 0.22 mg/mL for L. EO and 0.015 mg/mL for F. EO. The essential oils showed antimicrobial activity, with concentrations ranging from 1.4 to 1.75 mg/mL for MIC and from 2.8 to 7 mg/mL for MBC, effectively inhibiting growth and killing the tested MDR and XDR strains, respectively. Furthermore, at sub-MIC concentrations, both essential oils downregulated the expression of several key genes in <em>A. baumannii</em>, including <em>bap</em>, <em>csuD</em>, <em>abaI</em>, <em>abaR</em>, and <em>barB</em>, based on qRT-PCR results. ADMET analysis demonstrated that all studied plant ligands complied with Lipinski's rule of five and Veber's rule, indicating their potential as oral bioavailable drugs. Based on these findings, the essential oils of <em>S. abrotanoides</em> (F. EO and L. EO) are promising for the development of antimicrobial agents targeting the MDR and XDR strains of <em>A. baumannii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maxing Shigan decoction serves as a key component of Lianhua Qingwen in alleviating lung and gut injury by restoring gut microbiota homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 dual regulation","authors":"Caiyun Yuan ,&nbsp;Peipei Jin ,&nbsp;Zhuo He ,&nbsp;Jing Guo ,&nbsp;Mingyu Xiong ,&nbsp;Jiemeng Sun ,&nbsp;Le Wang ,&nbsp;Zixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Ningxin Han ,&nbsp;Wei Feng ,&nbsp;Yunlong Hou ,&nbsp;Hui Qi ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW), a clinically validated herbal medicine containing Maxing Shigan Decoction (MXSGT) and others, shows broad efficacy in various respiratory disease. However, its regulatory role on the gut-lung axis, particularly the contribution of its MXSGT components, remains unexplored. This study employed a formula-disassembled approach to decipher this mechanism. Three preparations, including the complete LHQW prescription, LHQW excluding MXSGT components (LHQW-MXSGT), and MXSGT along, were administered to LPS-induced acute lung injury and DSS-induced ulcerative colitis to evaluate their therapeutic effects via the gut-lung axis. Pathological changes, mucosal barrier integrity, inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were evaluated by H&amp;E staining, histochemical staining, immunofluorescence, ELISA, RT-qPCR and Western blot. Metagenomic analysis (16S rDNA sequencing) was conducted to examine their regulatory role of gut microbiota. Network pharmacology analysis and cellular validation was employed to explore their underlying mechanisms. Our analyses demonstrated that LHQW and MXSGT, but not LHQW-MXSGT, significantly attenuated lung/intestinal pathology damage, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and restored gut barrier proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, MUC2). LHQW/MXSGT suppressed pathogenic bacteria (<em>Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>) while enriching <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em>, correlating with decreased systemic LPS. Network pharmacology and subsequent validation identified dual inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways as key mechanism of MXSGT.</div><div>In conclusion, MXSGT serves a pivotal pharmacologically active component of LHQW for its gut-lung axis regulation, acting through gut microbiota homeostasis restoration, intestinal barrier integrity maintenance, and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, providing compelling scientific evidence supporting LHQW's potential therapeutic application in managing diseases characterized by comorbid gut and lung inflammation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146018796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) plays a role in the pathogenesis of strain NMEC15","authors":"Aline L. de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Julia Ienes-Lima ,&nbsp;Nicolle L. Barbieri ,&nbsp;Darby M. Newman ,&nbsp;Meaghan M. Young ,&nbsp;Lisa K. Nolan ,&nbsp;Catherine M. Logue","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neonatal meningitis <em>Escherichia coli</em> (NMEC) is the second leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborns with fatality rates of 15–40 %. Survivors may suffer lifelong neurological sequelae such as cerebral palsy, seizures, hearing loss, and delayed development. Despite identification of virulence factors contributing to meningitis, the pathogenesis of NMEC remains to be elucidated. The Type 6 secretion system (T6SS) has been identified in the type strain NMEC RS218 and its associated Hcp proteins were shown to play a role in invasion, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and apoptosis of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to assess T6SS prevalence in a collection of NMEC and characterize the T6SS in NMEC 15.</div><div>Here, we analyzed the prevalence of selected T6SS genes <em>hcp</em>, <em>impK</em>, <em>evpB</em>, <em>vasK,</em> and <em>icmF</em> in a collection of NMEC and their potential role in the adhesion and invasion of HBMEC and the differentiated macrophage cell line THP-1, and resistance to <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em> predation by NMEC15. We show that ImpK and IcmF are involved in NMEC 15's adherence to HBMEC, and Hcp, ImpK, and IcmF are involved in invasion. The amoeba <em>D. discoideum</em> was used to demonstrate functionality of the T6SS with greater numbers of amoeba required to kill the WT NMEC15 compared to the <em>hcp</em> deletion mutant.</div><div>These studies provide further evidence of the potential role of T6SS in NMEC pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiota: origin or panacea for all ills? Immune and metabolic diseases, nutrition, and microbiota-based interventions","authors":"Carmela Colica ,&nbsp;Immacolata Vecchio","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), including obesity, type 2 diabetes, allergies, and autoimmune conditions, represent a significant global health burden, exacerbated by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, and the gut microbiota.</div><div>The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic microbial community that influences host immune and metabolic systems from birth through adulthood. Dysbiosis – an imbalance in gut microbial composition – has been implicated in the development of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolic and immune disorders.</div><div>This paper reviews the critical role of gut microbiota in CNCDs, emphasizing its interactions with the immune system, including regulatory T cell induction and the Th1/Th2 balance. Furthermore, it explores the influence of birth mode, diet, and xenobiotics on microbiota composition and function. Finally, the study highlights the potential of microbiota-targeted interventions – such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation – to modulate gut ecology and mitigate disease risk.</div><div>From literature revision emerges the need for integrative approaches in disease prevention and management, considering microbiota as a key player in health and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type II and type VII Toxin-antitoxin systems: an overview and their roles in bacterial biofilm development","authors":"Yujie Shen ,&nbsp;Li Kang ,&nbsp;Ailing Xu,&nbsp;Guangmin Tu,&nbsp;Shuyan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are distinct genetic modules, typically consisting of adjacent toxin and antitoxin genes, and are extensively prevalent in various bacterial species. These genetic elements play key roles in shaping bacterial physiology and pathogenicity, specifically in the regulation of growth dynamics, the mediation of stress responses, and the modulation of bacterial persistence and biofilm formation. TA systems are currently classified into eight types, type II and type VII stand out as pivotal modules for bacterial survival and have drawn much research interest. This review systematically dissects the multifaceted impacts of representative type II and type VII TA systems on the initiation, maturation, and dispersal stages of bacterial biofilm development, while comprehensively unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}