Microbial Cell Factories最新文献

{"title":"Significance of siderophore-producing cyanobacteria on enhancing iron uptake potentiality of maize plants grown under iron-deficiency.","authors":"Mandees Bakr Brick, Mervat H Hussein, Amr M Mowafy, Ragaa A Hamouda, Amr M Ayyad, Dina A Refaay","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02618-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02618-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In response to iron deficiency and other environmental stressors, cyanobacteria producing siderophores can help in ameliorating plant stress and enhancing growth physiological and biochemical processes. The objective of this work was to screen the potential of Arthrospira platensis, Pseudanabaena limnetica, Nostoc carneum, and Synechococcus mundulus for siderophore production to select the most promising isolate, then to examine the potentiality of the isolated siderophore in promoting Zea mays seedling growth in an iron-limited environment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data of the screening experiment illustrated that Synechococcus mundulus significantly recorded the maximum highest siderophore production (78 ± 2%) while the minimum production was recorded by Nostoc carneum (24.67 ± 0.58%). Therefore, Synechococcus mundulus was chosen for the beneficiary study and the intended agricultural application. Siderophore-type identification tests proved that Synechococcus mundulus produced hydroxamate-type. The response surface approach was successful in optimizing the conditions of siderophore production in Synechococcus mundulus with actual values for maximum biomass (387.11 mg L^- 1) and siderophore production (91.84%) higher than the predicted values. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) analysis data and the Fourier transformer-infrared spectrum analysis (FT-IR) signify the hydroxamate nature of Synechococcus mundulus isolated siderophore. Zea mays seedlings' growth response in the hydroponic system was significantly stimulated in response to supplementation with Synechococcus mundulus siderophore in the absence of iron compared to plants grown without iron and the positive controls. Additionally, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total carbohydrates, and total protein were all surpassed in siderophore-treated plants, which is expected due to the increased iron content.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results introduced in this study highlighted the significant potential of Synechococcus mundulus-derived siderophore in stimulating Zea mays physicochemical growth parameters and iron uptake. Findings of this study present novel visions of cyanobacteria producing siderophores as an ecofriendly alternative candidate to synthetic iron chelators and their role in plant stress management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"24 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11699649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic engineering of Priestia megaterium for 2'-fucosyllactose production.","authors":"Bu-Soo Park, Jihee Yoon, Jun-Min Lee, Sang-Hyeok Cho, Yoojeong Choi, Byung-Kwan Cho, Min-Kyu Oh","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02620-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02620-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is a predominant human milk oligosaccharide that significantly enhances infant nutrition and immune health. This study addresses the need for a safe and economical production of 2'-FL by employing Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) microbial strain, Priestia megaterium ATCC 14581. This strain was chosen for its robust growth and established safety profile and attributing suitable for industrial-scale production.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The engineering targets included the deletion of the lacZ gene to prevent lactose metabolism interference, introduction of α-1,2-fucosyltransferase derived from the non-pathogenic strain, and optimization of the GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis pathway through the overexpression of manA and manC. These changes, coupled with improvements in lactose uptake and utilization through random mutagenesis, led to a high 2'-FL yield of 28.6 g/L in fed-batch fermentation, highlighting the potential of our metabolic engineering strategies on P. megaterium.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The GRAS strain P. megaterium ATCC 14581 was successfully engineered to overproduce 2'-FL, a valuable human milk oligosaccharide, through a series of genetic modifications and metabolic pathway optimizations. This work underscores the feasibility of using GRAS strains for the production of oligosaccharides, paving the way for safer and more efficient methods in biotechnological applications. Future studies could explore additional genetic modifications and optimization of fermentation conditions of the strain to further enhance 2'-FL yield and scalability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"24 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11699682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilization of purified pectinase from Aspergillus nidulans on chitosan and alginate beads for biotechnological applications.","authors":"Hamed M El-Shora, Sabah A Abo-Elmaaty, Gharieb S El-Sayyad, Widad M Al-Bishri, Ahmed I El-Batal, Mervat G Hassan","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02603-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02603-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Because the process is cost-effective, microbial pectinase is used in juice clearing. The isolation, immobilization, and characterization of pectinase from Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) G. Winter (AUMC No. 7147) were therefore the focus of the current investigation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ammonium sulphate (85%), DEAE-cellulose, and Sephadex G-200 were used to purify the enzyme. With a yield of 30.4%, the final specific activity was 400 units mg^-1 protein and 125-fold purification. Using SDS-PAGE to validate the purification of the pectinase, a single band showing the homogeneity of the purified pectinase with a molecular weight of 50 kD was found. Chitosan and calcium alginate both effectively immobilized pectinase, with immobilization efficiencies of 85.7 and 69.4%, respectively. At 50, 55, 60, and 65 °C, the thermostability of both free and chitosan-immobilized pectinase was examined. The free and chitosan-immobilized enzymes had half-lives (t_1/2) of 23.83 and 28.64 min at 65 °C, and their K_d values were 0.0291 and 0.0242 min^-1, respectively. In addition, the Z values were 44.6 and 31.54 °C, while the D values were 79.2 and 95.1 min. Compared to the untreated one, the orange, mango, and pineapple juices treated with immobilized pure pectinase showed greater clarity. Following treatment with pure pectinase, the fruit juice's 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate scavenging activities increased. Following treatment with pure pectinase, the amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The procedure is deemed cost-effective in the food industry because the strong affinity of fungal pectinase for pectin. The investigated pectinase supported its usage in the food industry by being able to clear orange, mango, and pineapple juices.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"24 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11699674/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the outcome of L-glutaminase produced by Streptomyces sp. strain 5 M as an anti-neoplasm activity.","authors":"Mervat G Hassan, Gharieb S El-Sayyad, Mohamed O Abdel-Monem, Mohamed N Malash, Mona A Kishk, Mohamed E El Awady, Mohamed I El-Khonezy","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02606-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02606-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Actinomycetes are a well-known example of a microbiological origin that may generate a wide variety of chemical structures. As excellent cell factories, these sources are able to manufacture medicines, agrochemicals, and enzymes that are crucial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, about 34 randomly selected Streptomyces isolates were discovered in soil, sediment, sea water, and other environments. Using a qualitative fast plate assay, they were tested for L-glutaminase production, and nine of them produced a significant amount of pink L-glutamine. Streptomyces sp. strain 5 M was identified by examining the 16S rRNA gene in the promising strain G8. A pH of 7.5, an incubation temperature of 40 °C, and the use of glucose and peptone as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, produced the highest quantities of L-glutaminase. The molecular weight of the isolated L-glutaminase was estimated to be 52 kDa using SDS-PAGE analysis. At pH 7.5 and Temp., 40 °C, the isolated enzyme exhibited its highest levels of stability and activity. The isolated enzyme's K_m and V_max values were 2.62 mM and 10.20 U/ml, respectively. Strong toxicity against HepG-2, HeLa, and MCF-7 was observed due to the anticancer properties of the isolated L-glutaminase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings include the discovery of Streptomyces sp. strain 5 M, which yields a free L-glutaminase and maybe a possible applicant for extra pharmacological investigation as an antineoplastic drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"24 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11699688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal receptive system as a novel regulator of transcriptomic activity of Staphylococcus aureus.","authors":"George Tetz, Kristina Kardava, Maria Vecherkovskaya, Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran, Aristotelis Tsirigos, Victor Tetz","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02637-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02637-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our previous studies revealed the existence of a Universal Receptive System that regulates interactions between cells and their environment. This system is composed of DNA- and RNA-based Teazeled receptors (TezRs) found on the surface of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as integrases and recombinases. In the current study, we aimed to provide further insight into the regulatory role of TezR and its loss in Staphylococcus aureus gene transcription. To this end, transcriptomic analysis of S. aureus MSSA VT209 was performed following the destruction of TezRs. Bacterial RNA samples were extracted from nuclease-treated and untreated S. aureus MSSA VT209. After destruction of the DNA-based-, RNA-, or combined DNA- and RNA-based TezRs of S. aureus, 103, 150, and 93 genes were significantly differently expressed, respectively. The analysis revealed differential clustering of gene expression following the loss of different TezRs, highlighting individual cellular responses following the loss of DNA- and RNA-based TezRs. KEGG pathway gene enrichment analysis revealed that the most upregulated pathways following TezR inactivation included those related to energy metabolism, cell wall metabolism, and secretion systems. Some of the genetic pathways were related to the inhibition of biofilm formation and increased antibiotic resistance, and we confirmed this at the phenotypic level using in vitro studies. The results of this study add another line of evidence that the Universal Receptive System plays an important role in cell regulation, including cell responses to the environmental factors of clinically important pathogens, and that nucleic acid-based TezRs are functionally active parts of the extrabiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"24 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11697845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the roles of exogenous phenylalanine and tyrosine in improving rapamycin production of Streptomyces rapamycinicus with transcriptome analysis.","authors":"Dongmei Xu, Yaoyao Wang, Hongzhen Li, Bing Wang, Libin Chai, Li Feng, Fengzhi Ren, Xuejin Zhao, Xuexia Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02632-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02632-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapamycin is an important natural macrolide antibiotic with antifungal, immunosuppressive and antitumor activities produced by Streptomyces rapamycinicus. However, their prospective applications are limited by low fermentation units. In this study, we found that the exogenous aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine could effectively increase the yield of rapamycin in industrial microbial fermentation. To gain insight into the mechanism of rapamycin overproduction, comparative transcriptomic profiling was performed between media with and without phenylalanine and tyrosine addition. The results showed that the addition of phenylalanine and tyrosine upregulated the transcription levels of genes involved in rapamycin biosynthesis, precursor production, and transporters. In addition, the transcription levels of many carbohydrate metabolism-related genes were down-regulated, leading to a decrease in growth, suggesting that balancing cell growth and rapamycin biosynthesis may be important to promote efficient biosynthesis of rapamycin in Streptomyces rapamycinicus. These results provide a basis for understanding physiological roles of phenylalanine and tyrosine, and a new way to increase rapamycin production in Streptomyces cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11689663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A single-plasmid-based, easily curable CRISPR/Cas9 system for rapid, iterative genome editing in Pseudomonas putida KT2440.","authors":"Qifeng Wen, JinJin Chen, Jin Li, Ida Putu Wiweka Dharmasiddhi, Maohua Yang, Jianmin Xing, Yilan Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02634-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02634-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a non-pathogenic soil bacterium, is a key platform strain in synthetic biology and industrial applications due to its robustness and metabolic versatility. Various systems have been developed for genome editing in P. putida, including transposon modules, integrative plasmids, recombineering systems, and CRISPR/Cas systems. However, rapid iterative genome editing is limited by complex and lengthy processes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We discovered that the pBBR1MCS2 plasmid carrying the CRISPR/Cas9 module could be easily cured in P. putida KT2440 at 30 ^oC. We then developed an all-in-one CRISPR/Cas9 system for yqhD and ech-vdh-fcs deletions, respectively, and further optimized the editing efficiency by varying homology arm lengths and target sites. Sequential gene deletions of vdh and vanAB were carried out rapidly using single-round processing and easy plasmid curing. This system's user-friendliness was validated by 3 researchers from two labs for 9 deletions, 3 substitutions, and 2 insertions. Finally, iterative genome editing was used to engineer P. putida for valencene biosynthesis, achieving a 10-fold increase in yield.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We developed and applied a rapid all-in-one plasmid CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in P. putida. This system requires less than 1.5 days for one edit due to simplified plasmid construction, electroporation and curing processes, thus accelerating the cycle of genome editing. To our knowledge, this is the fastest iterative genome editing system for P. putida. Using this system, we rapidly engineered P. putida for valencene biosynthesis for the first time, showcasing the system's potential for expanding biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11684315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ribosome engineering of Myxococcus xanthus for enhancing the heterologous production of epothilones.","authors":"Xu Kang, Xiao-Ran Yue, Chen-Xi Wang, Jia-Rui Wang, Jun-Ning Zhao, Zhao-Peng Yang, Qin-Ke Fu, Chang-Sheng Wu, Wei Hu, Yue-Zhong Li, Xin-Jing Yue","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02627-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02627-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ribosome engineering is a semi-empirical technique used to select antibiotic-resistant mutants that exhibit altered secondary metabolism. This method has been demonstrated to effectively select mutants with enhanced synthesis of natural products in many bacterial species, including actinomycetes. Myxobacteria are recognized as fascinating producers of natural active products. However, it remains uncertain whether this technique is similarly effective in myxobacteria, especially for the heterologous production of epothilones in Myxococcus xanthus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Antibiotics that target the ribosome and RNA polymerase (RNAP) were evaluated for ribosome engineering of the epothilone-producing strain M. xanthus ZE9. The production of epothilone was dramatically altered in different resistant mutants. We screened the mutants resistant to neomycin and rifampicin and found that the yield of epothilones in the resistant mutant ZE9N-R22 was improved by sixfold compared to that of ZE9. Our findings indicate that the improved growth of the mutants, the upregulation of epothilone biosynthetic genes, and specific mutations identified through genome re-sequencing may collectively contribute to the yield improvement. Ultimately, the total titer of epothilones achieved in a 10 L bioreactor reached 93.4 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ribosome engineering is an efficient approach to obtain M. xanthus strains with enhanced production of epothilones through various interference mechanisms. Here, we discuss the potential mechanisms of the semi-empirical method.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"346"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of lignin in 17β-estradiol biodegradation: insights from cellular characteristics and lipidomics.","authors":"Hanyu Pan, Peng Hao, Qiannan Li, Zongshuo Lv, Kun Gao, Xiaojun Liang, Lianyu Yang, Yunhang Gao","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02605-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02605-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>17β-estradiol (E2) is an endocrine disruptor, and even trace concentrations (ng/L) of environmental estrogen can interfere with the endocrine system of organisms. Lignin holds promise in enhancing the microbial degradation E2. However, the mechanisms by which lignin facilitates this process remain unclear, which is crucial for understanding complex environmental biodegradation in nature. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using cellular and lipidomics approaches to investigate the relationship between E2-degrading strain, Rhodococcus sp. RCBS9, and lignin. Our findings demonstrate that lignin significantly enhances E2 degradation efficiency, reaching 94.28% within 5 days with the addition of 0.25 mM lignin. This enhancement is associated with increased microbial growth and activity, reduced of membrane damages, and alleviation of oxidative stress. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicate that lignin addition alters lipid peaks. Consequently, by analyzing lipid metabolism changes, we further elucidate how lignin addition promotes E2 degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"347"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential of soapstock over a glycerol in vitamin K2 production by Bacillus subtilis natto: a comparative analysis.","authors":"Faranak Ansari, Hoda Nouri, Hamid Moghimi","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02629-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02629-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vitamin K2 is an essential nutrient for blood coagulation and cardiovascular health and mainly produced by bacteria strain like B. subtilis. researchers have explored producing strain improvement, cultivation mode, environmental optimization, increased secretion, and using cheaper carbon and nitrogen sources in order to increase vitamin K2 productivity. This study examines the impact of varioius concentration of soapstock, which is a by-product of vegetable oil refining, as an alternative carbon source with lower pirce, in the fermentation medium instead of glycerol on the microbial synthesis of vitamin K2 using B. subtilis natto ATCC 23857.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrate that when the glycerol in fermentation medium was substituted with soapstock, by 75% concentartion, the fermentation process produced a yield of 158.16 mg/L of vitamin K2 after 72 h; This was 3.8 times more than the control medium containing glycerol. When the entire culture medium was replaced with wastewater, the vitamin K2 concentration reached 21.18 mg/L, 52% of the control medium's concentration. If the carbon sources in the fermentation medium consisted of 20% soapstock and 47.4 g/L glycerol (maintaining the same final glycerol concentration as the control medium), the vitamin K2 concentration reached 35.7 mg/L or 85.8% of the control medium. The analysis of soapstock fermentation medium characteristics reveals that after fermentation with B. subtilis, the COD of soapstock fermentation medium was dramatically reduced from 259,500 mg/L to 57,830 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using soapstock as an alternative carbon source for fermentation did not negatively impact the bioprocess and increased vitamin K2 production. Therefore, this research introduces an alternative carbon resource for vitamin K2 production and paves the way for the biorefinement of soapstock.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11681655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}