Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise最新文献

{"title":"Cardiovascular Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control in Sedentary Young Adults: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Michal Remiszewski,Gabriela Rajtar,Zuzanna Komarek,Tomasz Pałka,Marcin Maciejczyk,Tomasz S Ligeza","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003751","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEPhysical exercise may enhance cognitive functions, including inhibitory control. Despite increasing evidence, there remains a need for robust evidence on long-term interventions targeting inhibition in healthy, sedentary young adults. We investigated the effects of a 12-week cardiovascular exercise program on this population's behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control.METHODSSedentary young adults were randomized into an experimental group (n = 32) or a passive control group (n = 30). The experimental group completed a cycling ergometer program consisting of 6 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE), followed by 6 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity interval exercise (MHIE). Inhibitory control was assessed at baseline (pre-test), after 6 weeks (mid-test), and after the intervention (post-test) using a modified flanker task with EEG recordings. Assessed outcomes included response time (RT) and event-related potentials (the amplitude and latency of the N2 and P3b components).RESULTSThe experimental group exhibited a progressive reduction in RT for incongruent trials across all time points (pre- to mid-test, mid- to post-test, and pre- to post-test) without compromising accuracy. The control group showed RT reductions only from pre- to post-test, with a decline in overall accuracy. Neuroelectric analyses revealed decreased N2 amplitudes and faster P3b latencies in the experimental group from mid- to post-test during incongruent trials. The control group demonstrated increased N2 amplitudes from pre- to mid-test and pre- to post-test during congruent trials.CONCLUSIONSA 12-week cardiovascular exercise intervention combining MCE and MHIE enhances both behavioral and neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control in sedentary young adults. These findings highlight the potential of exercise programs as an accessible and effective strategy for improving cognitive health, especially in healthy but sedentary adults.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity Is Positively Associated with Model-Based Decision Making in Pursuit of Reward in Trauma-Exposed Adults.","authors":"Kevin M Crombie,Josh M Cisler,Elroy J Aguiar,Hayley V MacDonald,Seung-Lark Lim,Benjamin N Greenwood,Cecilia J Hillard","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003754","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSESequential decision-making often involves a combination of simple trial-and-error learning (i.e., model-free learning), and more sophisticated learning where an abstract representation of the environment is formed, thereby facilitating prospective predictions about likely outcomes based on different choices (i.e., model-based learning). As such, the utilization of a model-based approach is thought to be advantageous in many contexts as it provides a more informed cognitive map. Emerging research suggests that trauma exposure may have a detrimental effect on model-based learning, which suggests that there may be clinical utility in examining pharmacological and/or behavioral approaches that boost model-based behavior. Although greater habitual physical activity (PA) is associated with enhanced cognitive function, no prior studies have examined the specific domain of model-based decision-making. This study aimed to examine whether greater PA is associated with greater model-based decision-making in pursuit of reward among trauma-exposed adults (N = 84).METHODSParticipants (62% women, 55% white, M ± SD age = 28 ± 9 y) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and a two-stage Markov task capable of quantifying model-free vs model-based decision-making. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to determine if PA volume (quartiles of MET-min/wk) promotes greater engagement in model-based behavioral strategies during the task.RESULTSParticipants from quartile 2 (β = 0.17, 95%CI = 0.11-0.23), quartile 3 (β = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.21-0.33), and quartile 4 (β = 0.23, 95%CI = 0.17-0.30) exhibited greater model-based decision-making compared to participants from quartile1 (β = 0.08, 95%CI = 0.02-0.14), with participants from quartile 3 exhibiting greater model-based decision-making compared to quartile 2.CONCLUSIONSPA volume is positively associated with a greater propensity to utilize model-based behavioral strategies during decision-making in pursuit of reward in trauma-exposed adults. Future research is needed to examine whether changes in PA behavior predict subsequent changes in model-based behavior.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Ventilatory Function Based on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Sex.","authors":"José Antonio Benítez-Muñoz,Pedro J Benito,Rocío Cupeiro,María Alcocer-Ayuga,Miguel Ángel Rojo-Tirado,Domingo J Ramos-Campo,Ana Belén Peinado","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003752","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEto evaluate differences in ventilatory function, especially on breathing reserve (BR), across a wide range of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).METHODSwe examined 198 males and 60 females who performed different spirometry tests to evaluate ventilatory function [vital capacity (VC), inspiratory capacity (IC), force vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)], and a ramp incremental exercise test to evaluate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximal ventilation (VEmax) and BR. Participants were classified as low, medium or high CRF based on tertile of VO2max.RESULTSVC, IC, FVC, FEV1, MVV and VEmax were associated with CRF (all p < 0.008; R2 = 0.312 to 0.76). VC, IC and FVC was lower in low than medium or high CRF; FEV1 and MVV was lower in low than high CRF; and VEmax was higher as CRF increased (all p < 0.05). Contrary, BR was weakly associated with CRF (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.179), observing a lower BR only in high (p < 0.001) and medium (p = 0.022) than low CRF, and the number of individuals who depleted the BR was not different between CRF (p > 0.05). Females showed a lower VC, FVC, FEV1, MVV and VEmax than males across different relative CRF (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSVentilatory function is greater in individuals with a higher CRF, highlighting ventilatory function should be considered when assessing CRF. Reaching maximum possible ventilation during exercise (depleting the BR) does not seem a cause for ceasing exercise more prevalent in individuals with a high CRF, indicating that performance limitation by the respiratory system due to BR depletion is not more likely in individuals with the highest CRF. Finally, we reveal a sex difference in ventilatory function regardless CRF.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between the 24-Hour Activity Daily Cycle and Incident Dementia.","authors":"David A Raichlen,Daniel H Aslan,M Katherine Sayre,Anamika Nanda,Pradyumna K Bharadwaj,Madeline Ally,Silvio Maltagliati,Mark H C Lai,Rand R Wilcox,Yann C Klimentidis,Gene E Alexander","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003745","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDPhysical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep all impact risk of incident dementia, however engagement in these activities is constrained by the 24-hour day. Increasing time spent in one activity necessarily reduces time spent in another making it difficult to fully understand the implications of current behavioral modification recommendations. This study examines how reallocating time spent among sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) within a 24-hour day impacts dementia risk in older adults.METHODSThe compositional data analysis was conducted on data from 51,314 participants (mean [SD] age: 67.28 [4.30] years; 53.9% female) from the UK Biobank dataset. Participants wore wrist accelerometers for one week, and sleep, SB, LPA, and MVPA were measured using machine learning techniques. Over an average follow-up period of 6.61 (SD = 1.13) years, 410 participants were diagnosed with dementia.RESULTSCompositional data analysis using Cox proportional hazard models revealed that reallocating one hour per day to SB from all other behaviors was associated with a 114% increased risk of dementia (HR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.43-3.22). Conversely, reallocating one hour per day to MVPA from other behaviors was associated with a 17% reduction in dementia risk (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.76-0.91). Reallocations to sleep or LPA were not associated with changes in dementia risk unless they impacted time spent in SB or MVPA.CONCLUSIONSThese findings highlight the critical importance of reducing sedentary time and increasing MVPA to lower dementia risk and suggest that interventions targeting these behaviors may be vital for brain health and dementia prevention.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Blood Flow Restriction and Resistance Training on Functional Outcomes and Fatigue in People with Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Jeffrey T Schmidt,Kyle R Reedy,Sean M Lubiak,Mason A Howard,Christopher E Proppe,Paola M Rivera,David H Gonzalez-Rojas,John E Lawson,Cristian Cardona,Ethan C Hill","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003747","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEResistance training (RT) can improve functional outcomes among people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) but is underutilized due to the use of heavy training loads. Low-load resistance training with blood-flow restriction (RT + BFR) may provide an alternative. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of low-load RT + BFR and heavy-load RT on functional outcomes among PwMS.METHODSSeventeen PwMS (EDSS 0 to 6.5) completed 12 weeks (2x/week) of heavy-load (65% of one-repetition maximum [1RM]; n = 9) RT or low-load (30% of 1RM; n = 8) RT + BFR. Functional outcomes including gait speed (self-selected and fast 10-meter Walk Test [10mWT]), walking endurance (6 Minute Walk Test [6MWT]), leg strength/transfers (Five Times Sit to Stand Test [5xSTS], 30 Second Sit to Stand Test [30CST]), and fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale [MFIS]) were assessed every four weeks.RESULTSImprovements in 10mWT (fast) occurred earlier for low-load RT + BFR (1.31 ± 0.24 to 1.79 ± 0.53 m/s from week 0 to 8; p = 0.005) than heavy-load RT (1.19 ± 0.31 to 1.63 ± 0.58 m/s from week 4 to 12; p = 0.005). MFIS was lower for low-load RT + BFR (16.25 ± 15.59 au) compared to heavy-load RT (32 ± 13.63 au) after 4 weeks (p = 0.042). 6MWT only improved in heavy-load RT from baseline to week 12 (309.1 ± 97.5 to 390.5 ± 100.4 m; p = 0.001), although baseline walking distance was higher in the low-load RT + BFR group (429.3 ± 42.1 m; p = 0.006). Improvements in 5xSTS and 30CST were similar for both groups.CONCLUSIONSLow-load RT + BFR and heavy-load RT elicited comparable improvements among indices of strength, endurance, and walking speed with greater improvements in fatigue from low-load RT + BFR in PwMS. Thus, low-load RT + BFR may be a valuable modality to improve functional outcomes among PwMS in situations where heavy-load RT is intolerable.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Sex and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Impact Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity?","authors":"Cameron M Ehnes,Sophie É Collins,Andrew R Brotto,Eva C M Fleming,Desi P Fuhr,Sean van Diepen,Michael K Stickland","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003746","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONPhysiological outcomes, like pulmonary diffusing capacity, can be impacted by non-modifiable (e.g., biological sex) and modifiable (e.g., cardiorespiratory fitness) factors. The quantification of potential combined, interactive effects of these factors remains unreported in the literature.PURPOSETo examine the independent and combined associations of sex and cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) with pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) and its determinants (capillary blood volume, VC; and membrane diffusing capacity, DM) at rest and during exercise, while controlling for lung size.METHODSThis retrospective study utilized general linear regression and linear mixed effects modelling to evaluate DLCO (adjusted for hemoglobin) and its determinants at rest and during exercise in n = 113 participants (57 female).RESULTSSex, V̇O2peak, and VA all showed significant bivariate associations with DLCO when tested separately (all P < 0.001). In our final model, after accounting for VA, only sex remained significantly associated with resting DLCO (P = 0.047), whereas V̇O2peak was associated with resting VC (P = 0.009). No significant interaction effects were detected for resting data. After accounting for VA, exercise DLCO was significantly associated with sex but not V̇O2peak (P < 0.001). A significant sex*V̇O2peak*intensity interaction was detected in exercise DLCO whereby individuals with higher V̇O2peak have greater exercise DLCO, and trained males have a greater DLCO compared to trained females (Pinteraction < 0.001; males, P < 0.001; females, P < 0.001). Exercise VC was not associated with V̇O2peak or sex after accounting for VA, but a significant sex*V̇O2peak*intensity interaction effect on exercise VC was detected (Pinteraction = 0.009; males, P = 0.039; females, P = 0.298).CONCLUSIONSBy examining the independent and combined associations of sex and V̇O2peak with DLCO and its determinants, our findings identified that the DLCO response to exercise is modified by the combined effects of sex and fitness.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Team Physician Consensus Statement 2024 Update.","authors":"Stanley A Herring,Margot Putukian,Lance E Leclere,Craig Bennett,Lori Boyajian-O'Neill,Danielle Carter,Cindy J Chang,Carly Day,Molly A Day,Kostas Economopoulos,R Robert Franks,Jonathan T Finnoff,Mark Halstead,Scotte A Magnes,Jason Matuszak","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003641","url":null,"abstract":"The Team Physician Consensus Statement delineates qualifications, duties, and responsibilities of the team physician and provides guidelines to individuals and organizations in selecting team physicians. These delineations and guidelines provide a foundation for best practices in the medical care of athletes and teams. The team physician's education, training, and experience uniquely qualify them to provide the best medical care for the athlete. This document is not intended as a standard of care and should not be interpreted as such. It is only a guide and, as such, is of a general nature, consistent with the reasonable, objective practice of the healthcare profession. Adequate insurance should be in place to help protect the physician, the athlete, and the sponsoring organization. This document was originally developed as the first in the team physician consensus series, representing an ongoing project-based alliance of the major professional associations concerned about clinical sports medicine issues. The organizations are as follows: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine, and the American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"40 1","pages":"1067-1075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Agreements between HRV and Gas Exchange Thresholds Still Hold under Hypoxic Conditions?","authors":"Youmna Elsayed Hassanein,Bruce Rogers,Dania Ibrahim,Pablo R Fleitas-Paniagua,Juan M Murias,Nathan E Townsend","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003744","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Heart rate (HR) variability thresholds (HRVT) based on detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 (DFA a1) generally show reasonable alignment of thresholds estimations based on gas exchange responses under normoxic conditions. This study examined whether acute hypoxia would affect the agreement between HRVTs and the gas exchange equivalents during incremental cycling. Methods: Twelve participants (5 females) completed an incremental ramp test in normobaric hypoxia (FIO2 ≈ 13.5%) and normoxia. Gas exchange and ventilatory responses alongside a high sampling rate electrocardiogram for DFA a1 computation were used to determine thresholds. Comparisons were made between the oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and HR at the gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) with the responses at the first and second HRVTs (HRVT1 and HRVT2 respectively). Results: Mean V̇O2 and HR values were not statistically different for GET:HRVT1 (normoxia:1.74±0.41 vs 1.74±0.48 L·min-1,133±18 vs 133±16 bpm; hypoxia:1.47±0.21 vs 1.45±0.37 L·min-1, 135±14 vs 133±15 bpm) and RCP:HRVT2 (normoxia:2.38±0.55 vs 2.37±0.48 L·min-1, 158±13 vs 158±14 bpm, hypoxia:2.07±0.32 vs 1.90±0.43 L·min-1 and 156±13 vs 152±15 bpm) in any condition. All normoxic comparisons passed equivalence testing but only GET:HRVT1 responses passed during hypoxia. Pearsons r correlation coefficients were 0.86 to 0.96 in normoxia and 0.58 to 0.79 in hypoxia. Bland Altman analysis indicated higher degrees of bias and limit of agreements (LOA) during hypoxic testing. Conclusions: Although the V̇O2 and HR at HRVTs retained alignment with GET/RCP in both normoxia and hypoxia, the degrees of correlation, and equivalence were weaker and the bias and LOA were larger in hypoxia. Therefore, whilst using HRVT alone for training boundary guidance in hypoxia is a potential option, further investigation including incorporating complimentary surrogate markers is recommended.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor Re: Allostatic Load Is Associated with Overuse Musculoskeletal Injury during US Marine Corps Officer Candidates School.","authors":"Travis Anderson,Eric G Post,William M Adams,Laurie Wideman","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003736","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Both Central and Peripheral Adaptations Contribute to Training-Induced Changes in Maximal O2 Uptake in an Intensity Domain-Specific Manner.","authors":"Elias Lehtonen,Antti-Pekka E Rissanen,Juha E Peltonen,Dominique D Gagnon,Tom Mikkola","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003734","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}