Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise最新文献

{"title":"Effects of 10, 90, 120 and 150 G.H -1 CHO on Substrate Metabolism, Exogenous Oxidation and Exercise Capacity: Implications for CHO Personalization","authors":"Henry J. Martyn,Javier T. Gonzalez,Trent Stellingwerff,Louise M. Burke,Daniel J. Owens,Jamie N. Pugh,James P. Morton","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004176","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Given recent controversy surrounding the optimal CHO intake during exercise, we assessed the effects of CHO ingestion at rates of 10, 90, 120 and 150 g.h -1 on substrate metabolism and exercise capacity. Methods: Eight trained males cycled for 3 hours, followed by an exercise capacity test (150% lactate threshold). Participants completed an initial familiarization comprising 10 g.h -1 (maltodextrin) with subsequent trials randomized (90, 120 and 150 g.h -1 : 1:0.8 ratio of maltodextrin to fructose drinks enriched with [U 13 -C] glucose-fructose). Results: Mean exogenous CHO oxidation increased in a dose dependent manner where 150 > 120 > 90 g.h -1 (1.62 ± 0.45; 1.48 ± 0.44; 1.23 ± 0.35 g.min -1 , respectively, all P<0.05), though substantial variation was observed within trials (range of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g.min -1 for 90, 120 and 150 g.h -1 , respectively). Whole-body CHO oxidation did not differ (P=0.97) between 150 and 120 g.h -1 (both trials = 2.6 ± 0.3 g.min -1 ), with both trials greater than 90 and 10 g.h -1 (2.3 ± 0.5; 1.7 ± 0.7 g.min -1 , respectively). Blood glucose was lower in 10 g.h -1 (3.8 ± 0.2, P<0.01) versus 90, 120 and 150 g.h -1 (4.6 ± 0.2, 4.6 ± 0.1, 4.8 ± 0.2 mmol.L -1 ; P>0.05 between higher doses). Total exercise duration was lower in 10 g.h -1 (2:41:28 ± 0:24:47 h:min:secs,) versus 90 (3:04:59 ± 0:01:52), 120 (3:05:24 ± 0:03:28, both P<0.05) and 150 g.h -1 (3:00:39 ± 0:07:00, P=0.06), with no differences (P>0.05) between higher rates. Optimal exercise capacity was achieved with 107 g.h -1 (95 % CI: 92-122 g.h -1 ) Conclusions: Data demonstrate 150 g.h -1 does not increase whole-body CHO oxidation versus 120 g.h -1 , though variations in ergogenic dose and exogenous CHO oxidation rates support CHO personalization.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Intensified Training Period Reduces REM Sleep but this Decline Can Be Mitigated by Ketone Ester Supplementation","authors":"Chiel Poffé,Wout Lauriks,Myrthe Stalmans,Ruben Robberechts","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004172","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: We previously showed that a strenuous training day disrupts sleep efficiency and REM sleep, and that these disturbances can be counteracted by ketone monoester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) supplementation. However, the impact of prolonged intensified training on sleep quality, as well as the potential modulating effect of KE are unknown. Methods: We performed a double-blind study in which twenty-four trained male athletes completed a 7-week training program with a gradual increase in training load while receiving either 25g of a control drink (CON, n=12) or 25g of KE (n=12) after each training session and 30 minutes before sleep. At the start (PRE), week 3 (MID), and the end (POST) of the training program, we evaluated sleep using polysomnography, and perceived stress/recovery balance using the REST-Q questionnaire. Timing, duration, and relative intensity of exercise on each testing day were identical. Results: The progressive increase in training load induced a decrease in the perceived stress-recovery state in both groups (PRE: 73±21 vs. POST: 40±37, p<0.001, Hedges’ g = 1.097). From PRE to MID, sleep efficiency improved by 3% in both groups (p=0.003, Hedges’ g = 0.663) while wakefulness after sleep onset reduced by 2% (p=0.031, Hedges’ g = 0.716). However, from PRE to POST, total REM sleep decreased by 2% in CON but increased by 3% in KE (p=0.002, for KE vs. CON, Hedges’ g = 0.939). Perceived sleep quality did not differ between groups throughout the intervention. Conclusions: Our data indicate that KE supplementation did not enhance the beneficial effect of an initial increase in training load on sleep but prevented the decline in REM sleep upon a further training load increment.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Molecular and Chronic Vastus Lateralis Adaptations to Lengthened Partial versus Full Range of Motion Resistance Training in Trained Men","authors":"Daniel L. Plotkin,Dakota R. Tiede,Tahran Gotla,Jaci Kelly,Mathis Rollin,Josh Queneau,Colin D. Wilborn,Marina Meyer-Vega,Valeria Robles-Cerdas,Adil Bashir,Ronald J. Beyers,Camila Esquivel,George J. Kontos,Christopher B. Mobley,Ryan Babl,Andreas N. Kavazis,Darren T. Beck,Harsimran S. Baweja,Christopher G. Vann,Paul A. Swinton,Lemuel W. Taylor,Michael D. Roberts","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004183","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study examined how lower-body lengthened partial (LP) versus full range of motion (FULL) resistance training affects acute post-exercise signaling, chronic hypertrophy, and cellular adaptations of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in resistance-trained men. Methods: Eight males (22±1 years old, 5.6±1.4 years training) completed a crossover study whereby VL biopsies were collected pre-exercise and 0, 3, and 24 hours following LP and FULL leg extension bouts for transcriptomic and anabolic signaling analyses (Experiment 1). Another 16 males (26±5 years old; 8.0±4.9 years training) completed an 8-week, twice-weekly lower-body intervention using a within-subject design (Experiment 2). One leg was assigned to FULL and the contralateral leg to LP training across three exercises (leg press, leg extension, and lying leg curl). Pre- and post-intervention outcomes included VL muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) summed across five MRI-derived slices and mid-thigh VL biopsy outcomes. Results: In Experiment 1, time-dependent changes in the VL transcriptome and anabolic (mTORC1 and Hippo) signaling occurred, but minimal between-protocol interactions existed. In Experiment 2, VL mCSA increased over time (mean change: 9.3cm², 95% CI [6.8, 11.8], P<0.001), with no evidence of differential change between protocols (LP−FULL change: −1.4cm², 95% CI [−6.1, 3.8], P=0.640). Additionally, no significant interactions existed for type I or II fiber CSA (P=0.476, P=0.350), type I or II fiber myonuclei (P=0.813, P=0.589), type I or II satellite cell number (P=0.102, P=0.797), or total RNA content (P=0.537). Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that 8 weeks of LP and FULL resistance training elicit similar acute and chronic VL responses in previously trained men.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Imagery of Yips-Affected Pitching Enhances Corticospinal Excitability in Baseball Players with Yips","authors":"Daiki Yamasaki,Naotsugu Kaneko,Taishi Okegawa,Kimitaka Nakazawa","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004173","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Yips is a psycho-neuromuscular impediment disrupting the execution of sports skills. It remains unclear how the modulation of descending motor pathway activity differs between conditions with and without yips symptoms. This is attributable to (1) the difficulty in eliciting yips in a controlled laboratory setting and (2) the technical challenges in measuring corticospinal excitability during dynamic movements. Motor imagery (MI) provides a potential approach, as it elicits neural activity patterns similar to those during actual motor execution. This study aimed to elucidate the differences in corticospinal excitability between conditions with and without yips using MI. Methods: Fifteen baseball players with yips (yips group) and 15 baseball players without yips (control group) participated. The yips group imagined their typical yips-affected pitching (yips-MI) and imagined pitching without those symptoms (no yips-MI), whereas the control group imagined making an errant throw (failed pitching-MI) and a well-controlled throw (successful pitching-MI). Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the flexor carpi radialis and abductor pollicis brevis muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary motor cortex. Results: In the yips group, MEP amplitudes were significantly increased during yips-MI and no yips-MI compared with rest, with significantly greater facilitation observed during yips-MI than no yips-MI. In the control group, MEP amplitudes were significantly increased relative to rest during both successful pitching-MI and failed pitching-MI; however, no significant difference in MEP amplitudes was found between MI conditions. Furthermore, the ratio of MEP amplitudes between MI conditions was significantly larger in the yips group than in the control group. Conclusions: These findings provide initial evidence of yips-related modulation of corticospinal excitability during MI and may inform future studies investigating the yips.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NHANES-based, Sex-Specific Reference Values for Systolic Blood Pressure during Moderate-to-Vigorous-Intensity Treadmill Exercise","authors":"Jayson R. Gifford,T. J. Stefl,Ray M. Merill","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004182","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise (xSBP) is associated with cardiovascular health and future disease. We investigated the relationship between exercise intensity and xSBP and generated reference values for xSBP for healthy Americans performing moderate-to-vigorous intensity treadmill exercise. Methods: We analyzed data from 7,447 healthy participants, aged 12–49 years, in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants completed two 3-minute treadmill stages eliciting ~64% and ~76% of their estimated maximum heart rate (%HR MAX ). SBP was measured during the third minute of each stage. Absolute work rate (metabolic equivalents, MET) was estimated from treadmill speed and grade. Mixed-model ANOVA accounting for the complex survey design was used. Results: Sex-specific normative values for xSBP and xSBP indexed to work rate were generated. Age was only weakly related to xSBP (r = -0.019 to -0.024, P<0.001), so data were not stratified by age. Overall, males exhibited significantly greater increase in SBP at Stage 1 and Stage 2 (~22 and ~27 ΔmmHg, respectively; P<0.0001). Absolute work rate ( i.e., MET) was related to xSBP (r = 0.404 to 0.494, P<0.001). Accounting for differences in resting SBP (rSBP) and MET blunted but did not eliminate the sex difference in xSBP (P<0.0001). Furthermore, males exhibited a greater increase in SBP per MET than females (+5.58 ± 0.47 ΔmmHg·ΔMET -1 , P<0.0001). Conclusions: Biological sex and absolute work rate are independently associated with the blood pressure response to moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise. The sex-stratified, absolute, and work-indexed reference values generated in this study provide context for interpreting exercise blood pressure in clinical and research settings.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle Deformation of the Quadriceps Femoris in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis","authors":"Jun Umehara,Masashi Taniguchi,Masahide Yagi,Mazen Soufi,Yoshito Otake,Yoshinobu Sato,Ryusuke Nakai,Masashi Kobayashi,Noriaki Ichihashi","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004178","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Skeletal muscle degeneration, which includes atrophy and intramuscular fat infiltration, is widely observed in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although these changes in muscle volume and internal properties are likely accompanied by alterations in three-dimensional (3D) muscle shape, it remains largely understudied. This study aimed to determine variations in 3D muscle shape in individuals with knee OA using statistical shape modeling. Methods: Forty patients with knee OA and 51 control individuals underwent magnetic resonance imaging via T1-weighted and Dixon methods to examine volume and intramuscular fat of the quadriceps femoris. The 3D muscle shape was quantified using statistical shape models based on the principal components. Muscle volume, intramuscular fat content, and shape were compared between knee OA individuals and controls. Logistic regression analysis was used to distinguish individuals with knee OA from controls based on muscle volume, intramuscular fat, and shape, respectively. Results: Individuals with knee OA presented not only volume loss and intramuscular fat accumulation but also muscle shape changes in the vastus medialis and intermedius. The vastus medialis exhibited a flattened shape and anterior edge shrinkage, whereas the vastus intermedius presented anterior bulging along the length in the knee OA group; these were specific morphological changes associated with knee OA. These muscle deformations were compared to the degree of volume loss and intramuscular fat accumulation to accurately distinguish individuals with knee OA from controls, outperforming classifications based on volume and intramuscular fat. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate muscle deformation of vastus medialis and vastus intermedius in individuals with knee OA, providing new insights into muscle morphological changes and their potential relevance as novel morphological biomarkers of knee OA.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbohydrate Intake of 100 vs. 60 g·h⁻¹ During Prolonged Cycling Improves Durability Without Altering Muscle Glycogen Utilization in Male Endurance Athletes","authors":"Oscar Brogaard Mazza,Niels Ørtenblad,Joachim Nielsen,Carsten Lundby,Kasper Degn Gejl","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004180","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To investigate the effects of ingesting 60 versus 100 g CHO·h⁻¹ during prolonged cycling on durability, substrate oxidation, and muscle glycogen utilization in endurance athletes. Methods: Fifteen trained male cyclists and triathletes completed a 15-min time trial (15-min TT) in a fresh state and following two prolonged intermittent cycling (PIC) protocols. After consuming a CHO-enriched diet for 24 hours, participants cycled for 240 min at 60 % of their fresh 15-min TT mean power output (MPO₁₅ min ), interspersed with high-intensity intervals. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, participants consumed either 60 g CHO·h⁻¹ (CHO60) or 100 g CHO·h⁻¹ (CHO100) through beverages and gels in a 1:0.8 glucose:fructose ratio. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis before and after the PIC protocols to assess glycogen content. Results: 15-min TT performance was impaired after the PIC protocol in both conditions but with a greater reduction in CHO60 compared with CHO100 (-9.3 ± -2.0% vs -6.4 ± -1.7%, P = 0.025). Accordingly, MPO₁₅ was 9 W higher in CHO100 than CHO60 ( P = 0.028). Muscle glycogen content decreased substantially during exercise, with similar glycogen availability after the PIC protocols between conditions (CHO60: 192 ± 99 mmol · kg -1 DW; CHO100: 209 ± 111 mmol · kg -1 DW, P = 0.56). Whole-body CHO oxidation was better preserved during the PIC protocol in CHO100 (CHO60: 2.6 ± 0.6 g·min -1 to 1.9 ± 0.4 g·min -1 , CHO100: 2.6 ± 0.4 g·min -1 to 2.3 ± 0.5 g·min -1 , condition x time; P = 0.047), whereas blood glucose concentrations remained stable in both conditions (CHO60: 5.6 ± 1.0 mmol·L -1 to 5.7 ± 0.9 mmol·L -1 , CHO100: 6.0 ± 0.9 mmol·L -1 to 6.1 ± 0.9 mmol·L -1 , effect of time; P = 0.43). Conclusions: Consuming 100 versus 60 g CHO·h⁻¹ during prolonged intermittent cycling improved durability without altering muscle glycogen utilization.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"225 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal Muscle and Systemic Adaptations to Repeated Sprint Training with Blood Flow Restriction or in Normobaric Hypoxia","authors":"Clément Lanfranchi,Sarah J. Willis,Giuseppe Sirago,Joaquim Reuge,Louis Laramée,Sonia Conde Alonso,Bengt Kayser,Nicolas Place,Grégoire P. Millet,Nadège Zanou","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004179","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) or with blood flow restriction (RS-BFR) are known to enhance the repeated-sprint ability. However, studies directly comparing their underlying molecular mechanisms are scarce. Methods: Here we used a comprehensive approach combining pre- and post-intervention testing including sprint performance tests, neuromuscular assessments, skeletal muscle biopsies for protein levels quantification, and blood samples for systemic metabolites analyses to characterize the specific adaptations induced by RSH and RS-BFR. Recreationally active men performed 9 sessions of RSH (FiO₂ ~0.136; n=9) or RS-BFR (45% arterial occlusion; n=8). Results: Both RSH and RS-BFR similarly improved exercise performance without significant changes in knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction force. Both training modalities reduced the levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins while increasing markers of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial translation proteins. Glycolytic remodelling was evident in both groups, with increased levels of the glucose transporter 4 and phosphofructokinase proteins, accompanied by marked upregulation of the S100A13-Akt signalling. Unbiased muscle proteomics and plasma metabolomics also revealed common and more specific signatures. Both RSH and RS-BFR increased plasma levels of intermediates metabolites of lipid metabolism. RSH specifically upregulated cytoplasmic translation pathways in muscle and increased the kynurenate/kynurenine ratio in plasma, whereas RS-BFR was characterized by an upregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways both in muscle and plasma. Conclusions: In summary, 3-week of RS-BFR elicits performance adaptations comparable to RSH, supported by largely shared muscular and systemic metabolic adaptations. The specific characteristics of the adaptations induced by each method, however, are particularly interesting and could influence the outcome of regular training.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Menstrual Cycle Phase and Cramp Severity on Psychological Responses and Exercise Capacity in Physically Active Eumenorrheic Women","authors":"Raul Cosme Ramos Prado,Tamires Nunes Oliveira,Bryan Saunders,Zsuzsanna Jármy Di Bella,Marcus W. Kilpatrick,Ricardo Yukio Asano,Anthony C. Hackney,Monica Yuri Takito","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004184","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The scientific literature is characterized by a historical underrepresentation of the female population in sports science. A critical issue in the current literature is the inconsistency between objectively measured (e.g., time to exhaustion) and subjectively perceived performance across the menstrual cycle. This inconsistency is often attributed to methodological limitations (e.g., absence of hormonal assessments and ovulation kits) and to the lack of consideration of menstrual-related symptoms and psychological variables. Purpose: The primary objective of the study was to compare graded exercise test (GXT) performance outcomes across menstrual cycle phases. A secondary objective was to investigate whether cramp severity was associated with GXT performance during menses. A final objective was to examine the effects of menstrual cycle phase on psychological responses to exercise. Methods: Nineteen physically active eumenorrheic women (age 24 ± 4 years, V̇O 2peak 38.4 ± 3.1 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) completed five GXTs: two for familiarization and three performed during experimental sessions scheduled in three specific phases of the menstrual cycle (menses, follicular, and luteal). Variables of interest included estradiol and progesterone levels, affective valence, arousal, anxiety, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, mood disturbance, and motivation. Exercise capacity was operationalized as GXT performance outcomes (peak power output [W peak ] and time to exhaustion). Cramp severity was measured only during menses. Results: No statistically significant differences in W peak or time to exhaustion were detected across menstrual cycle phases (p > 0.05). Secondary and exploratory regression analyses indicated that each one-point increase in menstrual cramp severity during menses was associated with lower GXT performance (W peak : -1.50 W; time to exhaustion: 2.72 s; p = 0.04; R 2 = ~0.35). Higher affective valence scores were associated with improved W peak (+4.27 W) and time to exhaustion (-8.51 s; p = 0.02; R 2 = ~0.36), whereas higher arousal scores were associated with lower W peak (-11.40 W) and higher time to exhaustion (6.47 s; p = 0.01; R 2 = ~0.46) across the menstrual cycle. Motivation was lower during menses than during the follicular phase (p = 0.04). Conclusions: No statistically significant differences in GXT performance were detected across menstrual cycle phases. However, secondary and exploratory analyses suggest that greater menstrual cramp severity during menses was associated with lower time to exhaustion and W peak . These findings provide preliminary evidence that menstrual-related symptoms and psychological factors may contribute to variability in GXT performance outcomes and warrant further investigation in larger cohorts.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meeting Bouted versus Non-Bouted Physical Activity Guidelines and Health Outcomes in CARDIA","authors":"Bethany Barone Gibbs,Donovan Weekley,Erin E. Dooley,Bjoern Hornikel,William Boyer,Tyler D. Quinn,Kara M. Whitaker,Sylvia E. Badon,C. Barrett Bowling,Barbara Sternfeld,Kelley Pettee Gabriel","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000004162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000004162","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) guidelines recommend ≥150 minutes/week. Initial guidelines required bouts lasting ≥10 minutes, yet recent guidelines include non-bouted MVPA, despite less established benefits. This analysis sought to compare associations of meeting bouted vs. non-bouted MVPA guidelines on incident hypertension, diabetes, ≥10% weight gain, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Methods: This secondary analysis in the CARDIA cohort study used 15-year follow-up data during midlife. Participants (n=1,924) recruited from four U.S. centers wore an ActiGraph 7164 when 38-55 years old. Accelerometer data were used to define three groups: below guidelines, meeting non-bouted guidelines only, and meeting bouted guidelines. Incident stage 2 hypertension, diabetes, and ≥10% weight gain were assessed during clinical visits at baseline and 5-, 10-, and 15-year follow-up. Follow-up cardiorespiratory endurance was estimated by a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) at the 15-year follow-up. Associations between MVPA guideline group and outcomes were evaluated using survival analysis or ordinal logistic regression in nested models with progressive covariate adjustment. Results: Mean MVPA differed across groups: below guidelines, 93±36 minutes/week; non-bouted guidelines, 291±120 minutes/week; bouted guidelines, 551±530 minutes/week (p<0.001). Prior to adjustment, hypertension-free, diabetes-free, and ≥10% weight gain-free survival, and follow-up endurance were higher in those meeting bouted guidelines compared to other groups. After covariate adjustment, meeting bouted guidelines remained associated with lower risk of ≥10% weight gain (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.48, 0.92) and higher endurance (odds ratio, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.47, 3.30). When meeting guidelines and controlling for MVPA volume, a greater proportion of bouted vs. non-bouted MVPA was associated with higher endurance only. Conclusions: Meeting recommendations with bouted MVPA compared to non-bouted MVPA may provide greater health benefits for weight control and endurance.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}