Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"DNA Repair in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Kam Pou Ha,&nbsp;Andrew M Edwards","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00091-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00091-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of both superficial and invasive infections of humans and animals. Despite a potent host response and apparently appropriate antibiotic therapy, staphylococcal infections frequently become chronic or recurrent, demonstrating a remarkable ability of S. aureus to withstand the hostile host environment. There is growing evidence that staphylococcal DNA repair makes important contributions to the survival of the pathogen in host tissues, as well as promoting the emergence of mutants that resist host defenses and antibiotics. While much of what we know about DNA repair in S. aureus is inferred from studies with model organisms, the roles of specific repair mechanisms in infection are becoming clear and differences with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli have been identified. Furthermore, there is growing interest in staphylococcal DNA repair as a target for novel therapeutics that sensitize the pathogen to host defenses and antibiotics. In this review, we discuss what is known about staphylococcal DNA repair and its role in infection, examine how repair in S. aureus is similar to, or differs from, repair in well-characterized model organisms, and assess the potential of staphylococcal DNA repair as a novel therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 4","pages":"e0009121"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483670/pdf/mmbr.00091-21.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39417459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Peptidyl Transferase Center: a Window to the Past.","authors":"Madhan R Tirumalai, Mario Rivas, Quyen Tran, George E Fox","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00104-21","DOIUrl":"10.1128/MMBR.00104-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In his 2001 article, \"Translation: in retrospect and prospect,\" the late Carl Woese made a prescient observation that there was a need for the then-current view of translation to be \"reformulated to become an all-embracing perspective about which 21st century Biology can develop\" (RNA 7:1055-1067, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355838201010615). The quest to decipher the origins of life and the road to the genetic code are both inextricably linked with the history of the ribosome. After over 60 years of research, significant progress in our understanding of how ribosomes work has been made. Particularly attractive is a model in which the ribosome may facilitate an ∼180° rotation of the CCA end of the tRNA from the A-site to the P-site while the acceptor stem of the tRNA would then undergo a translation from the A-site to the P-site. However, the central question of how the ribosome originated remains unresolved. Along the path from a primitive RNA world or an RNA-peptide world to a proto-ribosome world, the advent of the peptidyl transferase activity would have been a seminal event. This functionality is now housed within a local region of the large-subunit (LSU) rRNA, namely, the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). The PTC is responsible for peptide bond formation during protein synthesis and is usually considered to be the oldest part of the modern ribosome. What is frequently overlooked is that by examining the origins of the PTC itself, one is likely going back even further in time. In this regard, it has been proposed that the modern PTC originated from the association of two smaller RNAs that were once independent and now comprise a pseudosymmetric region in the modern PTC. Could such an association have survived? Recent studies have shown that the extant PTC is largely depleted of ribosomal protein interactions. It is other elements like metallic ion coordination and nonstandard base/base interactions that would have had to stabilize the association of RNAs. Here, we present a detailed review of the literature focused on the nature of the extant PTC and its proposed ancestor, the proto-ribosome.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 4","pages":"e0010421"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8579967/pdf/mmbr.00104-21.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39713344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Viral Infection: Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Evelyne Kohli,&nbsp;Sébastien Causse,&nbsp;Valentin Baverel,&nbsp;Laurence Dubrez,&nbsp;Natalia Borges-Bonan,&nbsp;Oleg Demidov,&nbsp;Carmen Garrido","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00035-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00035-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are central for the achievement of different steps of the viral cycle, from entry and replication to assembly and exit. The most abundant ER chaperones are GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), GRP94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the carbohydrate or lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT), the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and the DNAJ chaperones. This review will focus on the pleiotropic roles of ER chaperones during viral infection. We will cover their essential role in the folding and quality control of viral proteins, notably viral glycoproteins which play a major role in host cell infection. We will also describe how viruses co-opt ER chaperones at various steps of their infectious cycle but also in order to evade immune responses and avoid apoptosis. Finally, we will discuss the different molecules targeting these chaperones and the perspectives in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 4","pages":"e0003521"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8515930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39513438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Networks That Govern Sexual Reproduction in the Pezizomycotina.","authors":"Andi M Wilson,&nbsp;P Markus Wilken,&nbsp;Michael J Wingfield,&nbsp;Brenda D Wingfield","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00020-21","DOIUrl":"10.1128/MMBR.00020-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual development in filamentous fungi is a complex process that relies on the precise control of and interaction between a variety of genetic networks and pathways. The mating-type (<i>MAT</i>) genes are the master regulators of this process and typically act as transcription factors, which control the expression of genes involved at all stages of the sexual cycle. In many fungi, the sexual cycle typically begins when the mating pheromones of one mating type are recognized by a compatible partner, followed by physical interaction and fertilization. Subsequently, highly specialized sexual structures are formed, within which the sexual spores develop after rounds of meiosis and mitosis. These spores are then released and germinate, forming new individuals that initiate new cycles of growth. This review provides an overview of the known genetic networks and pathways that are involved in each major stage of the sexual cycle in filamentous ascomycete fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 4","pages":"e0002021"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8485983/pdf/mmbr.00020-21.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39468083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2021 Acknowledgment of MMBR Reviewers","authors":"C. Detweiler","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00160-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00160-21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47217782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mating Systems in True Morels (<i>Morchella</i>).","authors":"Xi-Hui Du,&nbsp;Zhu L Yang","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00220-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00220-20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>True morels (<i>Morchella</i> spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) are widely regarded as a highly prized delicacy and are of great economic and scientific value. Recently, the rapid development of cultivation technology and expansion of areas for artificial morel cultivation have propelled morel research into a hot topic. Many studies have been conducted in various aspects of morel biology, but despite this, cultivation sites still frequently report failure to fruit or only low production of fruiting bodies. Key problems include the gap between cultivation practices and basic knowledge of morel biology. In this review, in an effort to highlight the mating systems, evolution, and life cycle of morels, we summarize the current state of knowledge of morel sexual reproduction, the structure and evolution of mating-type genes, the sexual process itself, and the influence of mating-type genes on the asexual stages and conidium production. Understanding of these processes is critical for improving technology for the cultivation of morels and for scaling up their commercial production. Morel species may well be good candidates as model species for improving sexual development research in ascomycetes in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 3","pages":"e0022020"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483713/pdf/mmbr.00220-20.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39231653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Baltimore Classification of Viruses 50 Years Later: How Does It Stand in the Light of Virus Evolution?","authors":"Eugene V Koonin,&nbsp;Mart Krupovic,&nbsp;Vadim I Agol","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00053-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00053-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fifty years ago, David Baltimore published a brief conceptual paper delineating the classification of viruses by the routes of genome expression. The six \"Baltimore classes\" of viruses, with a subsequently added 7th class, became the conceptual framework for the development of virology during the next five decades. During this time, it became clear that the Baltimore classes, with relatively minor additions, indeed cover the diversity of virus genome expression schemes that also define the replication cycles. Here, we examine the status of the Baltimore classes 50 years after their advent and explore their links with the global ecology and biology of the respective viruses. We discuss an extension of the Baltimore scheme and why many logically admissible expression-replication schemes do not appear to be realized in nature. Recent phylogenomic analyses allow tracing the complex connections between the Baltimore classes and the monophyletic realms of viruses. The five classes of RNA viruses and reverse-transcribing viruses share an origin, whereas both the single-stranded DNA viruses and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses evolved on multiple independent occasions. Most of the Baltimore classes of viruses probably emerged during the earliest era of life evolution, at the stage of the primordial pool of diverse replicators, and before the advent of modern-like cells with large dsDNA genomes. The Baltimore classes remain an integral part of the conceptual foundation of biology, providing the essential structure for the logical space of information transfer processes, which is nontrivially connected with the routes of evolution of viruses and other replicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 3","pages":"e0005321"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483701/pdf/mmbr.00053-21.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39182528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumocystis Mating-Type Locus and Sexual Cycle during Infection.","authors":"Philippe M Hauser","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00009-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00009-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pneumocystis species colonize mammalian lungs and cause deadly pneumonia if the immune system of the host weakens. Each species presents a specificity for a single mammalian host species. Pneumocystis jirovecii infects humans and provokes pneumonia, which is among the most frequent invasive fungal infections. The lack of <i>in vitro</i> culture methods for these fungi complicates their study. Recently, high-throughput sequencing technologies followed by comparative genomics have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the sexuality of Pneumocystis organisms. The structure of their mating-type locus corresponding to a fusion of two loci, Plus and Minus, and the concomitant expression of the three mating-type genes revealed that their mode of sexual reproduction is primarily homothallism. This mode is favored by microbial pathogens and involves a single self-compatible mating type that can enter into the sexual cycle on its own. Pneumocystis sexuality is obligatory within the host's lungs during pneumonia in adults, primary infection in children, and possibly colonization. This sexuality participates in cell proliferation, airborne transmission to new hosts, and probably antigenic variation, processes that are crucial to ensure the survival of the fungus. Thus, sexuality is central in the Pneumocystis life cycle. The obligate biotrophic parasitism with obligate sexuality of Pneumocystis is unique among fungi pathogenic to humans. Pneumocystis organisms are similar to the plant fungal obligate biotrophs that complete their entire life cycle within their hosts, including sex, and that are also difficult to grow <i>in vitro</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 3","pages":"e0000921"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483669/pdf/mmbr.00009-21.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39241021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.masthead.85-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.masthead.85-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44301655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the PhoP/PhoQ System Controls Virulence and Mg²⁺ Homeostasis: Lessons in Signal Transduction, Pathogenesis, Physiology, and Evolution.","authors":"Eduardo A Groisman, Alexandre Duprey, Jeongjoon Choi","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.00176-20","DOIUrl":"10.1128/MMBR.00176-20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The PhoP/PhoQ two-component system governs virulence, Mg²⁺ homeostasis, and resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents, including acidic pH and cationic antimicrobial peptides, in several Gram-negative bacterial species. Best understood in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the PhoP/PhoQ system consists o-regulated gene products alter PhoP-P amounts, even under constant inducing conditions. PhoP-P controls the abundance of hundreds of proteins both directly, by having transcriptional effects on the corresponding genes, and indirectly, by modifying the abundance, activity, or stability of other transcription factors, regulatory RNAs, protease regulators, and metabolites. The investigation of PhoP/PhoQ has uncovered novel forms of signal transduction and the physiological consequences of regulon evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":"85 3","pages":"e0017620"},"PeriodicalIF":12.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483708/pdf/mmbr.00176-20.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39042701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}