Medicine, Science and the Law最新文献

Crowd-control chemicals and medical witness in Georgia. 格鲁吉亚的人群控制化学品和医疗证人。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261438270

Alexi Gugushvili

引用次数: 0

Pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluation of AB-CHMINACA in rodents: A comprehensive study. AB-CHMINACA在啮齿动物体内的药动学和毒理学评价的综合研究。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261418786

Elkhatim H Abdelgadir, Amjad Abdulaziz Alasraj, Abdulaziz Mohammed Alzahrani, Sachil Kumar

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluation of AB-CHMINACA in rodents: A comprehensive study.","authors":"Elkhatim H Abdelgadir, Amjad Abdulaziz Alasraj, Abdulaziz Mohammed Alzahrani, Sachil Kumar","doi":"10.1177/00258024261418786","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024261418786","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method for detecting and quantifying AB-CHMINACA, and to comprehensively evaluate its pharmacokinetics, metabolic pathways, and acute toxicity in rodent models.MethodologyMale Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice were used for pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and acute toxicity studies. AB-CHMINACA was dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 2%-5%) and diluted in corn oil for oral gavage. Blood and urine samples were collected from rats for pharmacokinetic and metabolite analyses using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. Mice were monitored for behavioral toxicity and necropsied for histopathological analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin Phoenix 6.0, and metabolites were identified through mass spectrometry.ResultsMethod validation showed excellent linearity (0.5-1000 ng/mL, r2 > .99), with precision (variability 2.3%-7.2%) and accuracy (95%-105%), adhering to FDA guidelines. The method's limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a biphasic elimination (t½ 13.8 h), Vd of 228.75 L, and Cl of 11.4 L/h. Four major Phase I metabolites were identified, with Met 4 (Di-Hydroxy-AB-CHMINACA) being the most abundant in urine at 8-24 h. Acute toxicity in mice showed dose-dependent symptoms, including lethargy, seizures, and mortality at 50 mg/kg.ConclusionThese results enhance the understanding of AB-CHMINACA's pharmacokinetic behavior and metabolic profile, contributing valuable insights to forensic toxicology and highlighting the dose-dependent nature of its acute toxicity.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"366-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Considering the assessment of survivability and preventability following mass fatality incidents: Where are we and where do we need to go? 考虑大规模死亡事件后的生存能力和可预防性评估：我们在哪里，我们需要去哪里？

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-10 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261437516

Carl Evans, Benjamin Swift, Amy Hughes, Gareth Grier, Claire Park

引用次数: 0

Use of roster charts in the investigation and prosecution of nurses suspected of inflicting deliberate harm on patients. 在调查和起诉涉嫌故意伤害病人的护士时使用花名册。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251404604

John O'Quigley

{"title":"Use of roster charts in the investigation and prosecution of nurses suspected of inflicting deliberate harm on patients.","authors":"John O'Quigley","doi":"10.1177/00258024251404604","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024251404604","url":null,"abstract":"When there are no witnesses, no substantive material evidence, no plausible motive, and, moreover, nothing beyond speculation to indicate that a crime has even occurred, then the prosecution of suspected serial killer nurses will be difficult. It will lean heavily on statistical arguments. There are two pillars to these arguments; the first is to show, on the basis of a believed inexplicable spike of deaths and life-threatening events, that the best explanation is that of criminal activity. While identifying a cluster is an awkward statistical question, it is not the one we address here. Our focus is on the second pillar of the argument, one that aims to show the accused as the most likely culprit in the light of roster chart evidence. The basis of this evidence comes from what is judged to be an unusually high correlation of the accused's presence with the events when they took place. We show that such roster chart evidence is unreliable. A visual inspection of any chart will be misinterpreted, the reader coming to an erroneous conclusion. We consider a recent case and, via careful calculation, show that what was believed to be strong evidence of culpability is, in truth, anything but. The often heard statement \"whenever something went wrong, the nurse was always there,\" has no basis in fact.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"416-427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145714987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Post-mortem computed tomography findings of spinal column injuries in comparison to autopsy: A systematic review. 脊柱损伤的死后计算机断层扫描结果与尸检的比较：一个系统的回顾。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-30 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261441961

Sarah I Alsamin, Batool A Alattas, Bothayna A Alamri, Layan B Almulla, Rahaf F Almobarak, Jood K Alotaibi, Ritesh G Menezes

{"title":"Post-mortem computed tomography findings of spinal column injuries in comparison to autopsy: A systematic review.","authors":"Sarah I Alsamin, Batool A Alattas, Bothayna A Alamri, Layan B Almulla, Rahaf F Almobarak, Jood K Alotaibi, Ritesh G Menezes","doi":"10.1177/00258024261441961","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024261441961","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate identification and evaluation of spinal column injuries in post-mortem settings are crucial for forensic investigations. While traditional autopsies have long been the gold standard, post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive and beneficial tool. This systematic review aims to compare the findings of PMCT scans with autopsies in cases of spinal column injuries. Out of 428 articles screened, 11 studies matched the inclusion criteria. PMCT was superior in visualizing fractures in the atlas, axis, and upper cervical spine compared to autopsies. Moreover, PMCT demonstrated efficacy in detecting spinous and transverse process fractures, which are often overlooked in conventional autopsies, but also had limitations in identifying intervertebral injuries and determining the timing of injuries; in addition, the presence of degenerative changes could mask certain fractures. Autopsy demonstrated superiority in detecting dislocations in the craniocervical region and specific types of intervertebral separation. In conclusion, combining both PMCT and autopsy yields more accurate results. Autopsy remains the gold standard, particularly in cases where clearly visualized fractures or injuries are not evident on PMCT scans. Further research and standardization of protocols are warranted to optimize the diagnostic capabilities of both approaches in spinal column injury assessments.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"409-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postmortem toxicology of alcohols: A cross-matrix study of ethanol and methanol in 150 cases from New Delhi, India. 酒精的死后毒理学：印度新德里150例乙醇和甲醇的交叉基质研究。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261418791

Neha Afaria, A K Jaiswal, Sudhir K Gupta, Kulbhushan Prasad

{"title":"Postmortem toxicology of alcohols: A cross-matrix study of ethanol and methanol in 150 cases from New Delhi, India.","authors":"Neha Afaria, A K Jaiswal, Sudhir K Gupta, Kulbhushan Prasad","doi":"10.1177/00258024261418791","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024261418791","url":null,"abstract":"Ethanol is the most commonly abused drug worldwide, and excessive alcohol consumption is a major contributing factor in accidents and violent crimes. Methanol is a toxic alcohol and is less commonly detected but holds significant forensic relevance due to its potential for causing fatal poisoning. The study aims to detect the concentrations of ethanol and methanol in postmortem blood, vitreous humor, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, and to create a database of the involvement of alcohol in postmortem cases. A total of 150 postmortem cases with different causes of death were enrolled for the study. Gas Chromatography-Headspace was employed for the quantitative determination of ethanol and methanol concentrations in the biological specimens. Out of 150 cases, 108 cases (72%) exhibited positive ethanol concentrations. The high prevalence of positive ethanol concentration, particularly in cases of road traffic accidents and hanging, indicated a significant amount of alcohol use prior to death and underscores the role of alcohol consumption in fatal incidents. Methanol was detected in only those cases that had a high ethanol concentration, which may be due to adulteration or contamination of methanol in the alcoholic beverages that the deceased consumed before death. The study highlighted that an alternative/ complementary specimen to the blood should be considered to assess the alcohol concentration and to differentiate antemortem ingestion of alcohol from postmortem formation. The toxicological analysis of alcohol is important in understanding consumption patterns and in developing protocols and policies for preventing such cases.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"377-387"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146132218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Calculating post-mortem interval by using the morphological changes in leucocytes. 利用白细胞形态变化计算死亡时间。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251408955

Mahaluxmi Saravanamurugan, Jayanthi Yadav, Arneet Arora

{"title":"Calculating post-mortem interval by using the morphological changes in leucocytes.","authors":"Mahaluxmi Saravanamurugan, Jayanthi Yadav, Arneet Arora","doi":"10.1177/00258024251408955","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024251408955","url":null,"abstract":"The changes in the internal environment of the body after death due to lack of oxygen result in certain morphological changes in the blood cells. This study tests the hypothesis that after we take out blood from live individuals and store it in-vitro there will also be an anoxic environment which will result in morphological changes like what happens in-vivo after death. The idea was to simulate the anoxic in-vivo condition in-vitro, by storing the blood sample taken from live persons in a vial and to look for sequential changes with respect to time and to develop a scale to see how this scale of morphological changes correlates with the time since death in post-mortem samples collected. Blood samples preserved in EDTA was taken from 186 live volunteers and 60 cadavers whose exact time of death was known. Blood smear was made and stained with Leishman stain and observed under an oil immersion microscope. Cells were classified into four stages based upon the nuclear changes - normal, pyknosis (shrunken nucleus), vacuolated and fragmented nucleus and complete lysis. The sequence of change remained same in both in-vitro stored samples and cadaver in-vivo samples. But the changes in the cadaver samples were appearing rapidly as compared to the in-vitro stored samples. It is hard to completely refute the hypothesis that in-vitro and cadaver conditions would be similar, and changes exhibited would also be similar based on this single study. Further studies with much larger sample size need to be conducted to completely refute or prove the above hypothesis. Also, other co-existing factors which can affect morphology of the cells should be considered.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"357-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hemp versus marijuana: Chemistry- and pharmacology-associated regulatory framework. 大麻与大麻：化学和药理学相关的监管框架。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261420541

Layan Razouk, Rania Hamdy, Abdalla Ahmad, Osama Razouk, Nashwa Ahmed Mohamed, Sameh Sm Soliman

{"title":"Hemp versus marijuana: Chemistry- and pharmacology-associated regulatory framework.","authors":"Layan Razouk, Rania Hamdy, Abdalla Ahmad, Osama Razouk, Nashwa Ahmed Mohamed, Sameh Sm Soliman","doi":"10.1177/00258024261420541","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024261420541","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis is a chemically diverse plant with bioactive cannabinoids that exert a wide range of therapeutic and psychoactive effects. This review comprehensively explores the botanical, chemical, pharmacological, and regulatory distinctions between hemp and marijuana, focusing particularly on the contrasting actions of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). We examine cannabinoid biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships (SARs) in relation to receptor interactions and activation, and metabolic pathways to highlight the scientific basis for their different effects and clinical applications. Additionally, the paper critically evaluates detection techniques and surveys international legal frameworks, highlighting disparities that often reflect cultural rather than scientific understanding. By integrating emerging clinical data and public policy trends, this review underscores the need for evidence-based reform and education, especially regarding non-intoxicating cannabinoids such as CBD. It also offers a scientific foundation to inform both health professionals and regulators in shaping future cannabis policy.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"396-408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is retained responsibility a matter for expert psychiatric evidence? 保留责任是专家精神病学证据的问题吗？

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-31 DOI: 10.1177/00258024261437518

Keith Rix

引用次数: 0

Supervision and guardianship during drowning fatalities among Canadian youth: An 11-year review of a preventable paediatric public health crisis. 加拿大青年溺水死亡期间的监督和监护：对可预防的儿科公共卫生危机的11年回顾。

IF 1.7 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251380964

Vienna Chichi Lam, James Bryan Kinney, Lisa Hanson Ouellette, Barbara Byers, Gail Scott Anderson

{"title":"Supervision and guardianship during drowning fatalities among Canadian youth: An 11-year review of a preventable paediatric public health crisis.","authors":"Vienna Chichi Lam, James Bryan Kinney, Lisa Hanson Ouellette, Barbara Byers, Gail Scott Anderson","doi":"10.1177/00258024251380964","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00258024251380964","url":null,"abstract":"Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related deaths among youth worldwide, often linked to inadequate supervision and ineffective guardianship. While paediatric studies have examined demographics and risk factors, little is known about how these variables interact to influence rescue likelihood. This study addresses that gap using a multivariate binary logistic regression model to assess the odds of not receiving a rescue attempt, using fatality records (n = 638) from coroners and medical examiners across Canada (2006-2016). This approach captures all known accidental fatal drownings but findings cannot be generalized to include incidents in which the individual survived. The best model explained 45.1% of the variance in rescue outcomes (Nagelkerke Pseudo R² = .451) with 84.6% accuracy. Findings revealed that age, sex, alcohol use, perimortem activity, water body type and urban/rural location significantly impacted rescue attempts. However, chronic medical conditions and general bystander presence showed no significant relationship at the bivariate level. When demographics and situational factors were considered, bystander type (with adult, minors only or alone/not witnessed) became a key model contributor for predicting rescue attempt likelihood. Teenagers (15-18 years) accounted for 33.5% of drownings, followed by toddlers (2-4 years, 21.9%) and children (5-11 years, 20.5%). Compared to infants, older children and teens faced greater risks of not being rescued, and bystander presence does not equate to capable guardianship. Open water environments posed the highest risk, with ocean drownings 7.9 times more likely to result in no rescue attempt, compared to domestic settings.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145505618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0