Medicine, Science and the Law最新文献

Development of a tool for the evaluation of cultural competence of staff members at a secure forensic unit in the UK: A feasibility study. 开发一种评估联合王国安全法医单位工作人员文化能力的工具：可行性研究。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251329208

Madhurima Basu, Alisdair Jg Taylor, Megan Georgiou, Doreen Kageha, Nadine Myers, Agatha Wojdylak, Quazi Haque, Piyal Sen

{"title":"Development of a tool for the evaluation of cultural competence of staff members at a secure forensic unit in the UK: A feasibility study.","authors":"Madhurima Basu, Alisdair Jg Taylor, Megan Georgiou, Doreen Kageha, Nadine Myers, Agatha Wojdylak, Quazi Haque, Piyal Sen","doi":"10.1177/00258024251329208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251329208","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural competence among healthcare professionals and providers is pivotal to providing effective, safe, and quality services. This paper considers the feasibility of using a tool to measure cultural competence within forensic mental health services, adapted from the Cultural Competence and Linguistic Competence Policy Assessment (CLCPA) developed in the United States (US). The adapted tool was piloted at a secure forensic unit in England; this consisted of a two-phase approach to data collection comparing the results from an initial assessment (time 1, n = 50), with those of a follow-up assessment conducted three years later (time 2, n = 100). The aim was to assess the practicability of using the tool to measure perceptions of cultural competence among 150 staff members, as part of a wider quality assurance and improvement process. The results indicate that the tool has utility in measuring perceptions of cultural competence and that the information gathered can be used to plan service improvements. Yet, it is recommended that the tool is modified at site-level as part of a collaborative exercise with staff and patients and according to service need prior to implementation.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251329208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moral responsibility and mental disorder: A philosophical exploration of the insanity defence. 道德责任与精神障碍：精神错乱辩护的哲学探索。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251329180

Nicholas Hallett

{"title":"Moral responsibility and mental disorder: A philosophical exploration of the insanity defence.","authors":"Nicholas Hallett","doi":"10.1177/00258024251329180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251329180","url":null,"abstract":"People are assumed to have moral responsibility, but the presence of mental disorder may call this into question. Nevertheless, when and how mental disorder affects moral responsibility is unclear. The insanity defence exculpates a defendant and effectively extinguishes their moral responsibility, although the criteria for insanity varies between different jurisdictions. Most successful cases of insanity are due to delusions, although the nature of delusions itself varies considerably. The recent case of Keal in England and Wales demonstrates some of the problems with the insanity defence, and a coherent philosophical basis for the defence is lacking. I argue that a volitional element should be added to the insanity defence in England and Wales such that a person may be exculpated on the basis of a mental disorder which sufficiently causes any of (1) defects of reason; (2) deficits in knowledge; (3) a lack of control; and (4) their ability to form intentions in crimes of intent, although the threshold should remain high. Reasons-responsive accounts of moral responsibility underpin many of these abilities. The extent to which mental disorder, particularly delusions, are considered a type of manipulation, rather than part of the self, is likely to be contributing to intuitions about exculpation although not all delusions will cause impairments or manipulation to the same extent. Amending the insanity defence in this way would be more just, more philosophically coherent and allow a more consistent approach for those with mental disorders who are charged with criminal offences.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251329180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The significance of prostate-specific antigen in forensic examinations of sexual violence: A case report. 前列腺特异性抗原在性暴力法医检查中的意义：1例报告。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251330100

Augustinas Stasiūnas, Jurgita Stasiūnienė, Diana Vasiljevaitė, Sigitas Chmieliauskas, Sigitas Laima, Paulius Mankevičius, Rokas Šimakauskas, Dmitrij Fomin

{"title":"The significance of prostate-specific antigen in forensic examinations of sexual violence: A case report.","authors":"Augustinas Stasiūnas, Jurgita Stasiūnienė, Diana Vasiljevaitė, Sigitas Chmieliauskas, Sigitas Laima, Paulius Mankevičius, Rokas Šimakauskas, Dmitrij Fomin","doi":"10.1177/00258024251330100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251330100","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests are used in forensic science to perform rapid semen screening on vaginal swab samples from suspected victims of sexual assault. In some sexual assault cases, clothing or bedding is key evidence. A pre-trial investigation was launched following a complaint by an 85-year-old woman, who alleged that she had been raped by her 63-year-old son-in-law with whom she lives. Traces of seminal fluid were found in the vaginal swab (following a PSA test), and traces of seminal fluid, along with the victim's DNA and a partial DNA profile of the suspect, were found on the victim's underwear. The first-instance court (district court) found the man guilty and sentenced him to 3 years and 6 months of imprisonment for rape. Although PSA is produced in the prostate and secreted into seminal fluid, it is not exclusive to the prostate. PSA can be detected in women's bodies in various pathological conditions. In cases of sexual violence, the proper interpretation of laboratory tests is essential, taking into account all the circumstances of the incident as well as the victim's medical history.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251330100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to a correction of a statistical error. 对统计误差的修正。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251319908

John O'Quigley

引用次数: 0

Forensic and psychopathological framing of complex suicides: A retrospective study over the last 30 years. 复杂自杀的法医和精神病理学框架：过去30年的回顾性研究。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251319694

Stefano Tambuzzi, Guendalina Gentile, Michele Boracchi, Franca Crippa, Raffaella Calati, Riccardo Zoja

{"title":"Forensic and psychopathological framing of complex suicides: A retrospective study over the last 30 years.","authors":"Stefano Tambuzzi, Guendalina Gentile, Michele Boracchi, Franca Crippa, Raffaella Calati, Riccardo Zoja","doi":"10.1177/00258024251319694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251319694","url":null,"abstract":"Complex Suicide (CS) is defined as an unusual form of suicide in which several harmful methods are used, simultaneously or in succession, whose purpose is to avoid the possible ineffectiveness of one of the methods used to produce a certain fatal outcome. The study of CS is of great interest and plays a fundamental role in characterizing the knowledge of these rare events. We have retrospectively evaluated all CS cases examined at the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Milan from 1993 to 2022 (n = 75) with the aim of characterizing the deceased who have resorted to it. We also compared the sample of 75 CS cases with a sample of paired 115 \"simple\" suicides (with a single method). Our analysis revealed that the CS cases were carried out by a \"typical\" subject identified as an adult male, between 41 and 50 years old, suffering from psychiatric disorders and, in particular, major depressive disorder. The most frequent harmful mode was plastic bag suffocation associated with self-poisoning. CS cases used less violent methods than simple suicide controls. The pathological-forensic approach has brought to light elements that can be useful both for forensic professionals (pathologists and psychiatrists) in correctly classifying these unusual and challenging events and for clinicians working on the front line. Some profiles have been outlined that can be used to identify potentially vulnerable individuals who could benefit from increased health surveillance to treat and prevent suicide.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251319694"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An analysis of offence patterns and legal response to one-punch fatalities in Australia. 分析澳大利亚的犯罪模式和对一拳致死的法律反应。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251316669

Reena Sarkar, Hayley Duncan, Richard Bassed, Olaf H Drummer, Abbie Roodenburg, Jennifer Schumann

{"title":"An analysis of offence patterns and legal response to one-punch fatalities in Australia.","authors":"Reena Sarkar, Hayley Duncan, Richard Bassed, Olaf H Drummer, Abbie Roodenburg, Jennifer Schumann","doi":"10.1177/00258024251316669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251316669","url":null,"abstract":"One-punch deaths draw considerable legal and media attention due to the nature of catastrophic events and their impact on victims and families. Empirical research on the sentencing outcomes and offence categories faced by the perpetrators is non-existent. This Australian study examined judicial sentencing reviews to unpack perpetrator characteristics, offence patterns and sentencing outcomes for one-punch fatalities over a 30-year period. Two hundred and eighty-seven perpetrator convictions were reported by various parameters such as median sentencing length, injury mechanism and maximum sentencing categories. Secondary outcomes were details of concentrations of alcohol and illicit drug usage and usage of one-punch specific laws, hitherto unelucidated for one-punch assaults. Nearly all perpetrators were male with a median age of 26 years, with 61% charged in New South Wales and Victoria alone. The median sentence length of imprisonment was 3.8-11.5 years for a manslaughter conviction. Median sentence length when categorized by injury mechanism demonstrated variation in both life sentence and one-punch offence categories. About 40% of Australian perpetrators were convicted under one-punch laws in states where these were introduced. The study will increase knowledge and public awareness regarding the impact of one-punch violence and outcomes.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251316669"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forensic considerations in nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism: A case report and review. 非血栓性肺栓塞的法医考虑：一个病例报告和回顾。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251316244

Tasmyn H Lynch, John D Gilbert, Roger W Byard

{"title":"Forensic considerations in nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism: A case report and review.","authors":"Tasmyn H Lynch, John D Gilbert, Roger W Byard","doi":"10.1177/00258024251316244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251316244","url":null,"abstract":"Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism is defined as the partial or total occlusion of the pulmonary circulation by various nonthrombotic agents, such as biological, nonbiological and foreign body material. A case is reported of lethal embolism of fragments of a renal calculus: A 64-year-old woman collapsed and died following laser lithotripsy. At autopsy calculous debris was found in the calyces of the right kidney with widespread microscopic fragments of birefringent foreign material in keeping with renal calculus within the pulmonary arterioles. Death was due to pulmonary calculus embolism complicating lithotripsy of a right renal calculus. Review of other causes of nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism revealed fat, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, trophoblast, tumours, septic material, hydatid cysts, bone, soft tissue/organ parenchyma, gastrointestinal tract contents/bile, gas, and foreign material that was introduced iatrogenically and non-iatrogenically. All of these possibilities should be considered at autopsy in the appropriate setting, with pulmonary microscopy often being essential to establishing the diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251316244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Without a trace: Long-term missing women and girls and 'no-body' femicides from the Republic of Ireland. 无迹可寻：爱尔兰共和国长期失踪的妇女和女孩以及“无人”杀害妇女的案件。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251316240

Bernadette M Manifold

{"title":"Without a trace: Long-term missing women and girls and 'no-body' femicides from the Republic of Ireland.","authors":"Bernadette M Manifold","doi":"10.1177/00258024251316240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024251316240","url":null,"abstract":"Missing persons are a major part of everyday policing. However, some missing person cases can be highly emotive and challenging such as missing women and girls. Women who go missing have a greater risk of coming to harm. This study focused on 38 long-term missing women and girls from the Irish Republic from 1971 to 2023 of which 12 cases are now classified as homicides, and the whereabouts of the bodies remain unknown. The majority of cases are in Leinster with 25. Eight missing persons are under 18 years, and 22 are between the ages of 18 and 45 years. Domestic violence was a feature in five cases, involvement in a fight prior to disappearance in seven cases, and inconsistencies in statements by intimate partners and close family members regarding the victim's mental health were noted in seven cases. In nine cases, the personal belongings of the victim remained in the home. In seven cases, there was suggestive evidence that the victim entered water. These factors were seen in both the missing and classified homicide cases. The suicide narrative is heavily implied in many of these cases. A woman's mental health and stage of life such as pregnancy, childbirth and menopause can be exploited and used as an advantage to a potential killer. It is therefore paramount that missing women who are considered to have taken their own lives should be thoroughly investigated, with a special focus on cases where evidence suggests drowning and jumping from a height.","PeriodicalId":18484,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Science and the Law","volume":" ","pages":"258024251316240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dying alone. 孤独终老

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251316239

Peter Vanezis

引用次数: 0

A randomised controlled trial of eye movement desensitisation and re-processing (EMDR) in forensic services and in prison. 眼动脱敏和再处理（EMDR）在法医服务和监狱中的随机对照试验。

IF 1.5 4区医学

Medicine, Science and the Law Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1177/00258024251313739

Susanna Every-Palmer, Tom Flewett, Oliver Hansby, Elliot Bell

引用次数: 0