Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"The biology and pathogenicity of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type F: a common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name.","authors":"Archana Shrestha, Iman Mehdizadeh Gohari, Jihong Li, Mauricio Navarro, Francisco A Uzal, Bruce A McClane","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00140-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00140-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYIn the 2018-revised <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> typing classification system, isolates carrying the enterotoxin (<i>cpe</i>) and alpha toxin genes but no other typing toxin genes are now designated as type F. Type F isolates cause food poisoning and nonfoodborne human gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which most commonly involve type F isolates carrying, respectivefooly, a chromosomal or plasmid-borne <i>cpe</i> gene. Compared to spores of other <i>C. perfringens</i> isolates, spores of type F chromosomal <i>cpe</i> isolates often exhibit greater resistance to food environment stresses, likely facilitating their survival in improperly prepared or stored foods. Multiple factors contribute to this spore resistance phenotype, including the production of a variant small acid-soluble protein-4. The pathogenicity of type F isolates involves sporulation-dependent <i>C. perfringens</i> enterotoxin (CPE) production. <i>C. perfringens</i> sporulation is initiated by orphan histidine kinases and sporulation-associated sigma factors that drive <i>cpe</i> transcription. CPE-induced cytotoxicity starts when CPE binds to claudin receptors to form a small complex (which also includes nonreceptor claudins). Approximately six small complexes oligomerize on the host cell plasma membrane surface to form a prepore. CPE molecules in that prepore apparently extend β-hairpin loops to form a β-barrel pore, allowing a Ca²⁺ influx that activates calpain. With low-dose CPE treatment, caspase-3-dependent apoptosis develops, while high-CPE dose treatment induces necroptosis. Those effects cause histologic damage along with fluid and electrolyte losses from the colon and small intestine. Sialidases likely contribute to type F disease by enhancing CPE action and, for NanI-producing nonfoodborne human GI disease isolates, increasing intestinal growth and colonization.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0014023"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141306279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular determinants of cross-species transmission in emerging viral infections.","authors":"Arthur Wickenhagen, Sarah van Tol, Vincent Munster","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00001-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00001-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYSeveral examples of high-impact cross-species transmission of newly emerging or re-emerging bat-borne viruses, such as Sudan virus, Nipah virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, have occurred in the past decades. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing have strengthened ongoing efforts to catalog the global virome, in particular from the multitude of different bat species. However, functional characterization of these novel viruses and virus sequences is typically limited with regard to assessment of their cross-species potential. Our understanding of the intricate interplay between virus and host underlying successful cross-species transmission has focused on the basic mechanisms of entry and replication, as well as the importance of host innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the various roles of the respective molecular mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission using different recent bat-borne viruses as examples. To delineate the crucial cellular and molecular steps underlying cross-species transmission, we propose a framework of overall characterization to improve our capacity to characterize viruses as benign, of interest, or of concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0000123"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane and organelle rearrangement during ascospore formation in budding yeast.","authors":"Aaron M Neiman","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00013-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00013-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYIn ascomycete fungi, sexual spores, termed ascospores, are formed after meiosis. Ascospore formation is an unusual cell division in which daughter cells are created within the cytoplasm of the mother cell by <i>de novo</i> generation of membranes that encapsulate each of the haploid chromosome sets created by meiosis. This review describes the molecular events underlying the creation, expansion, and closure of these membranes in the budding yeast, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. Recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of gene expression and the dynamic behavior of different membrane-bound organelles during this process are detailed. While less is known about ascospore formation in other systems, comparison to the distantly related fission yeast suggests that the molecular events will be broadly similar throughout the ascomycetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0001324"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426023/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141427193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The polinton-like supergroup of viruses: evolution, molecular biology, and taxonomy.","authors":"Eugene V Koonin, Matthias G Fischer, Jens H Kuhn, Mart Krupovic","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00086-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00086-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYPolintons are 15-20 kb-long self-synthesizing transposons that are widespread in eukaryotic, and in particular protist, genomes. Apart from a transposase and a protein-primed DNA polymerase, polintons encode homologs of major and minor jelly-roll capsid proteins, DNA-packaging ATPases, and proteases involved in capsid maturation of diverse eukaryotic viruses of kingdom <i>Bamfordvirae</i>. Given the conservation of these structural and morphogenetic proteins among polintons, these elements are predicted to alternate between transposon and viral lifestyles and, although virions have thus far not been detected, are classified as viruses (class <i>Polintoviricetes</i>) in the phylum <i>Preplasmiviricota</i>. Related to polintoviricetes are vertebrate adenovirids; unclassified polinton-like viruses (PLVs) identified in various environments or integrated into diverse protist genomes; virophages (<i>Maveriviricetes</i>), which are part of tripartite hyperparasitic systems including protist hosts and giant viruses; and capsid-less derivatives, such as cytoplasmic linear DNA plasmids of fungi and transpovirons. Phylogenomic analysis indicates that the polinton-like supergroup of viruses bridges bacterial tectivirids (preplasmiviricot class <i>Tectiliviricetes</i>) to the phylum <i>Nucleocytoviricota</i> that includes large and giant eukaryotic DNA viruses. Comparative structural analysis of proteins encoded by polinton-like viruses led to the discovery of previously undetected functional domains, such as terminal proteins and distinct proteases implicated in DNA polymerase processing, and clarified the evolutionary relationships within <i>Polintoviricetes</i>. Here, we leverage these insights into the evolution of the polinton-like supergroup to develop an amended megataxonomy that groups <i>Polintoviricetes</i>, PLVs (new class '<i>Aquintoviricetes</i>'), and virophages (renamed class '<i>Virophaviricetes</i>') together with <i>Adenoviridae</i> (new class '<i>Pharingeaviricetes</i>') in a preplasmiviricot subphylum '<i>Polisuviricotina</i>' sister to a subphylum including <i>Tectiliviricetes</i> ('<i>Prepoliviricotina</i>').</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0008623"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141633921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small molecule communication of <i>Legionella</i>: the ins and outs of autoinducer and nitric oxide signaling.","authors":"Sarah Michaelis, Laura Gomez-Valero, Tong Chen, Camille Schmid, Carmen Buchrieser, Hubert Hilbi","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00097-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00097-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARY<i>Legionella pneumophila</i> is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium, which survives in planktonic form, colonizes biofilms, and infects protozoa. Upon inhalation of <i>Legionella</i>-contaminated aerosols, the opportunistic pathogen replicates within and destroys alveolar macrophages, thereby causing a severe pneumonia termed Legionnaires' disease. Gram-negative bacteria employ low molecular weight organic compounds as well as the inorganic gas nitric oxide (NO) for cell-cell communication. <i>L. pneumophila</i> produces, secretes, and detects the α-hydroxyketone compound <i>Legionella</i> autoinducer-1 (LAI-1, 3-hydroxypentadecane-4-one). LAI-1 is secreted by <i>L. pneumophila</i> in outer membrane vesicles and not only promotes communication among bacteria but also triggers responses from eukaryotic cells. <i>L. pneumophila</i> detects NO through three different receptors, and signaling through the volatile molecule translates into fluctuations of the intracellular second messenger cyclic-di-guanylate monophosphate. The LAI-1 and NO signaling pathways are linked <i>via</i> the pleiotropic transcription factor LvbR. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about inter-bacterial and inter-kingdom signaling through LAI-1 and NO by <i>Legionella</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0009723"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of action of microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control.","authors":"Charles P Gerba, Stephanie Boone, Raymond W Nims, Jean-Yves Maillard, Syed A Sattar, Joseph R Rubino, Julie McKinney, M Khalid Ijaz","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00205-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00205-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYUnderstanding how commonly used chemical microbicides affect pathogenic microorganisms is important for formulation of microbicides. This review focuses on the mechanism(s) of action of chemical microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Contrary to the typical site-specific mode of action of antibiotics, microbicides often act via multiple targets, causing rapid and irreversible damage to microbes. In the case of viruses, the envelope or protein capsid is usually the primary structural target, resulting in loss of envelope integrity or denaturation of proteins in the capsid, causing loss of the receptor-binding domain for host cell receptors, and/or breakdown of other viral proteins or nucleic acids. However, for certain virucidal microbicides, the nucleic acid may be a significant site of action. The region of primary damage to the protein or nucleic acid is site-specific and may vary with the virus type. Due to their greater complexity and metabolism, bacteria and fungi offer more targets. The rapid and irreversible damage to microbes may result from solubilization of lipid components and denaturation of enzymes involved in the transport of nutrients. Formulation of microbicidal actives that attack multiple sites on microbes, or control of the pH, addition of preservatives or potentiators, and so on, can increase the spectrum of action against pathogens and reduce both the concentrations and times needed to achieve microbicidal activity against the target pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0020522"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic homeostasis in fungal infections from the perspective of pathogens, immune cells, and whole-body systems.","authors":"Harshini Weerasinghe, Helen Stölting, Adam J Rose, Ana Traven","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00171-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00171-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThe ability to overcome metabolic stress is a major determinant of outcomes during infections. Pathogens face nutrient and oxygen deprivation in host niches and during their encounter with immune cells. Immune cells require metabolic adaptations for producing antimicrobial compounds and mounting antifungal inflammation. Infection also triggers systemic changes in organ metabolism and energy expenditure that range from an enhanced metabolism to produce energy for a robust immune response to reduced metabolism as infection progresses, which coincides with immune and organ dysfunction. Competition for energy and nutrients between hosts and pathogens means that successful survival and recovery from an infection require a balance between elimination of the pathogen by the immune systems (resistance), and doing so with minimal damage to host tissues and organs (tolerance). Here, we discuss our current knowledge of pathogen, immune cell and systemic metabolism in fungal infections, and the impact of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. We put forward the idea that, while our knowledge of the use of metabolic regulation for fungal proliferation and antifungal immune responses (i.e., resistance) has been growing over the years, we also need to study the metabolic mechanisms that control tolerance of fungal pathogens. A comprehensive understanding of how to balance resistance and tolerance by metabolic interventions may provide insights into therapeutic strategies that could be used adjunctly with antifungal drugs to improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0017122"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiology of human spaceflight: microbial responses to mechanical forces that impact health and habitat sustainability.","authors":"Cheryl A Nickerson, Robert J C McLean, Jennifer Barrila, Jiseon Yang, Starla G Thornhill, Laura L Banken, D Marshall Porterfield, George Poste, Neal R Pellis, C Mark Ott","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00144-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00144-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYUnderstanding the dynamic adaptive plasticity of microorganisms has been advanced by studying their responses to extreme environments. Spaceflight research platforms provide a unique opportunity to study microbial characteristics in new extreme adaptational modes, including sustained exposure to reduced forces of gravity and associated low fluid shear force conditions. Under these conditions, unexpected microbial responses occur, including alterations in virulence, antibiotic and stress resistance, biofilm formation, metabolism, motility, and gene expression, which are not observed using conventional experimental approaches. Here, we review biological and physical mechanisms that regulate microbial responses to spaceflight and spaceflight analog environments from both the microbe and host-microbe perspective that are relevant to human health and habitat sustainability. We highlight instrumentation and technology used in spaceflight microbiology experiments, their limitations, and advances necessary to enable next-generation research. As spaceflight experiments are relatively rare, we discuss ground-based analogs that mimic aspects of microbial responses to reduced gravity in spaceflight, including those that reduce mechanical forces of fluid flow over cell surfaces which also simulate conditions encountered by microorganisms during their terrestrial lifecycles. As spaceflight mission durations increase with traditional astronauts and commercial space programs send civilian crews with underlying health conditions, microorganisms will continue to play increasingly critical roles in health and habitat sustainability, thus defining a new dimension of occupational health. The ability of microorganisms to adapt, survive, and evolve in the spaceflight environment is important for future human space endeavors and provides opportunities for innovative biological and technological advances to benefit life on Earth.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0014423"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms.","authors":"Anna Sophia Feix, Emily Z Tabaie, Aarshi N Singh, Nathan J Wittenberg, Emma H Wilson, Anja Joachim","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00037-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00037-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both parent and recipient cells. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of bacteria and protozoan parasite EVs, shedding light on their contributions to physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. These studies highlight EVs as a conserved mechanism of cellular communication, which may lead us to important breakthroughs in our understanding of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and as indicators of disease. Furthermore, EVs are involved in host-microbe interactions, offering insights into the strategies employed by bacteria and protozoan parasites to modulate host responses, evade the immune system, and establish infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0003724"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141311095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional diversity of Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pump transporters with implications for antimicrobial resistance.","authors":"Logan G Kavanaugh, Debayan Dey, William M Shafer, Graeme L Conn","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00089-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mmbr.00089-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThe discovery of bacterial efflux pumps significantly advanced our understanding of how bacteria can resist cytotoxic compounds that they encounter. Within the structurally and functionally distinct families of efflux pumps, those of the Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) superfamily are noteworthy for their ability to reduce the intracellular concentration of structurally diverse antimicrobials. RND systems are possessed by many Gram-negative bacteria, including those causing serious human disease, and frequently contribute to resistance to multiple antibiotics. Herein, we review the current literature on the structure-function relationships of representative transporter proteins of tripartite RND efflux pumps of clinically important pathogens. We emphasize their contribution to bacterial resistance to clinically used antibiotics, host defense antimicrobials and other biocides, as well as highlighting structural similarities and differences among efflux transporters that help bacteria survive in the face of antimicrobials. Furthermore, we discuss technical advances that have facilitated and advanced efflux pump research and suggest future areas of investigation that will advance antimicrobial development efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0008923"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}