Minerals Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Kinetics of metals dissolution from EV batteries for the development of sustainable technology","authors":"Rukshana Parween ,&nbsp;Karina Rani ,&nbsp;Rekha Panda ,&nbsp;Kyoungkeun Yoo ,&nbsp;Richard Diaz Alorro ,&nbsp;Balram Ambade ,&nbsp;Manis Kumar Jha","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing volume of scrap EV batteries generated globally poses significant challenges for disposal and recycling due to stringent environmental concerns. Recycling these batteries not only mitigates environmental pollution but also enables the recovery of valuable metals. This paper investigates the leaching kinetics of metals in the black mass of EV batteries, a crucial step in battery recycling. The black mass was separated from discarded EV batteries using chemical and mechanical pre-treatment processes. Systematic leaching studies were carried out to observe the dissolution behavior of various metals by varying parameters such as leachant concentration, reductant volume, agitation speed, pulp density, temperature, and time. Maximum dissolution (∼99.99 %) of Ni, Co, Li, Mn, and Cu were achieved using 3 % H₂SO₄ (v/v) and 10 % H₂O₂ (v/v) after 2 h at 75 °C, with a pulp density of 100 g/L and an agitation speed of 400 rpm. Leaching kinetics for Mn, Co, and Cu followed a chemical reaction control dense contant size and shrinking spheres model, (1 − (1 − X)¹^/³ = k_ct), while Li and Ni followed a chemical reaction control dense constant-size cylindrical particles model (1 − (1 − X)¹^/² = k_ct), validated by SEM results. The activation energy for Li and Ni were 15.55 kJ/mol and 24.65 kJ/mol, respectively, while Mn, Co, and Cu had activation energyof 22.72 kJ/mol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable production of rare earth elements by recycling NdFeB magnets through sulfation chemistry assisted water leaching process","authors":"Junjie Shi ,&nbsp;Dong Chen ,&nbsp;Qixuan Jiang ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Yuchao Qiu ,&nbsp;Changle Hou ,&nbsp;Jingjing Dong ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive kinetic and experimental analysis of selective sulfation roasting of spent NdFeB magnets using Fe₂(SO₄)₃, followed by water leaching, to optimize the recovery of rare earth elements. The activation energy for the sulfation reaction was determined to be 205.9 kJ/mol, with the dominant mechanism function aligning with 1-(1-α)^2/3, indicating that the process was typically controlled by interfacial chemical reactions at the surface of the unreacted core. Key parameters including temperature, roasting duration, and Fe₂(SO₄)₃ dosage were systematically varied to identify optimal conditions for sulfation roasting and metal leaching efficiency. Under the optimized conditions (i.e., a roasting temperature of 700 °C, roasting time of 240 min, and a nFe₂(SO₄)₃:n(RE + Fe) molar ratio of 2:1), leaching efficiencies of 96.4 %, 98.7 %, and 87.6 % were achieved for Nd, Pr, and Gd, respectively, while Fe leaching remained minimal at 0.01 %. The leaching residue was rich in hematite (Fe₂O₃), suitable for applications in iron and steel production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109538"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviour of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te during processing of a skarn ore: A case study of the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"Shelly M. Faizy ,&nbsp;Doreen Ebert ,&nbsp;Alkis Kontonikas-Charos ,&nbsp;Mathias Burisch ,&nbsp;Arifudin Idrus ,&nbsp;Ernowo Ernowo ,&nbsp;Anggara Widyastanto ,&nbsp;Max Frenzel","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advancements in modern technology are causing a rapid increase in the consumption of critical elements. Many of these elements are obtained as by-products from the extraction and processing of other raw materials. Yet, limited information is available on their concentrations in primary ores, behaviour during ore processing, and availability to the global economy. This study analysed ores and mineral processing samples from the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit to constrain the process behaviours of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te, alongside Ag and Cd, through mass-balancing.</div><div>Bismuth and Te primarily report to the Pb concentrates at rates of 79–91 %, and 59–77 %, respectively, with losses to tailings below ∼20 % for Bi, and ∼30 % for Te. Antimony recovery to the Pb concentrate is lower (34–52 %), with notable losses to tailings (45–62 %). Indium preferentially reports to the Zn concentrates at rates of 61–84 %, with 14–33 % lost to tailings. By contrast, As is mostly lost to the tailings (77–86 %), with low recoveries in both the Pb and Zn concentrates (5–15 %). Silver and Cd show high recoveries (&gt;76 %) to either the Pb or Zn concentrates. The similar behaviours of Ag, Bi, Sb, and Te to Pb, and Cd and In to Zn, suggest that these elements are either hosted by galena or sphalerite, or by minerals that behave like galena and sphalerite during the flotation process.</div><div>The results of this study have major implications for the estimation of critical-element mass flows worldwide, providing the first detailed mass-balance data for As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te from a Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into gangue reagent interactions using process mineralogy","authors":"N.J. Shackleton ,&nbsp;V. Malysiak ,&nbsp;L. Moshabeshe ,&nbsp;F. Mphahlele","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depressants are used to enhance the valuable minerals recovery and flotation selectivity by depressing the gangue minerals and limiting their deportment to the concentrate. This study examines the performance of various CMC depressants with the aim of gaining an understanding of the depressant and gangue minerals characteristics that play a role during froth flotation of PGM ore types.</div><div>The case study was conducted on a Platreef ore, where batch flotation tests were performed, and the concentrates were mineralogically characterised. Further test work was conducted on the Great Dyke, Merensky and UG2 ores to confirm the trends observed for Platreef ore. The results revealed a strong correlation between gangue mineral type and depressant characteristics. Consequently, using a mixture of different CMC depressants, each with unique properties, may be more effective than relying on a single CMC. This approach allows for tailored depressant formulations, adding value for concentrators treating PGM ores. It clearly demonstrates that the ore’s mineralogy dictates the appropriate depressant reagent type for PGM ore flotation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A consistency evaluation quantification method for ball mill digital twin model based on multidimensional analysis","authors":"Wei Guan ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Zeren Chen ,&nbsp;Zhengbin Liu ,&nbsp;Jianbo Guo ,&nbsp;Shuwei Wu ,&nbsp;Yiwei Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its capability of real-time mapping of physical entities, digital twins have demonstrated significant potential across various domains. However, how to evaluate whether the established digital twin model can accurately map the physical entity in the real world is a topic that has been overlooked. Considering the high degree of coupling, complex structure, and variable operating conditions of ball mills, a novel consistency evaluation framework suitable for ball mill digital twin models is proposed based on the construction of the digital twin model. The framework comprises three dimensions and nine indicators. It constructs a consistency evaluation indicator system oriented towards reliability, purpose, and functionality dimensions, and further divides it hierarchically based on multidimensional analysis. A quantitative evaluation method based on indicator evaluation is proposed, in which the analytic hierarchy process is employed for comprehensive quantitative evaluation of digital twin models. The proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the consistency of the ball mill digital twin model and also serves as a reference for consistency evaluation quantification research of digital twin models for other equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental and computational study of the role of cytochrome 2 in the adhesion of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to pyrite in fresh and saline water","authors":"Christopher D. Cooper ,&nbsp;Bryan Rojas ,&nbsp;Elizabeth González ,&nbsp;Francisca San Martín","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> is emerging as an alternative to enhance the performance of leaching and flotation in copper mining. This bacterium adheres to minerals like pyrite, oxidizing it, which facilitates its dissolution in leaching and depression in flotation. <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> interacts with pyrite through Cytochrome 2, a membrane protein that induces oxidation. In this work we performed an experimental and computational study of the role of Cytochrome 2 in the adhesion of <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> to pyrite in fresh and saline water, using a numerical model based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the Lennard-Jones potential that has atomic resolution. Our results indicate that the electrostatic interaction between pyrite and Cytochrome 2 dictates the pH dependence of the adhesion of <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> as a whole. Also, we found that at low salinity the electrostatic interaction is dominated by the total charge of both the protein and the pyrite surface, however, the shielding effect at higher salt concentrations makes local interactions more relevant, which modifies the pH at which adhesion peaks. This work serves as motivation to rationally tune conditions to optimize the leaching and flotation processes through biological reagents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109519"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The depression mechanism of tara gum on the flotation separation of apatite from calcite: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Na Xue ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Changfeng Chen ,&nbsp;Yangge Zhu ,&nbsp;Xuejing Liu ,&nbsp;Ling Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Yimiao Nie ,&nbsp;Shuxian Liu ,&nbsp;Long Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges in selectively differentiating apatite from calcite via flotation, Tara gum (TG) functioned in the role of a calcite-selective inhibitor during this research. The micro-flotation tests indicated that apatite and calcite displayed comparable buoyancy characteristics when sodium oleate (NaOL) was utilized as the collector. Merely relying on NaOL alone made it extremely arduous to effectuate an efficient segregation of these two minerals. The addition of TG manifested potent and selective inhibitory effect on calcite floatability, while exerted no substantial influence on the flotation of apatite. The findings from the artificial mixed ore tests signified that employing TG in a suppressing role not only enhanced the P₂O₅ grade within apatite but also had a relatively minor effect on the recovery rate. Surface wettability tests demonstrated that under the combined influence of TG and NaOL, the disparity in hydrophobicity between apatite and calcite was further augmented. Zeta potential measurements intimated TG being present in the system did not impinge on the adsorption of NaOL on the surface of apatite but severely impeded its adsorption on the surface of calcite. Experimental findings from adsorption capacity tests revealed the adsorption quantity of TG on the surface of calcite exhibited a significantly elevated magnitude compared to that on the surface of apatite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements analysis corroborated that TG was adsorbed on the surface of apatite via weak interactions, while atop the calcite surface, it underwent robust chemisorption with Ca through hydroxyl groups. The outcomes of simulation calculations further substantiated that TG had a greater propensity to attach across the surface of calcite relative to apatite. Based on these experimental revelations, TG held the promise of serving functioning as a discriminatory suppressing agent for the flotation separation of apatite from calcite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109528"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving collecting selectivity of dithiophosphate collector towards the flotation separation of oxidized pentlandite from serpentine via designed hydrogen-bond interaction","authors":"Chenyang Lv ,&nbsp;Chenxu Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengxiang Yin ,&nbsp;Yao Yu ,&nbsp;Lingxiao Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Sun ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Gao ,&nbsp;Jian Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effective recovery of oxidized pentlandite remains challenging in sulfide ore processing due to coexisting oxidized/sulfide surface regions and serpentine entrainment caused by conventional dithiophosphate (DTP) collectors. In this study, a novel low-foaming bifunctional collector was synthesized to address this issue. A range of dithiophosphate collectors featuring different alkoxy chain lengths were developed and utilized. Flotation tests revealed that the newly synthesized O, O-bis(4-butoxyphenyl) phosphorodithioate (BHP) delivered a commendable recovery rate in both the oxidized pentlandite/serpentine mixed flotation system (95.5%) and the actual mineral flotation system (74.5%), thereby clearly demonstrating the significant collecting selectivity of BHP. The foaming test and entrainment test demonstrated that BHP exhibits lower foaming performance and a reduced serpentine entrainment rate. Adsorption capacity and contact angle measurements further confirmed that BHP exhibited significantly stronger adsorption on oxidized pentlandite compared to conventional DTP collectors. FTIR and XPS investigations indicated that BHP undergoes chemical adsorption at Fe and Ni sites within the sulfide areas of oxidized pentlandite. Furthermore, quantum chemical calculations analysis demonstrated that the butoxy group and the extended hydrophobic carbon chain enhanced the reactivity of the dithiophosphate structure with sulfide regions. Meanwhile, the presence of the butoxy group facilitated hydrogen bonding interactions with oxidized regions, thereby improving the overall flotation performance of BHP for oxidized pentlandite. These results offer significant guidance for the design of innovative bifunctional collectors aimed at enhancing the flotation efficiency of challenging nickel sulfide ores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the screening performance of single-layer linear vibrating screen for sand and gravel particles","authors":"Ruo-Fan Xiao ,&nbsp;Yi-Xuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Hong-Liang Dai,&nbsp;Yu-Cheng Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global surge in infrastructure projects has escalated the demand for high-quality sand and gravel aggregates, creating pressing needs for enhanced screening efficiency and particle classification precision. This research develops a dynamic response model for single-layer linear vibrating screens, systematically examining how operational parameters (vibration frequency, amplitude, deck inclination, and direction angle) influence separation outcomes. We propose an innovative performance evaluation framework that simultaneously considers processing capacity and undersize particle rate, significantly advancing quantitative assessment methodologies. Our approach establishes a discrete element model encompassing both particle assemblies and screen structure, with the novel inclusion of sieve aperture spacing as a critical parameter − an aspect conventionally neglected in screening analyses. The study implements quality control zones for performance metrics and employs both isolated parameter testing and comprehensive multivariate evaluation to identify optimal operational thresholds. Experimental validation through dual-parameter variation tests confirms the model’s reliability and predictive capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109527"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the adsorption selectivity of a novel fatty acid collector on apatite, dolomite, and calcite surfaces for improved flotation","authors":"Chun Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Weidi Zhang ,&nbsp;Huan Dai ,&nbsp;Yuhui Tian ,&nbsp;Mengjie Tian ,&nbsp;Wei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite being a common choice for apatite flotation, oleic acid collector suffers from deficient selectivity. To resolve this constraint, this study introduces a novel fatty acid collector, α-sulfonate group mixed acid (α-SMA), a blend of C16 to C18 fatty acids containing an α-sulfonate group, as a replacement for oleic acid. This study compares the selectivities of α-SMA and oleic acid collectors through flotation experiments. The adsorption capacities of α-SMA on apatite, dolomite, and calcite were quantified using zeta potential tests and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations were used to characterize the adsorption intensities and configurations of α-SMA on mineral surfaces. The results demonstrate that α-SMA surpasses oleic acid in selectivity during apatite direct flotation. Specifically, the flotation recoveries of apatite can be above 80% higher than those of dolomite and calcite. This enhanced selectivity stems from the higher adsorption quantities of α-SMA on apatite relative to dolomite and calcite. TOC analysis indicates that, under specific conditions, α-SMA adsorbs on apatite at nearly twice the amounts observed on dolomite and calcite. Optimization of adsorption configurations reveals that α-SMA adopts a parallel adsorption orientation on dolomite and calcite surfaces, where its C chain aligns nearly parallel to the mineral surfaces. This parallel configuration explains the weak collecting abilities of α-SMA for these two minerals. This study highlights the promising potential of α-SMA collector in apatite flotation, providing a foundation for its industrial application. It also underscores the significant research and development value of collectors with multiple polar groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18594,"journal":{"name":"Minerals Engineering","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 109523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}