Metabolic syndrome and related disorders最新文献

{"title":"Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins and Metabolic Diseases: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Xiaofei Zhang, Kexin Zhang, Yuqun Wang, Qiming Fan, Chengxia Kan, Yujie Ma, Sufang Sheng, Ningning Hou, Xiaodong Sun","doi":"10.1177/15578518251407655","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251407655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders, are increasingly prevalent due to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription factors that regulate genes involved in lipid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Dysregulation of SREBPs contributes to metabolic disorders, with overactivation of SREBP-1c driving excessive lipid synthesis, leading to hyperlipidemia. In diabetes, altered SREBP activity impairs insulin secretion and promotes lipid accumulation, exacerbating disease progression. SREBP-2 is critical for cholesterol metabolism and is linked to atherosclerosis. This review explores the therapeutic potential of targeting SREBPs. Compounds such as betulin, fatostatin, xanthohumol, vitamin D derivatives, and BF175 can modulate SREBP activity, reduce lipid accumulation, and improve metabolic outcomes in experimental models. Clarifying SREBP regulatory mechanisms across tissues, advancing small-molecule modulators, and applying gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 may enable more personalized therapeutic strategies. Integrating lifestyle interventions with pharmacological treatments may offer a comprehensive approach to improving therapeutic outcomes in metabolic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"65-73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145856207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Cataracts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Pawaris Tirakunwichcha, Noppachai Siranart, Somkiat Phutinart, Patavee Pajareya, Pannathorn Nakaphan, Chanissara Winson, Gavin W Roddy","doi":"10.1177/15578518251407586","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251407586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Obesity, a key component of metabolic syndrome (MetS), may represent a modifiable risk factor for cataracts. However, the evidence regarding the association between MetS or its components and cataracts remains controversial. Therefore, our meta-analysis aims to clarify the relationship between MetS or its components and cataracts. A search was conducted until February 2024 via the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The primary endpoint included the association between MetS or its components, including body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and dyslipidemia (DLP), and cataracts. Secondary endpoints included the association between levels of blood pressure, blood sugar, and lipid profiles and cataracts. A total of 27 studies were included with a total of 1,010,014 patients (134,498 with cataracts and 875,516 without cataracts). Of these, there were 2 prospective cohort studies, 6 case-control studies, and 19 cross-sectional studies. The prevalence of cataracts was 13.3%. MetS was significantly associated with cataracts with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-1.77, <i>I</i>² = 93%). Among MetS components, high BMI and being diagnosed with DM, HT, and DLP were associated with cataracts with ORs of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.33-1.58, <i>I</i>² = 80%), 1.77 (95% CI: 1.69-1.85, <i>I</i>² = 51%), 1.23 (95% CI: 1.19-1.28, <i>I</i>² = 62%), and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.30-1.46, <i>I</i>² = 0%). Among the metabolic parameters, high total cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with cataracts with ORs of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.04-1.49, <i>I</i>² = 48%), 1.05 (95% CI: 1.04-1.06, <i>I</i>² = 68%), 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.13, <i>I</i>² = 0%), and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.10-1.53, <i>I</i>² = 71%), respectively. MetS, obesity, DM, HT, and DLP are associated with cataracts. Prevention or treatment of MetS or its components likely represent a modifiable risk factor in cataract development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"57-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simple Screening Strategy for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in General Health Checkups.","authors":"Masahito Katahira, Shin-Ichi Shirokami, Satoko Ono, Shigeaki Moriura","doi":"10.1177/15578518251408508","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251408508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The recent redefinition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emphasized the need for effective noninvasive diagnostic tools besides imaging. In this study, we developed a scoring system based on demographic and biochemical parameters for estimating steatotic liver disease (SLD) and compared its diagnostic performance with existing indices, including the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI), and NAFLD ridge score.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 21,056 individuals who underwent abdominal ultrasonography (US) and laboratory tests at a health screening center between 2017 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the predictors of SLD, which resulted in the development of a novel scoring system. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to identify the optimal cutoff and to assess the comparative performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The score was comprised of six variables, including age, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, alanine aminotransferase, and albumin. It exhibited a higher area under the ROC curve compared with FLI, HSI, and the NAFLD ridge score. It also showed stronger concordance with ultrasonographic diagnosis, particularly among individuals meeting the cardiometabolic risk criteria for MASLD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This novel scoring system provides an accurate, useful tool for estimating SLD and may enhance MASLD detection when used in conjunction with US.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Novel Inflammatory Indices and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.","authors":"Muammer Büyükinan, Sadiye Sert","doi":"10.1177/15578518251405811","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251405811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of complete blood count-derived inflammatory indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents with obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2025. Participants aged 5-17.9 years with obesity were classified into MetS and non-MetS groups according to the International Diabetes Federation pediatric criteria. Participants were further stratified by pubertal stage into prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 343 subjects with obesity (median age: 13.3 years; interquartile range: 4.74) were studied. MetS was diagnosed in 97 individuals (28.2%). Those with MetS had significantly higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio, blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared with participants without MetS. Notably, inflammatory markers, including the neutrophil-to-HDL-C ratio, lymphocyte-to-HDL-C ratio, monocyte-to-HDL-C ratio, and platelet-to-HDL-C ratio (PHR), were also elevated in the MetS group. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between these indices and various cardiometabolic parameters, including insulin resistance markers. Logistic regression analysis identified BMI and PHR as the most robust independent predictors of MetS. Additionally, stage-specific cutoff values for these markers were established according to pubertal development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study shows that certain novel inflammatory indices are elevated in children with MetS and are significantly correlated with key cardiometabolic risk factors. These results suggest that such markers could serve as practical tools for early detection of cardiometabolic risk in youth with obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"81-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing Cut-Off Points for Lipid Profile-Derived Markers to Diagnose Prehypertension in Young Adults.","authors":"Abraham Cardenas-Juarez, Mariana Haydee García-Hernández, Flor Itzel Lira-Hernandez, Edgar Eduardo Lara-Ramirez, Bruno Rivas-Santiago, Juan Manuel Vargas-Morales, Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez","doi":"10.1177/15578518251405802","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251405802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prehypertension (pre-HTN) affects between 25% and 50% of the adult population worldwide and constitutes a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. Although it is not considered a disease, its identification is crucial as it reflects a state of alert to identify individuals at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. However, the difficulties associated with its diagnosis limit its use in preventive medicine. In this context, the present study aims to analyze the diagnostic utility of markers derived from the lipid profile (TyG index and the ratios triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)/HDL-c, non-HDL-c/HDL-c, and fasting blood glucose (FBG)/HDL-c) in determining pre-HTN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was designed that included the participation of 668 young adults. A logistic regression model was used to examine the associations between the different markers and pre-HTN. The cut-off points of the markers were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and the Youden index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A positive and significant association was observed between all markers with the presence of pre-HTN. The cut-off values for the markers that best predicted pre-HTN status were TG/HDL-c ≥2.055 (sensitivity = 62.28%, specificity = 87.03%); TC/HDL-c ≥3.466 (sensitivity = 60.48%, specificity = 91.82%); non-HDL-c/HDL-c ≥2.466 (sensitivity = 60.48%, specificity = 91.82%); and FBG/HDL-c ≥1.726 (sensitivity = 68.26%, specificity = 73.25%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study demonstrated the diagnostic relevance of the different markers for the detection of pre-HTN, suggesting that these markers may be useful in clinical practice for the timely and accurate diagnosis of pre-HTN.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity Using SARC-F and Handgrip Strength in Outpatients with Diabetes.","authors":"Ozlem Yilmaz, Cemile Idiz, Cihan Kilic, Sena Gurkas, Pinar Kucukdaglı, Nurdan Senturk Durmus, Hanife Usta Atmaca, Gulistan Bahat, Ilhan Satman, Mehmet Akif Karan","doi":"10.1177/15578518251386225","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251386225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sarcopenic obesity (SO), defined as the coexistence of low muscle mass and function and excessive fat mass, is increasingly recognized as a health concern in older individuals with diabetes. Despite its clinical importance, SO often remains undiagnosed in outpatient settings due to complex diagnostic requirements.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the risk of SO using simple screening tools, namely the SARC-F questionnaire and handgrip strength (HGS), and to identify associated clinical, functional, and metabolic factors in diabetic patients aged 50 and older.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 276 diabetic outpatients. Risk of SO was defined based on a body mass index of 30 kg/m² or more, combined with either a SARC-F score of 4 or above or low HGS values (below 35 kg for men and 20 kg for women). Data on comorbidities, functionality, falls, depression, and metabolic control were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of SO risk was 16.2% with HGS and 8.7% with SARC-F. Falls, depressive symptoms, and reduced quality of life were associated with SARC-F-based SO, while hypertension, elevated HbA1c, and lower quality of life were linked to HGS-based SO.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Simple screening methods can help identify SO risk in diabetic outpatients and support timely clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145251882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoglycemia after the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Participants With and Without Sleeve Gastrectomy.","authors":"Mohamed Badie Ahmed, Suhail A Doi, Abdella M Habib, Saif Badran, Abeer Alsherawi, Ibrahem A Abdalhakam, Hoda Khoogaly, Atalla Hammouda, Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra, Asma Syed","doi":"10.1177/15578518251414565","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251414565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the long-term effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on glucose excursion and hypoglycemia in persons without diabetes during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This quasi-experimental study included persons undergoing body contouring surgeries, some of whom had a history of SG, while the remaining did not have a history of SG. An OGTT (75 grams) was undertaken at four time points (before body contouring surgery, immediate postoperative, short-term, and long-term postoperative). Glucose levels were measured at six time points (fasting, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min). Glucose excursion was analyzed using Tai's trapezoidal rule and Doi's weighted average glucose (dwAG). Statistical models included linear and logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study evaluated 125 OGTTs. The SG group exhibited significantly higher rates of level 1 hypoglycemia (12.5%) compared to the non-SG group (3.2%). SG increased the odds of hypoglycemia 8-fold [OR: 8.11, (95% UI: 1.43-45.95)] compared to the non-SG group. Hypoglycemia occurred predominantly at 120 min. Logistic regression indicated no relationship of age, body fat, and gender on hypoglycemia odds. The unified measures (dwAG and Tai's area) demonstrated that glucose excursion was less after SG then with participants without bariatric surgery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SG alters the OGTT responses, leading to increased risk of late post-load hypoglycemia in participants without diabetes. Data from this study will assist with OGTT management in post-SG patients, and it is suggested that use of unified measures like dwAG may be useful.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":"24 1","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal Modulation of Fat Mass Induced Insulin Resistance.","authors":"Humam Emad Rajha, Ahmed Arabi, Dima Nasrallah, Deemah Assami, Yaman Al-Haneedi, Mohamed Badie Ahmed, Abdella M Habib, Ahmad Iskandrani, Ibrahem Abdalhakam, Mutasem Shreim, Ayat Fared, Mohammad Fawaz, Abdul Badi Abou Samra, Suhail A Doi, Fayaz Ahmad Mir","doi":"10.1177/15578518251391614","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251391614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines the impact of body mass index (BMI) on homeostatic model assessment for insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) and homeostatic model assessment for pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-B) in adults with obesity but without diabetes. Additionally, the association of key hormones, leptin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), with HOMA indices and BMI has been investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved 289 adults without diabetes from Hamad General Hospital in Qatar. BMI was analyzed as a predictor of HOMA-S and HOMA-B using adjusted multivariable linear regression. A logistic regression model was used to investigate hormonal predictors of insulin sensitive phenotype (ISP), and results were presented using margins plots, stratified by obesity classes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a strong, linear dose-response relationship between BMI and HOMA indices, with each unit increase in BMI linked to approximately a 2% decline in HOMA-S and a 1% rise in HOMA-B. Subgroup analysis revealed that the effects on ISP were more strongly driven by hormonal variations, particularly leptin and GIP levels, than by BMI alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that BMI is a proxy for hormonal variations, particularly in leptin and GIP, which more strongly predict insulin sensitivity. These results support the need for incorporating hormonal markers into obesity-related risk assessment and management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"26-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Sucralose on Cardiometabolic Health: A Review on Possible Mechanisms.","authors":"David Ni, Aisha Parihar, Sabyasachi Sen","doi":"10.1177/15578518251389399","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251389399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sucralose (a.k.a. Splenda when combined with dextrose and maltodextrin) is a popular nonnutritive sweetener (NNS) found in several beverages marketed for health benefits and fitness. This article examines the mechanistic aspects of sucralose's metabolic effects on satiety, obesity, glycemic control, and adipogenesis, along with gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and disruption of intestinal permeability. Some evidence suggests that sucralose may also alter appetite regulation, taste perception, and energy intake. Additionally, there are safety concerns regarding its carcinogenic potential and its epigenetic effect on the fetus due to consistent maternal consumption. Based on current findings of NNS, it was concluded that sucralose may be of use in weight reduction in the short term as an NNS. However, this needs to be weighed against the possible long-term metabolic side effects and safety precautions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Variants and Haplotypes in <i>ADIPOQ</i>, and Serum Adiponectin Levels with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Mexican Adolescents.","authors":"Diego Ortega-Pacheco, Roberto Carlos Rosales-Gómez, Teresa Arcelia García-Cobián, Lidia Ariadna Rubio-Chávez, Angélica Adriana Gutiérrez-Rubio, José Hugo Rivera-Ramírez, María de la Luz Ayala-Madrigal, Susan Andrea Gutiérrez-Rubio","doi":"10.1177/15578518251389898","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518251389898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Variants in <i>ADIPOQ</i> may affect gene expression and serum adiponectin levels (SAL), contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and cardiometabolic disorders in Mexican adolescents.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the association of the genetic variants rs266729, rs822396, rs2241766, and rs1501299 in <i>ADIPOQ</i>, their haplotypes, and SAL with MetS components and cardiometabolic parameters in adolescents from western Mexico.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 494 adolescents from Jalisco, Mexico, aged 10-17 years, were studied. The biochemical and clinical characteristics of cardiometabolic disorders were diagnosed based on age-, sex-, and population-specific percentiles. Peripheral blood samples were obtained. Serum was separated and SAL were measured by ELISA. DNA was extracted and genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction for allelic discrimination. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed, and associations were analyzed using logistic regression and Spearman correlations, with a 95% statistical confidence level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SAL were lower in adolescents with MetS (<i>P</i> = 0.03) and low high-density lipoprotein (<i>P</i> = 0.01). The rs266729G allele was associated with very low-density lipoprotein >30 mg/dL in the additive inheritance model [AIM; odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-2.53, <i>P</i> = 0.04], dominant inheritance model (DIM; OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.07-4.73, <i>P</i> = 0.03), and codominant inheritance model (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.03-4.81, <i>P</i> = 0.04). The rs822396G allele was associated with decreased SAL in AIM (OR = 5.00, 95% CI = 1.69-14.7, <i>P</i> = 0.004) and DIM (OR = 5.23, 95% CI = 1.41-21.6, <i>P</i> = 0.01). The rs2241766G allele (recessive model) was associated with increased alanine aminotransferase levels (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.10-12.6, <i>P</i> = 0.03) and correlated with higher SAL (<i>R</i> = 0.202, <i>P</i> = 0.045). In controls, the haplotype rs822396-rs2241766-rs1501299 is in linkage disequilibrium (<i>D</i>' = 1), but the correlation is low (<i>R</i>² < 0.1), while in MetS adolescents, <i>D</i>' was incomplete. Several haplotypes were associated with cardiometabolic parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The variants in <i>ADIPOQ</i>, are associated with MetS and low SAL. The rs822396G allele appears to be a key factor for low SAL and its association with cardiometabolic parameters. The rs2241766T allele was linked to low SAL and clinical characteristics of MetS.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"34-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145367994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}