Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease最新文献

{"title":"Functional amplification and preservation of human gut microbiota.","authors":"Nadia Gaci,&nbsp;Prem Prashant Chaudhary,&nbsp;William Tottey,&nbsp;Monique Alric,&nbsp;Jean-François Brugère","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1308070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1308070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The availability of fresh stool samples is a prerequisite in most gut microbiota functional studies. <b>Objective</b>: Strategies for amplification and long-term gut microbiota preservation from fecal samples would favor sample sharing, help comparisons and reproducibility over time and between laboratories, and improve the safety and ethical issues surrounding fecal microbiota transplantations. <b>Design</b>: Taking advantage of <i>in vitro</i> gut-simulating systems, we amplified the microbial repertoire of a fresh fecal sample and assessed the viability and resuscitation of microbes after preservation with some common intracellular and extracellular acting cryoprotective agents (CPAs), alone and in different combinations. Preservation efficiencies were determined after 3 and 6 months and compared with the fresh initial microbiota diversity and metabolic activity, using the chemostat-based Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota (ECSIM) <i>in vitro</i> model of the gut environment. Microbial populations were tested for fermentation gas, short-chain fatty acids, and composition of amplified and resuscitated microbiota, encompassing methanogenic archaea. <b>Results</b>: Amplification of the microbial repertoire from a fresh fecal sample was achieved with high fidelity. Dimethylsulfoxide, alone or mixed with other CPAs, showed the best efficiency for functional preservation, and the duration of preservation had little effect. <b>Conclusions</b>: The amplification and resuscitation of fecal microbiota can be performed using specialized <i>in vitro</i> gut models. Correct amplification of the initial microbes should ease the sharing of clinical samples and improve the safety of fecal microbiota transplantation. <b>Abbreviations</b>: CDI, <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection; CPA, cryoprotective agent; D, DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; G, glycerol; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; P, PEG-4000, polyethylene glycol 4000 g.mol^-1; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":"1308070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1308070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35053145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic alcohol overconsumption may alter gut microbial metabolism: a retrospective study of 719 ¹³C-D-xylose breath test results.","authors":"Steinar Traae Bjørkhaug, Viggo Skar, Asle W Medhus, Anita Tollisen, Jørgen G Bramness, Jørgen Valeur","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1301725","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1301725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: Alterations of gut microbiota composition or function may participate in the pathophysiology of several diseases. We aimed to explore the effect of chronic alcohol overconsumption on gut microbial metabolism, as assessed by evaluating ¹³C-D-xylose breath test results. <b>Materials and methods</b>: We investigated all ¹³C-D-xylose breath tests performed at Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital during the years 2005 to 2011, using patient files for diagnosing the patients into one of three patient categories: alcohol overconsumption, coeliac disease and functional bowel disorder. In addition, a group of healthy controls was included. The time curves of ¹³CO₂ excretion in breath samples were divided into two phases, evaluating small intestinal absorption (0-60 min) and colonic microbial metabolism (90-240 min), respectively. <b>Results</b>: A total of 719 patients underwent ¹³C-D-xylose breath testing during the inclusion period. Thirty-five had a history of alcohol overconsumption, 66 had coeliac disease, and 216 had a functional bowel disorder, while 44 healthy controls were included for comparison. The alcohol overconsumption group had similar small intestinal phase results as the group of patients with untreated coeliac disease. During the colonic phase, the group of patients with alcohol overconsumption differed from all the other groups in terms of ¹³C-xylose recovery, with significantly less ¹³CO₂ excretion compared to the other groups. <b>Conclusion</b>: The results suggest that patients with a history of alcohol overconsumption suffer from both small intestinal malabsorption and impaired colonic microbial metabolism. The role of gut microbiota in chronic alcohol overconsumption should be investigated further.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":"1301725"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35053143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2-5-year-old children.","authors":"R Hemalatha, A C Ouwehand, M T Saarinen, U V Prasad, K Swetha, V Bhaskar","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1298340","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1298340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>​<b>Background</b>: Consumption of <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> Lpc-37 or <i>Bifidobacterium lactis</i> HN019 by 2-5-year-old children was found to reduce risk for diarrhoea and fever during the rainy season. <b>Objective</b>: Can changes in faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) explain the observed positive influence of probiotics and their role on nutritional status and diarrhoea risk? <b>Design</b>: Faecal samples were analysed for SCFAs and BCFAs and correlated to <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i> levels; both at the start and after nine months' consumption of either of the two probiotic strains, or placebo. <b>Results</b>: No differences in SCFAs, BCFAs, <i>Lactobacillus</i> or <i>Bifidobacterium</i> levels were found between boys and girls. Severely underweight children were observed to have the highest <i>Lactobacillus</i> levels. Probiotic intervention was found to be associated with higher levels of selected SCFAs and BCFAs in subjects who had experienced diarrhoea. Treatment with either of the probiotics led to changes in SCFAs and BCFAs. SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, were found to correlate with each other. Likewise, BCFAs isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate correlated with each other. After the intervention, <i>L. paracasei</i> Lpc-37 correlated positively with total <i>Bifidobacterium</i> counts and isovalerate levels. <i>B. lactis</i> HN019 counts were found to correlate positively with total bacterial counts and negatively with propionate levels. <b>Conclusions</b>: ​Nutritional status was associated with higher levels of faecal lactobacilli; the meaning of this requires further investigation. The intervention with the two probiotics was observed to influence the levels of faecal SCFAs and BCFAs and there is a differential response in those who developed diarrhoea and those who did not. It is, however, not clear to what extent this is a mechanism that explains the earlier observed effect the strains had on diarrhoea risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":"1298340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35053142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The food and the mood","authors":"Tore Midtvedt","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1281963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281963","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to a one-day symposium in our series ‘Science meets Industry’. As indicated in the title, the focus will be on whether and to what extent our food can influence health, especially the mood. This is indeed a topical question: in parallel with the increasing concern about so-called lifestyle diseases and syndromes, there has been an increased interest in possible preventive dietary regimens. Today we will not focus on any regimens; we will focus on one key compound from each of our three major dietary groups, i.e. carbohydrates, protein and fat. The overall intention is to reduce the gap between basic science and the food industry.","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42825218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIBFLO – a study design for comparing the effects of diets on the microbiome and its metabolism: β-glucan or not?","authors":"E. Norin, L. Engstrand, P. Hellström, L. Martin Marais, T. Midtvedt, R. Möllby, I. Ernberg","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1281946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281946","url":null,"abstract":"It has been established that the human gut microbiome is commensal, helps to digest our food, and is involved in metabolic processes in the gut and in the development and maintenance of our immune systems.[1] The microbiome and its genes process the primarily indigested food we eat and deliver metabolites, which frequently are taken up in our blood and by our microbiota. An estimated 10% of the small metabolites in our blood plasma are derived from microbial metabolism. However, only recently there has been a general acceptance of its importance for human development in health and disease. This depends largely on the availability of high-throughput sequencing methods which allows efficient and cost-effective tools to identify parts of the members of the gut microbiome and how they might be affected by environmental perturbations.[2–4] The human microbiome is a promising asset as an early biomarker for disease risks and a target for dietary and non-invasive therapeutic interventions. Among all factors which, under physiological conditions, might affect the composition and function of gut microbiota (GM), diet is by far the most important and is also the easiest factor to use in order to manipulate the GM.[5–7] In this context, oats represent a unique and challenging dietary ingredient. Much attentions have been focused on its content of β-glucan which is a linear mixed glucose polymer with glucose residues linked via beta-1–3 (about 30%) and beta-1–4 linkages (around 70%).[8] Results from in vitro fermentation studies [8,9] as well as in vivo animal studies demonstrate effects of oats on GM. [8–12] In spite of all the promising health-promoting effect of oats consumption, it is reasonable to assume that multifaceted studies in humans may uncover new human-health benefits of oats consumption, maybe also on an individual level. The present investigation was designed as a pilot study for establishing a multi-disciplinary approach, including collection and evaluation of anthropomorphic, microbiomic, metabolomics, immunological and gut-related functional data in a cohort of healthy adult volunteers daily receiving a pre-made meal with or without oat β-glucan for a defined period of time in a double-blinded cross-over study.[13,14] The aim was to evaluate a test system of intestinal microbiological, biochemical and immunological parameters to determine the effects of β-glucan fiber on composition and function of human intestinal microbiota in healthy volunteers. Twenty males were recruited by advertisement. The reason for including only men in the study was to try to avoid hormone influences and other external factors in this first screening. The study was a double blinded investigation including 10 volunteers per group. Initially, they were examined by a clinician (PH) for health status including absence of factors that could influence microbiota functions, e.g. antimicrobials. Before, during and after the dietary intervention, blood, urine and feces w","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44679145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional food for functional disorders","authors":"A. Berstad, J. Raa, J. Valeur","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1281955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281955","url":null,"abstract":"Unexplained hypersensitivity to food is a major health problem affecting about 10% of the population, and is often associated with disabling symptoms, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), musculoskeletal pain (fibromyalgia) and fatigue (chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis; CFS/ME). Recent metabolomic studies suggest a hypometabolic state with excessive oxidative stress, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and an energy production dependent on the metabolism of fat and amino acids.[1] ‘Missing microbes’ [2] following the use of antibiotics at an early age may be an important cause, possibly assisted by a Western diet high in simple carbohydrates.[3] The present preliminary report is the result of a systematic survey of 438 consecutive patients examined by one of us (AB). Validated diagnostic criteria and scoring questionnaires for symptom severity were applied.[4] Briefly, the results are as follows. Age of the patients is on average 37 years; 2/3 are women. Virtually all patients have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with symptoms related to incomplete evacuation and altered intestinal fermentation. A selection of the patients who have undergone ultrasonography or MRI scans are found to have increased amount of fluid persisting in bowel loops one hour after the ingestion of lactulose, consistent with intestinal hypomotility.[5,6] Although perceived food intolerance was the ‘entrance ticket’ for medical investigation, IBS was rarely attributable to food allergy. In addition to IBS, about 70% of the patients had musculoskeletal pain and 85% chronic fatigue. About half of those with fatigue met the international criteria for an ME diagnosis, and this diagnosis correlated well with being placed on long-term sick leave. The history of illness averaged 26 years. The first symptoms were almost always related to abdominal discomfort, and very often (in about 90% of the cases) the symptoms appeared after prolonged antibiotic treatment at an early stage of life. Subsequently, the problems deteriorated, often after bouts of gastroenteritis and/or further courses of antibiotic treatment. Our results therefore suggest that both the perceived food hypersensitivity and IBS, acquired following antibiotics at early life, and the subsequently acquired musculoskeletal pain (including temporomandibular dysfunction), chronic fatigue and ME are aspects of one disease, not several different diseases. Seminal studies show loss of lactic acid bacteria and increased growth of yeast (Candida albicans) in the bowel immediately following the use of antibiotics.[7,8] Previously, it was believed that this altered bowel flora would normalise in the course of a week. However, recent studies show that this is not always the case; sometimes the bowel flora never fully recover.[2,9] ‘Missing microbes’ following the use of antibiotics may lead to the growth of unfavourable flora, frequently in the form of a biofilm with yeast and facultatively anaerobic microbes.[10]","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281955","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43092658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain function and mental health","authors":"H. Bentsen","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1281916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The importance of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids for our health and our economy is immense. The present paper is a quick guide to this topic, which is highly complex and full of conflicts. One aspect is highlighted, namely the relationship between these substances and our mental health. Relevant chemical and physical properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids are briefly presented. The questions of needs and supplies are discussed. The effects of these fatty acids on the human body, in particular the brain, are described. How do they influence mental health? The most recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews have been used as sources, and outstanding references have been selected. We want to convey updated knowledge, based on good science, for better decision making in preventive and therapeutic health care, as well as in agriculture, fishery and food industries.","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42858596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cecal microbiota association with tumor load in a colorectal cancer mouse model.","authors":"Line Skute Bråten,&nbsp;Marianne Sødring,&nbsp;Jan Erik Paulsen,&nbsp;Lars Gustav Snipen,&nbsp;Knut Rudi","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1352433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1352433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. The role of the intestinal microbiota in CRC, however, is not well established. In particular, the co-variation between age, tumor progression and microbiota remains largely unknown. <b>Objective and design</b>: We therefore used a recently developed A/J Min/+ mouse model resembling human CRC to investigate how microbial composition in cecum correlates with tumor progression, butyrate and age. <b>Results</b>: We found that the association between the gut microbiota and tumor load was stronger, by far, than the association with both butyrate and age. The strongest direct tumor association was found for mucosal bacteria, with nearly 60% of the significantly correlating operational taxonomic units being correlated with CRC tumor load alone. <b>Conclusion</b>: We favor a systemic association between tumor load and microbiota, since the correlations are associated with tumor load in gut segments other than the cecum (both small and large intestine).</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":"1352433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1352433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35455291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins.","authors":"Özgün C O Umu, Knut Rudi, Dzung B Diep","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1348886","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1348886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota is considered an organ that co-develops with the host throughout its life. The composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiota are subject to a complex interplay between the host genetics and environmental factors, such as lifestyle, diet, stress and antimicrobials. It is evident that certain prebiotics, and antimicrobials produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can shape the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolic activities to promote host health and/or prevent diseases. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the impact of prebiotic fibres, and bacteriocins from LAB, on the gut microbiota and its activities, which affect the physiology and health of the host. These represent two different mechanisms in modulating the gut microbiota, the first involving exploitative competition by which the growth of beneficial bacteria is promoted and the latter involving interference competition by which the growth of pathogens and other unwanted bacteria is prevented. For interference competition in the gut, bacteriocins offer special advantages over traditional antibiotics, in that they can be designed to act towards specific unwanted bacteria and other pathogens, without any remarkable collateral effects on beneficial microbes sharing the same niche.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":"1348886"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5614387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35555523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient permafrost staphylococci carry antibiotic resistance genes.","authors":"Elena Kashuba,&nbsp;Alexey A Dmitriev,&nbsp;Shady Mansour Kamal,&nbsp;Ojar Melefors,&nbsp;Gennady Griva,&nbsp;Ute Römling,&nbsp;Ingemar Ernberg,&nbsp;Vladimir Kashuba,&nbsp;Anatoli Brouchkov","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2017.1345574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1345574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Permafrost preserves a variety of viable ancient microorganisms. Some of them can be cultivated after being kept at subzero temperatures for thousands or even millions of years. <b>Objective</b>: To cultivate bacterial strains from permafrost. <b>Design</b>: We isolated and cultivated two bacterial strains from permafrost that was obtained at Mammoth Mountain in Siberia and attributed to the Middle Miocene. Bacterial genomic DNA was sequenced with 40-60× coverage and high-quality contigs were assembled. The first strain was assigned to <i>Staphylococcus warneri</i> species (designated MMP1) and the second one to <i>Staphylococcus hominis</i> species (designated MMP2), based on the classification of 16S ribosomal RNA genes and genomic sequences. <b>Results</b>: Genomic sequence analysis revealed the close relation of the isolated ancient bacteria to the modern bacteria of this species. Moreover, several genes associated with resistance to different groups of antibiotics were found in the <i>S. hominis</i> MMP2 genome. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings supports a hypothesis that antibiotic resistance has an ancient origin. The enrichment of cultivated bacterial communities with ancient permafrost strains is essential for the analysis of bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"28 1","pages":"1345574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2017.1345574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35555522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}