Minerals Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A synergistic H2-Based process for co-recovery of iron and rare earth elements from complex Tailings: Toward a Zero-Waste strategy","authors":"Yuanxing Yue ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Sun ,&nbsp;Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Yuexin Han ,&nbsp;Zhidong Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The comprehensive utilization of Bayan Obo tailings is hindered by the coexistence of iron and rare earth element (REE) minerals, which require distinct beneficiation conditions. To enhance process compatibility and overall resource recovery, a synergistic separation strategy based on early-stage physical decoupling of iron- and REE-bearing streams is proposed. Magnetic pre-enrichment was first applied to partition the tailings into an iron-rich concentrate and a REE-enriched tailings stream. The iron-rich fraction underwent hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT), followed by grinding and magnetic separation, producing a high-grade iron concentrate with 66.16% TFe at a recovery of 76.44%. Concurrently, the REE-enriched tailings were directly processed by flotation without thermal treatment, yielding a rare earth concentrate with 50.38% REO at a recovery of 58.62%. This decoupled flowsheet allows iron and REEs to be processed under conditions tailored to their respective separation requirements, thereby reducing cross-process interactions. Mechanism studies using XRD confirmed hematite-to-magnetite transformation; XPS revealed Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ reduction and strong chemical interaction between BHA and Ce ions; SEM-EDS illustrated microcrack-enhanced gas–solid reactions. Overall, the proposed H₂-based integrated route provides a practical, low-carbon strategy for coordinated iron and REE recovery from complex tailings, improving both process efficiency and resource utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110127"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-direct reduction and electric smelting of preoxidized low-grade nickel laterite ore pellets for ferronickel production","authors":"Yunqing Liu,&nbsp;Xun Wang,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Yonggang Wei,&nbsp;Hua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel laterite ores is an important source of nickel resources, but the traditional process to deal with low-grade Si-Mg-type laterite nickel ore has the problems of low efficiency and large pollution. In this study, a novel process for preparing nickel–iron alloy by pre-reduction with CO after pelletizing and roasting of raw ore, and finally melting and separating in an electric furnace was proposed. Thermodynamic analysis clarified the main reactions at different temperature stages and provided a theoretical basis for the selection of experimental parameters. During the roasting process, nickel–iron oxides were released from the serpentine matrix and regionally enriched, and the molten liquid phase condensation strengthened the pellet structure, which laid a foundation for the subsequent reduction. After pre-reduction, the metallization rate of nickel was 95.37%, while that of iron was 56.82%. Nickel exists in micron-sized alloy particles, and unreduced iron exists in FeO and FeAl₂O₄. Under the optimum melting conditions, the iron grade of the alloy is 88.36%, the nickel grade is 8.73%, the nickel recovery rate is 99.64%, and the iron recovery rate is 94.63%. The loss of iron mainly comes from the slag skin of the melting material and the graphite crucible. The process significantly reduces the amount of traditional carbon-based reducing agents and additives, which not only avoids the adverse effects of excessive additives on the service life of the equipment, but also makes the production of ferronickel resources more efficient. When the process is coupled with a sustainable CO source, it can make the production of pyrometallurgical ferronickel cleaner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioleaching of Co-bearing sulfide tailings by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: Influencing factors, mechanism and kinetics","authors":"Qiya Bian ,&nbsp;Sha Deng ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Tao Long ,&nbsp;Sirui Chen ,&nbsp;Chuntao Yan ,&nbsp;Yuran Wang ,&nbsp;Qubing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The critical role of cobalt in renewable energy and advanced industries makes developing efficient recovery technologies from secondary resources an imperative. This study systematically investigates the bioleaching of Co-bearing sulfide tailings by <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> under variable parameters, including pulp density, temperature, initial pH, and bacterial inoculum concentration. Under the condition of 8 % pulp density, 35 °C, an initial pH of 2.0, and an inoculum concentration of 2.5 × 10⁷ cells/mL, 44.53 % of cobalt extraction was obtained. Mineral morphology and phase evolution analyses, consistent with the kinetic fitting results based on the shrinking-core model, revealed that during the bacterial lag phase (0–5 days), pyrrhotite dissolved preferentially, and cobalt leaching was controlled by surface chemical reactions. Extensive pyrite dissolution occurred in the log-stationary phase (5–27 days), but jarosite precipitates formed a passivation layer that hindered cobalt release. Consequently, cobalt leaching shifted to diffusion control through the product layer. Meanwhile, H⁺ released during bacterial oxidation and jarosite formation drove extensive vermiculite dissolution. Elevated temperatures accelerated the oxidation of elemental sulfur and increased the solution acidity. This enhanced the breakdown of lepidocrocite and suppressed jarosite generation, thereby favoring cobalt leaching mechanisms, although the leaching efficiency decreased at 45 °C. These findings advance theoretical frameworks and provide fundamental principles for processing Co-bearing sulfide tailings/concentrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110074"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of low-frequency ultrasound on enhancing the recovery of secondary copper resources via column flotation and corresponding numerical simulation","authors":"Liu Xingyu ,&nbsp;Wang Yunfan ,&nbsp;Jiang Bozhao ,&nbsp;Huang Renjie ,&nbsp;Song Zhenguo ,&nbsp;Luo Ximei","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of low bubble-particle collision efficiency, particle agglomeration, turbulent flow fields, and issues related to mineral surface oxidation layers and slime coatings inherent in traditional flotation columns, this study established a COMSOL Multiphysics-based numerical model incorporating coupled pressure acoustics, acoustic streaming, and fluid dynamics multiphysics. Copper-sulfur separation experiments were concurrently conducted using a laboratory-scale unilateral ultrasonic flotation column. Numerical simulations and experimental results revealed that an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz significantly enhanced both cavitation effects and localized acoustic streaming compared to 40 kHz. This improvement increased concentrate recovery from 51.51% to 65.14% while maintaining concentrate grade, consequently raising Beneficiation efficiency from 4.42% to 5.51%. Strategic placement of the ultrasonic vibrator plate near the feed inlet demonstrated superior efficacy, effectively stabilizing the flow field and optimizing the processing of incoming mineral particles relative to alternative positions. Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment promoted flow field homogenization. Collectively, these findings serve as a critical theoretical foundation and provide robust experimental support for optimizing frequency selection and vibrator plate positioning in ultrasonically enhanced flotation column technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110084"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of dephosphorization processes for high-phosphorus oolitic hematite based on MLA mineralogical characteristic analysis","authors":"Yusen Yu ,&nbsp;Wenbo Li ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Sun ,&nbsp;Yuexin Han ,&nbsp;Yanjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of the escalating exhaustion of high-grade iron ore, the efficient development and utilization of refractory iron ore such as high-phosphorus oolitic hematite (HPOH) have significant strategic significance. After optimizing the technical parameters of flotation and leaching processes, this study conducted a comparative study of dephosphorization processes and analyzed the mineralogical characteristics of the samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mineral liberation analyzer (MLA). The research results indicate that flotation process can effectively remove P-bearing minerals in the form of apatite but not phosphorus present in P-bearing iron minerals, under the high-temperature pretreatment temperature of 750 °C and selected conditions, flotation process can produce a concentrate with 62.26 % TFe grade, 0.33 % P content, and 54.02 % TFe recovery rate; In contrast, leaching process can effectively remove phosphorus present in P-bearing minerals, reduce the phosphorus content in concentrate, under the same pretreatment temperature and selected conditions, leaching concentrate with 63.10 % Fe grade, 0.27 % P content, and 67.81 % TFe recovery rate can be obtained through the leaching process, outperforming flotation. When the pretreatment temperature was raised to 1050 °C, under the optimal process conditions, leaching process achieved an iron concentrate with 62.16 % TFe grade, 0.13 % P content, and 88.04 % TFe recovery rate. The P content meets the industrial practical standards for iron concentrates used in the China’s steel metallurgy industry (P content shall not exceed 0.2 %). This study provides a reference for the efficient development and utilization of HPOH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110105"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Few-Shot ball mill load recognition based on multimodal feature mode decomposition and improved MAML","authors":"Lirong Yang ,&nbsp;Hui Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.110048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.110048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ball mill load identification under complex working conditions faces challenges such as limited sample sizes, severe mode aliasing in signal decomposition, weak feature extraction, and poor generalisation. To address these issues, this study proposes a few-shot ball mill load recognition method based on multimodal Symmetric Dot Pattern (SDP) images and improved Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML). First, the Feature Mode Decomposition (FMD) algorithm is employed to analyse vibration signals, and a Newton-Raphson Bat Optimisation (NRBO) strategy is introduced to adaptively optimise its stopping criterion, improving both accuracy and physical interpretability. Then, multiple intrinsic modal functions (IMFs) are transformed into two-dimensional images using the SDP method and fused to form multimodal load representations. A lightweight convolutional neural network with embedded SimAM attention (SimAM-CNN) is constructed for discriminative feature extraction and integrated into the MAML framework to achieve rapid adaptation under few-shot conditions. Under 6-way 7-shot training and 6-way 5-shot validation settings for nine ball mill load categories, the proposed SimAM-CNN-MAML model achieves 97.55 % accuracy, a 93.43 % F1-score, and 99.60 % AUC using multimodal SDP features. It outperforms all compared methods: CNN (77.48 %), CNN + Transformers (69.37 %), MAML-CNN (86.4 %), Prototypical Networks (90.74 %), and Reptile Networks (67.48 %). Robustness analysis shows strong noise immunity: performance remains highly stable under noise levels up to 0.10, with only slight degradation at 0.20 noise, confirming suitability for practical industrial vibration environments. These results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed SimAM-CNN-MAML approach, providing a practical and scalable solution for intelligent condition monitoring in mining equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110048"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold tailing metal extraction and sustainable end-use: a closed-loop review","authors":"Anthony Tapfuma ,&nbsp;Paul Mutimutema ,&nbsp;Olga Bazhko ,&nbsp;Siyabonga Nkabinde ,&nbsp;Mpho Ledwaba ,&nbsp;John M Kabangu ,&nbsp;Natsayi Chiwaye ,&nbsp;Elmar Muller ,&nbsp;Gebhu Ndlovu","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrometallurgy discipline is shifting towards circular processing, resulting in sustainable solutions for managing residual tailings generated during gold processing becoming increasingly important. Gold tailings, typically characterised by fine particle sizes, high silica content, low residual gold concentrations and many other valuable metals, including heavy and critical metals, present both environmental challenges (water, air and soil pollution) and opportunities for valorisation. This review paper examines the reprocessing of fresh and historic tailings, including those dating back to the early 19th century, to recover gold and other valuable metals such as copper, uranium, rare earth elements, and critical metals. Treatment methods including cyanidation, thiosulfate, thiourea, and halide leaching are discussed, with comparisons drawn between their use in value addition to tailings. Some novel methods, such as bioleaching, glycine leaching and deep eutectic solvents, show promising results due to lower operational costs and environmental benefits. Advantages of tailings reprocessing include reduced environmental liabilities as well as potential economic gains, but challenges such as reagent consumption and scalability limit the application. Additionally, this review examines the reuse of barren tailings in road construction, brick manufacturing, and mine backfill. High SiO₂ content, fine particle distribution, and low impurity levels (such as arsenic, lead, etc.) enhance their suitability for these applications. Finally, the paper outlines key regulatory frameworks and policy considerations that influence tailings management and reuse, emphasising the need for supportive legislation to encourage sustainable practices. The findings presented in this review are based on a structured and systematic literature review methodology involving comprehensive database searches, rigorous screening, and thematic synthesis. While the literature surveyed extends as far back as 1985, the primary results and data incorporated in this review predominantly originate from studies published in the 2000 s through to 2025 due to the limited information accessible from earlier decades. Overall, reprocessing and repurposing gold tailings align with green mining goals, offering both economic and environmental benefits to the mining sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110075"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of fluid inclusions from vein quartz by stepwise chlorination roasting and mechanism study","authors":"Guangying Zhang ,&nbsp;Junjie Zhao ,&nbsp;Songjiang Guo ,&nbsp;Ruizhe Wang ,&nbsp;Kuixian Wei ,&nbsp;Wenhui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional thermal treatment of common quartz often proves insufficient for the thorough removal of fluid inclusions, thereby hindering the production of high-purity quartz sand. In this study, a novel stepwise chlorination roasting process is proposed, utilizing the bursting temperature characteristics of fluid inclusions in quartz along with the benefits of chlorination roasting. Vein quartz was initially roasted at 600 ℃ for 2 h in a Cl₂ atmosphere, followed by a second roasting at 900 ℃ for an additional 2 h. Experimental results indicate that, after stepwise chlorination roasting, the light transmittance of quartz increased from 56.72% to 93.38%, while water content decreased from 222.60 µg/g to 64.00 µg/g, corresponding to a removal rate of 71.25%, surpassing conventional methods in eliminating fluid inclusions. The final water content is lower than that of first-grade crystal, indicating compliance with standards for use in photovoltaic quartz crucibles. By analyzing the mechanisms of quartz crack propagation and lattice transformation, the mechanism by which stepwise chlorination roasting enhances the removal of fluid inclusion impurities has been elucidated. This study presents a new method of removing fluid inclusions from ordinary quartz, which will contribute to the healthy and sustainable development of the photovoltaic industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of ore and host rock mineralogy in the beneficiation of a VMS deposit: Insights from Rävliden North, northern Sweden","authors":"Jonathan Rincon ,&nbsp;Nils Jansson ,&nbsp;Yousef Ghorbani ,&nbsp;Iris McElroy ,&nbsp;Helen Thomas ,&nbsp;Dominique Brising ,&nbsp;Nils-Johan Bolin ,&nbsp;Christina Wanhainen","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The grinding and flotation performance of Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag ores is highly sensitive to ore mineralogy, host rock composition, and textural variability, factors that are often overlooked in favour of bulk grade values. This study examines the Rävliden North Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit (VMS) deposit in northern Sweden. Two main ore types are identified: massive sphalerite- and galena-rich ore and chalcopyrite-rich vein-dominated ore that coupled with host rock type led to further 6 sub-types. Mineralogical and textural characterisation of flotation feed and products, using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy (QEMSCAN®) and element to mineral conversion (EMC) based on multi-element chemical assays, reveals that fine-grained, sphalerite-dominated ore is more amenable to grinding and exhibit better liberation, enhancing flotation efficiency. In contrast, chalcopyrite-rich ore perform better in Cu-Pb flotation but is harder to grind due to its silicate-rich gangue (e.g., quartz). Minerals such as micas, amphiboles, and carbonates affect ore hardness, and ore mineralogy (sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and Ag mineralogy) directly affects flotation efficiency. Blending of poor grade and hard to grind (problematic) ores with better grade and softer to grind (fairly good to good) ore is recommended to improve concentrate quality. Precious, critical, and deleterious elements are mostly recovered in the chalcopyrite-galena flotation circuit in amalgams (Ag, Hg), dyscrasite (Ag, Sb), hessite (Ag), sulphosalts (Ag, Sb, Bi), native Bi, and tellurobismuthite (Bi). These minerals are fine-grained (&lt; 20 µm) and poorly liberated, leading to recovery in both target and non-target flotation concentrates. Nevertheless, established metallurgical methods enable their efficient extraction maximising ore value. This study highlights the importance of process mineralogy for improved beneficiation in concentration circuits, and the understanding of by-products during processing of complex polymetallic ores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of tungsten and molybdenum from low-grade tungsten-molybdenum ore: Thermodynamic calculations and kinetic analyses","authors":"Jian Kang ,&nbsp;Linlin Tong ,&nbsp;Qin Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenan Jin ,&nbsp;Han Zhao ,&nbsp;Bin Xiong ,&nbsp;Hongying Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-grade tungsten-molybdenum ore (LGTMO) is characterized by complex mineral composition, where valuable minerals namely tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) are finely disseminated and closely associated with gangue minerals. Additionally, Mo in the ore has a relatively high oxidation degree, and W and Mo exhibit isomorphic substitution, which collectively leads to poor separation efficiency of W and Mo by flotation. Therefore, hydrometallurgical processes are considered a promising alternative for the extraction of W and Mo from LGTMO. In this study, thermodynamic calculations were performed to plot and analyze the lg<em>c</em>-pH diagrams of CaMoO₄-CaWO₄ in the Ca-W-Mo-P-H₂O system. The results indicated that an increase in the total phosphorus concentration and pH is favorable for the decomposition of CaMoO₄-CaWO₄. Furthermore, leaching kinetic analysis of LGTMO was carried out, and the kinetic parameters were determined. For Mo leaching, the activation energies were calculated as 30.94 kJ/mol (5–65 min) and 22.97 kJ/mol (65–215 min), respectively, and the entire leaching process (5–215 min) followed a mixed-controlled model. For WO₃ leaching, the activation energies were 45.4 kJ/mol (5–65 min) and 38.45 kJ/mol (65–215 min); specifically, the leaching process was controlled by interfacial chemical reaction in the early stage (5–65 min) and shifted to a mixed-controlled model in the later stage (65–215 min). Collectively, the findings from leaching thermodynamics and kinetics provide a theoretical basis for the extraction of Mo and WO₃ from LGTMO using a combined reagent system consisting of sodium hypochlorite, trisodium phosphate, and sodium hydroxide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110058"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}