Medicine, Science and the Law最新文献_第4页

Crime, punishment, and detention in secure psychiatric hospital. 安全精神病院中的犯罪、惩罚和拘留。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241256423

Andrew Shepherd

{"title":"Crime, punishment, and detention in secure psychiatric hospital.","authors":"Andrew Shepherd","doi":"10.1177/00258024241256423","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024241256423","url":null,"abstract":"Many legal jurisdictions offer some form of hospital diversion and disposal as an alternative to incarceration in prison for mentally disordered offenders. Such diversion is commonly understood as offering a non-punitive alternative in terms of sentencing decisions. However, complete loss of responsibility with respect to acts of violence is rare and indicative of extreme degrees of mental disorder. This raises challenges for sentencers when considering disposal options. From the perspective of the patient and healthcare providers while hospital may be framed as non-punitive, it still involves marked loss of freedom and rights. In this essay, it is argued that failure to acknowledge the punitive element, inherent in hospital detention, risks its repression, and a false dichotomy being established with prison being seen as solely punitive and hospital as solely therapeutic. It is suggested that this division is unhelpful, even potentially harmful, and that a synthesis as solution to this dialectic opposition may be generative in terms of therapeutic work in hospitals, clarification of the role of hospitals in terms of criminal justice disposal, and greater transparency in relation to multi-agency working and the social circumstances of patients detained in secure hospitals. Further work to understand this process is suggested with a particular emphasis being placed on the experience of specific groups of patients, such as women, who may find themselves in a notably precarious state within secure care.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"348-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11528839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141081032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Age estimation using medial clavicle by histomorphometry method with artificial intelligence: A review. 用人工智能组织形态测量法估算锁骨内侧的年龄：综述。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241270779

Kewalee Pichetpan, Phruksachat Singsuwan, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh

{"title":"Age estimation using medial clavicle by histomorphometry method with artificial intelligence: A review.","authors":"Kewalee Pichetpan, Phruksachat Singsuwan, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh","doi":"10.1177/00258024241270779","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024241270779","url":null,"abstract":"This review research critically assesses the evolving landscape of age estimation methodologies, with a particular focus on the innovative integration of histomorphometry and artificial intelligence (AI) in the analysis of the medial clavicle. The medial clavicle emerges as a crucial skeletal feature for predicting age, offering valuable insights into the morphological changes occurring throughout an individual's lifespan. Through an in-depth exploration of histological complexities, including variations in osteons, trabecular structures, and cortical thickness, this review elucidates their utility as viable indicators for age-related evaluations. This framework is augmented by the incorporation of AI technology, which enables automatic picture identification, feature extraction, and complicated pattern analysis. Our review of previous research highlights the promise of AI in improving prediction models for nuanced age estimates, highlighting the importance of large-scale, diversified datasets and thorough cross-validation. This thorough study, which addresses ethical concerns as well as the influence of population-specific characteristics, moves the debate around age estimate ahead, presenting insights with consequences for forensic anthropology, clinical diagnoses, and future research avenues.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"329-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The spectrum of presentations of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning. 意外一氧化碳中毒的各种表现形式。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231221349

Lilli Stephenson, Marianne Tiemensma, Corinna Van Den Heuvel, Roger W Byard

{"title":"The spectrum of presentations of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning.","authors":"Lilli Stephenson, Marianne Tiemensma, Corinna Van Den Heuvel, Roger W Byard","doi":"10.1177/00258024231221349","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024231221349","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless and tasteless gas which can be produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Compared to vehicular CO suicides, unintentional cases (excluding those related to fires) are much less common. Increased education surrounding the risks associated with the accumulation of CO in enclosed spaces has contributed to a reduced incidence of unintentional CO poisonings. However, such cases may remain undetected, particularly in domestic and recreational settings where scene findings are often non-specific. The current study of unintentional CO poisonings in South Australia and the Northern Territory, each with a unique climate (Mediterranean and tropical respectively), demonstrated differences in the circumstances of death. Several cases where individuals used carbon-producing fuel sources for heat, both in domestic and vehicular settings and without adequate ventilation, resulted in fatal outcomes. Less common scenarios involved faults in equipment (e.g. a hot water heater), vehicle faults resulting in the accumulation of fatal levels of CO in enclosed spaces, and inadvertent introduction of CO into a diving oxygen supply in a recreational aquatic setting. In ascertaining the cause of death, other considerations include the potential role of underlying chronic cardiovascular and respiratory disease and age which may increase an individual's susceptibility to CO toxicity. Understanding the wide variety of presentations and contributing factors in cases of fatal CO poisoning including consideration of climate-specific differences in domestic and extra-domestic settings may enable improved detection at autopsy.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"310-318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138830411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"The uncooperative nearest relative and admission under sections 2 and 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983". "不合作的近亲和根据 1983 年《精神健康法》第 2 和第 3 条收治"。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241227715

Benjamin Andoh

引用次数: 0

The over-representation of neurodivergent children in Youth Justice Systems and The Youth Court. 在青少年司法系统和青少年法庭中，神经发育异常儿童的比例过高。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241274073

Anne-Marie Day, Clare Allely, Louise Robinson, Kim Turner, Felicity Gerry Kc, Andrew Forrester

引用次数: 0

Features of fatal pesticide ingestion in South Australia. 南澳大利亚州摄入致命杀虫剂的特点。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231197914

Lilli Stephenson, Corinna Van Den Heuvel, Melissa Humphries, Christine Nash, Roger W Byard

{"title":"Features of fatal pesticide ingestion in South Australia.","authors":"Lilli Stephenson, Corinna Van Den Heuvel, Melissa Humphries, Christine Nash, Roger W Byard","doi":"10.1177/00258024231197914","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024231197914","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides are used to kill, repel or control any animal or plant species which are considered pests, but have also been associated with intentional and unintentional human fatalities. A rapid increase in pesticide suicides was observed during 'The Green Revolution' after pesticides were introduced into low- and middle-income rural households without appropriate guidelines for safe use and storage. While national pesticide bans have contributed to a significant decrease in pesticide-related suicides, such cases still comprise a large proportion of all suicides around the world. The aim of the current study was to provide a profile of pesticide suicides in a high-income country as a point of comparison against studies from low- and middle-income countries. Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.2.3). Over the 20-year study period, there were a low, yet consistent number of pesticide suicides which were most common among males over the age of 40. Paraquat and methomyl pesticides collectively contributed to almost half (48.8%) of all fatalities. Consistent with the literature, such cases often occurred with little premeditation in response to an acute emotional crisis. While interpretation of autopsy findings was mostly limited, there were some pesticides that demonstrated findings consisted with previously reported characteristics (e.g., gastroesophageal erosions with paraquat). Given the high proportion of cases where paraquat and methomyl pesticides were implicated, it may be appropriate to review the availability and accessibility of such compounds to reduce the occurrence of pesticide suicides in South Australia and potentially the wider Australian population.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"259-282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10146049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Applicability of the six-phase method for auricular age estimation in an Indian population: A CT-based study. 六阶段法在印度人群耳廓年龄估计中的适用性：一项基于CT的研究。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231206864

Varsha Warrier, Rutwik Shedge, Pawan Kumar Garg, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Kewal Krishan, Tanuj Kanchan

{"title":"Applicability of the six-phase method for auricular age estimation in an Indian population: A CT-based study.","authors":"Varsha Warrier, Rutwik Shedge, Pawan Kumar Garg, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Kewal Krishan, Tanuj Kanchan","doi":"10.1177/00258024231206864","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024231206864","url":null,"abstract":"Age estimation plays a crucial role in human identification. Amongst numerous age markers located throughout the skeletal framework, the auricular surface of the ilium presents as a resilient structure, with different methods for auricular age estimation currently in practice. Amongst these methods, the Osborne method is believed to permit accurate age estimation through its use of robust age categories and discrete phase descriptors. The present study aimed to assess the applicability of the Osborne method in an Indian population through a computed tomographic (CT) examination of the auricular surface, an aspect presently unreported. In order to do so, CT scans of 380 individuals were collected and evaluated using the Osborne method. A CT-based examination indicated that surface texture described by Osborne is difficult to appreciate through 3D CT images. Indistinct definitions associated with certain features, and the mosaic display of features within each phase further prevents applying the method effectively. Overall accuracy percentages of 99.47% and 98.90% were obtained using the method in males and females, respectively, with corresponding inaccuracy values of 10.10 years and 9.04 years. Significantly reduced accuracy percentages were obtained with alternate, more robust age brackets presented within the original study, demonstrating the limited reliability associated with the method. Inaccuracy and bias values computed for each decade indicate the relative utility of the method in aging 40-59-year-old individuals. Low accuracy percentages, high error rates and different methodological hindrances encountered within the present study illustrate the limited applicability of the Osborne method in aging an Indian population.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"290-301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41204768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Abolition of 'Discharge By Operation of Law' - patients detained under sections 3 and 37, Mental Health Act 1983. 废除 "依法出院"--根据《1983 年精神健康法》第 3 条和第 37 条被拘留的病人。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241275901

Benjamin Andoh

{"title":"The Abolition of 'Discharge By Operation of Law' - patients detained under sections 3 and 37, Mental Health Act 1983.","authors":"Benjamin Andoh","doi":"10.1177/00258024241275901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024241275901","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since patients started to be admitted into mental institutions, absconding from such institutions has been a fact of life. Also, clear statutory authority to retake absconders has existed since county asylums, the forerunners of today's mental hospitals, started to be built following the County Asylums Act 1808. At present section 37 of the Mental Health Act 1983 concerns patients detained under a hospital order without restrictions on their discharge, etc. Section 3 of the Act, on the other hand, governs patients who are non-offenders but who are compulsorily detained in hospital for treatment. In the past, where a detained patient absconded from hospital and stayed at large beyond the period during which he could be retaken, he was deemed automatically discharged (i.e. 'discharged by operation of law'). Regarding sections 3 and 37 patients, such discharge was effectively abolished by the Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act 1995. Not much attention has been given to this topic in the literature. This article adopts a solely legal perspective. It looks briefly at when the power to retake absconders from mental hospitals may be exercised and then examines the concept of discharge by operation of law and its abolition. It concludes that the abolition of discharge by operation of law in the case of patients detained under sections 3 and 37, Mental Health Act 1983 was, though long-overdue, sensible and must be applauded.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024241275901"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The radiographic diversity of dental patterns among 7219 young individuals-a contribution to disaster victim identification. 7219 名年轻人牙齿形态的放射学多样性--有助于识别灾难受害者。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241286738

Priscilla Bortolami, Renata Batista, Debora Moreira, Rizky Merdietio Boedi, Luiz Renato Paranhos, Ademir Franco

{"title":"The radiographic diversity of dental patterns among 7219 young individuals-a contribution to disaster victim identification.","authors":"Priscilla Bortolami, Renata Batista, Debora Moreira, Rizky Merdietio Boedi, Luiz Renato Paranhos, Ademir Franco","doi":"10.1177/00258024241286738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024241286738","url":null,"abstract":"The diversity of dental patterns is a fundamental topic in disaster victim identification. The current scientific literature, however, is scarce of data regarding young individuals. This study aimed to assess the radiographic diversity of dental patterns, considering missing, unrestored, and filled teeth in young individuals. The sample consisted of 7219 panoramic radiographs of individuals between 12 and 22.9 years. The permanent teeth, except third molars, were coded as missing, unrestored, or filled and odds ratios (OR) were calculated based on sex, dental arch, and age. The sex-combined sample had 1.116 distinctive dental patterns. \"All unrestored\" teeth was the most common pattern (OR: 0.437) followed by the sequence of unrestored teeth except restored mandibular first molars (OR: 0.021). Females had more distinctive dental patterns than males (p < .001), while males had more unrestored teeth (p < .001). In the age category of 12-12.9 years, the OR for finding a distinctive dental pattern was 11%, while in the age category of 22-22.9 years it increased to 58%. On the other hand, the OR for \"all unrestored\" gradually decreased according to age (74% in the younger category, and 23% in the older age category). The distinctiveness of dental patterns among young individuals is affected by the predominance of unrestored teeth. However, registering a single filled tooth in a remaining unrestored dentition can reduce exponentially the probability of finding an identical pattern of missing, unrestored and filled teeth.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024241286738"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review of the estimation of postmortem interval using forensic entomology 利用法医昆虫学估算死后间隔时间的综述

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241275893

John Oladapo Obafunwa, Amanda Roe, Leon Higley

引用次数: 0