Medical Microbiology and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"A new bactericidal chlorinated derivative containing 2-aminooxazole potentiates antibacterial action of colistin against multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii.","authors":"Adéla Diepoltová, Daria Elzbieta Nawrot, Ondřej Janďourek, Martin Juhás, Pavel Bárta, Pavlína Vávrová, Vinod Sukanth Kumar Pallabothula, Paulína Dudášová-Hatoková, Marcela Vejsová, Barbora Voxová, Jan Österreicher, Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková, Petr Nachtigal, Jan Zitko, Klára Konečná","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00854-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00854-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This comprehensive study provides insight into the antibacterial action of a recently published 2-chloro-N-(oxazol-2-yl)isonicotinamide (AB15), intending to assess its potential as a candidate adjuvant molecule to support existing antibacterial drugs. Within the determination of the antibacterial effect, a promising activity against a member of the ESKAPE group with reduced treatment options, biofilm producer, Acinetobacter baumannii, was recognized (MIC of AB15 ranged from 15.63 to 62.5 µM). In addition, AB15 exhibited bactericidal activity and non/low-toxicity in vitro (IC₅₀ > 1000 µM using HK-2 cells) and in vivo (LD₅₀ > 500 mg/kg of body weight of the Galleria mellonella larvae, for both intra-hemocoel and per oral administration routes). Checkerboard assay revealed additive and synergistic interactions of AB15 and last-resort antibiotic drug, colistin (CST). Moreover, attention was also given to a frequently overlooked antibiofilm activity - the ability to suppress bacterial dissemination from microbial biofilms, and parameter MBDC (minimum biofilm dissemination concentration) was introduced. The study of the antibiofilm activity of AB15 and CST, both acting individually, or in AB15 + CST combination, revealed that AB15 has significant potential to suppress bacterial dissemination from biofilm formed by a clinical isolate Acinetobacter baumannii and that it contributes to this effect when combined with CST. Finally, AB15 + CST combination demonstrated significantly greater biocompatibility towards human erythrocytes than CST acting individually at an equivalent antibiofilm-effective concentration. The role of AB15 as a promising adjuvant molecule to CST is also supported by its distinct mechanism of action, which reduces the risk of antimicrobial resistance emergence. To conclude, AB15 exhibits several essential attributes that support its designation as a promising antibiotic adjuvant.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12449380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulated expression of galectins 1 and 3 IS associated with dysregulated T cell responses in pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis.","authors":"Matilde Imhoff, Magdalena N Diab, Georgina Gallucci, Juan C Stupirski, Ariana Díaz, Bettina Bongiovanni, Diego Bertola, Susana Lioi, Oscar Bottasso, Gabriel A Rabinovich, María L Bay, Luciano D D'Attilio","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00856-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00856-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Galectins exert a wide range of effects on immune cells in acute and chronic pathologies, although their effects are less described in chronic infections such as tuberculosis-TB. We assessed galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) concentrations and immune mediators in plasma from pulmonary TB-PTB cases (n=38), healthy controls-Hco (n=24), and patients with pleural TB-PLTB (n=11) in which pleural fluid-PLF was also evaluated. Galectin transcripts expression, together with glycosyltransferases, that positively (MGAT5, GCNT1) or negatively (ST6GAL1) control galectins activity, were assessed in mononuclear cells (MC). We also evaluated Gal-1 production, along with other immune-mediators, in Mtb-stimulated MCs. Both patient groups presented elevated circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and reduced cell proliferation, but a marked T-cell response at the pleural compartment. PTB patients had increased Gal-1 in levels in plasma and higher Gal-1 mRNA levels in MCs (p<0.01, vs. Hco). Both TB groups showed high plasma Gal-3 concentrations and increased expression in MCs (p<0.01 vs. HCo). PLF showed the lowest levels of both galectins, as did their expressions on MCs from pleural effusion. Only PBMCs from PTB exhibited increased expression of GCNT1 (p<0.04) together with diminished ST6GAL1 suggesting enhanced availability of galectin ligands. Mtb-stimulated MCs from both patient groups showed increased Gal-1 production compared to HCo. Moreover, unstimulated cultures from PTB presented a major basal production of Gal-1. Thus, a balance of circulating levels of galectins, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and the differential expression of these lectins as well as glycosylation-related enzymes in MCs, may condition cell function particularly in PTB cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leishmania pyruvate kinase and mitochondrial processing protease: Two novel vaccine candidates, selected via a seroproteomic approach, trigger a protective immune response against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.","authors":"Agustín Moya Alvarez, María Laura Arreguez, Renato Exequiel Uncos, Delfor Alejandro Uncos, Walter Rodrigo Pereyra, Federico Ramos, Juan José Lauthier, Luciana Nina, Elvia Mejía Montaño, Yoshihisa Hashiguchi, Masataka Korenaga, Paola Andrea Barroso, Jorge Diego Marco","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00849-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00849-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide, for which no effective vaccine or optimal treatment is currently available. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Leishmania recombinant antigens selected through a seroproteomic approach using a murine model. Two Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis antigens, identified as human anti-Leishmania IgG2-reactive but IgG3 non-reactive, markers subtypes for Th1 and Th2 responses respectively, were selected for immunization of BALB/c mice formulated with Quil-A® (QA) adjuvant. Vaccine efficacy was assessed based on lesion size, parasite burden, levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, and antibody production against both recombinant and crude Leishmania antigens. Pyruvate kinase (PK) and mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) were identified. Both antigens combined with QA significantly reduce the parasite load and lesion size. The group immunized with the combination MPP+PK+QA, which used lower concentrations of each antigen, showed a greater reduction in parasite burden compared to the single-antigen groups (MPP+QA and PK+QA). Quil-A® enhanced the immunogenicity of rPK, as indicated by increased IFN-γ levels. Additionally, rPK induced IL-10 production at levels comparable to the control group. Both PK+QA and MPP+PK+QA elicited a significant DTH response after Leishmania challenge. Most vaccinated groups exhibited an early immune response to whole Leishmania antigens, with a Th1-biased profile observed in the PK+QA and MPP+PK+QA groups. These findings offer valuable insights into antigen selection based on antibody subclass profiling and identify two novel vaccine candidates with potential for the development of effective vaccines against ATL.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144960393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii can be killed by a combination of bacteriophages and complement.","authors":"Carmen Chen, Eva Krzyżewska-Dudek, Sheetal Patpatia, Vinaya Dulipati, Sarah Natalia Mapelli, Aycan Meral, Juha Kotimaa, Saija Kiljunen, Seppo Meri","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00852-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00852-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are an emerging global health threat. Although phages have shown promising results in treating bacterial infections, the mechanisms of the combined effect of phages and innate immunity on clearing A. baumannii remain unclear. Here, we report a synergistic effect of the complement system and phages on clearing multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. We show that A. baumannii rapidly adapts and becomes resistant to phage or serum complement by modifying the expression of capsule and lipooligosaccharides, which can be regulated through reversible transposon mutagenesis in the K locus. Compared to the encapsulated phenotype, the non-encapsulated, phage-resistant A. baumannii showed a higher level of membrane attack complex deposition and were susceptible to killing by complement. In contrast, the encapsulated phenotype escaped the complement system by shedding the membrane attack complex to the environment. Thus, while the complement system targets the non-encapsulated phenotype, the phage infects and eliminates the encapsulated subpopulation. These results suggest means of combatting antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii by a simultaneous treatment with phages and complement, a combination which can be supplemented further with antibacterial antibodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12405337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and efficacy of an intramuscular bivalent vaccine against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice.","authors":"Kimberly Freitas Cardoso, Lara Regina Alves de Souza, Débora Silva Martins, Beatriz Senra Álvares da Silva Santos, Ketyllen Reis Andrade de Carvalho, Sarah Giarola da Silva Messias, Ana Paula de Faria Gonçalves, Rayanne Rosa Do Nascimento Macário, Deyse Julia Ferreira de Jesus, Ana Luiza Pessoa De Mendonça Ângelo, Leonardo de Paula Pereira, Sâmick Layene Moreira Nascimento, Flora Satiko Kano, Pedro Augusto Alves, Marcelo Antonio Pascoal Xavier, Olindo Assis Martins-Filho, Remo Castro Russo, Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli, Eliane Namie Miyaji, Cristiana Couto Garcia, Alexandre de Magalhães Vieira Machado, Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00848-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00848-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are major respiratory pathogens responsible for significant global mortality. While influenza causes seasonal flu, pneumococcus is associated with pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and otitis, often worsening influenza cases through secondary infections. Aiming to develop a bivalent vaccine against these two pathogens, we used reverse genetics to construct a recombinant influenza virus that carries the gene of the pneumococcal PspA protein (Flu-PspA). This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a heterologous prime-boost vaccine protocol consisting of Flu-PspA prime and followed by a boost with recombinant PspA plus alum (Flu-PspA/PspA4 + Alum), administered intramuscularly in C57BL/6 mice. Following immunization, anti-PspA and anti-influenza antibody titers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were quantified by ELISA. The breadth of the immune response was evaluated by measuring complement deposition across multiple pneumococcal strains. Vaccine protection and efficacy were evaluated 21 days after final immunization by challenging mice with a lethal dose of 7 × LD50 of S. pneumoniae (strain ATCC6303) or 100 × LD50 of influenza A/PR8/34 virus. Mid-term pneumococcal protection was assessed similarly 90 days post-boost. Three days post-pneumococcal challenge, bacterial loads in BALF and blood were quantified. Additionally, bacterial colonization and secondary infection dynamics were evaluated and quantified after nasal colonization challenge (strain EF3030), infection with influenza H3N2 virus and secondary infection with pneumococcus and after nasal colonization with strain EF3030 and H3N2 virus infection. The results demonstrated that the vaccination regimen elicited a robust humoral immune response, conferring broad protection against diverse pneumococcal strains. Following lethal challenge with either pathogen, the vaccine provided 100% survival, by significantly reducing bacterial burden in blood and lungs. Notably, even 90 days post-boost, mice retained partial protection with minimal weight loss. Furthermore, the protocol reduced bacteremia following secondary infections and mitigated weight loss in H3N2-infected colonized mice. These findings demonstrate that the vaccine confers robust protection with broad-spectrum efficacy when administered intramuscularly, highlighting its potential as a viable preventive strategy against both influenza and pneumococcal infections, including co-infection scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144960365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Severe enterovirus A71 pathogenesis and immune responses in human nucleolin transgenic mice.","authors":"Nien-En Hsiao, Ya-Fang Wang, Yi-Chen Lin, Wei-Ting Chou, Li-Jin Hsu, Shih-Min Wang, Jen-Ren Wang, Ming-Derg Lai, Shun-Hua Chen, Chuan-Fa Chang","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00845-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00845-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12391232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dasatinib inhibits betacoronavirus replication in macrophages and attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators via SRC-MAPK pathway modulation.","authors":"Ana Carolina Santos Ricoy, Marina Pimenta Braga, Thaís Targino Ferreira Lacerda, Flávia Rayssa Braga Martins, Ana Clara Mendes, Mauro Martins Teixeira, Vivian Vasconcelos Costa, Diana Bahia, Frederico Marianetti Soriani","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00850-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00850-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Betacoronaviruses are emerging pathogens with pandemic potential, as shown by the recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The replication of SARS-CoV-2 in monocytes and macrophages triggers the production of cytokines and chemokines, leading to a persistent inflammatory environment associated with increased disease severity. Dasatinib (DASA) is a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets a wide range of tyrosine kinases, including ABL, SRC, c-KIT, PDGFR-α and ß, involved in the pathophysiology of various malignancies. Studies have reported additional mechanisms of action for DASA beyond the oncological context, including anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. We investigated the potential of DASA as a promising therapeutic approach against betacoronavirus infections. Using an in vitro model of infection of RAW 264.7 cells with MHV-3, a betacoronavirus that mimics severe COVID-19 in murine models, we observed that both pre and post-infection treatment with DASA significantly reduced viral titers and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, TNF, and CXCL2. Pre-treatment with DASA interfered with the early stages of the viral cycle in macrophages, such as viral adsorption and internalization, reducing viral titers. We demonstrated that SRC tyrosine kinase signaling is activated during MHV-3 infection. Post-infection treatment with DASA negatively modulated the SRC-MAPK-NF-ĸB signaling pathway, reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators by macrophages. Our data suggest the potential use of DASA as a promising adjuvant therapeutic strategy for treating coronavirus infections by negatively modulating SRC-mediated signaling pathways involved in inflammation and reducing MHV-3 replication. The results demonstrated that SRC signaling could be a target for interventions in controlling coronavirus infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144960312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Induction of cytokine mRNA expression in U937 cells by Salmonella typhimurium porins is regulated by different phosphorylation pathways.","authors":"Marilena Galdiero, Annalisa Tortora, Nicola Damiano, Mariateresa Vitiello, Anna Longanella, Emilia Galdiero","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00846-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00846-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144821886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of Agr quorum sensing system in uropathogenic Staphylococcus aureus in response to simulated urinary metabolic conditions enhancing growth and virulence.","authors":"Yuvarajan Subramaniyan, M Mujeeburahiman, Altaf Khan, Punchappady Devasya Rekha","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00830-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00830-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major opportunistic pathogen, causing acute and chronic infections including urinary tract infection (UTI). S. aureus relies on the Accessory gene regulator (Agr), a central quorum sensing (QS) system and the urease genes ureABCEFGD, for the regulation of urease expression and its pathogenicity. Urease is a key virulence factor for S. aureus, modulating immune responses by altering the local urinary pH and impairing immune defenses in the hostile urinary environment. QS is regulated by the external stimuli and in urological disease, the role of different urinary metabolite conditions and pH on the urease expression and Agr-QS regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored the growth, biofilm formation, and urease activity under various simulated urinary metabolic and pH environments to study the response of S. aureus strains isolated from patients with urological diseases. The expression levels of QS genes and urease genes were compared in different urinary conditions that included the conditions from which the strains were isolated. A correlation analysis was used to study the associations between growth, pH changes, urease activity, biofilm formation, and the expression of agr and ure genes to predict their regulatory relationships. Our results demonstrated significant differences across glycosuria, haematuria, creatininuria, and albuminuria in growth, biofilm formation, and urease activity in S. aureus strains (p < 0.001). Significantly higher growth and urease activity were noted in glycosuria and haematuria-originated strains under the similar simulated conditions (p < 0.001). However, all the simulated conditions increased the expression levels of agr and ure genes; in the pre-adapted environment, favoring their survival highlighting niche adaptation. The simulated conditions with acidic pH significantly overexpressed the agr and ure genes compared to alkaline pH (p < 0.001). Increased expression profile of the QS system under the disease specific urine metabolic conditions, suggests its role in promoting bacterial fitness in the urinary environment and also forms the basis of managing UTI with targeted approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short- and long-term impact of aseptic bathing strategies on the skin microbiome in ICU patients.","authors":"Tilman E Klassert, Cristina Zubiria-Barrera, Luisa A Denkel, Mercedes Lopez, Robert Neubert, Amelya Keles Slevogt, Frank Bloos, P Christian Schulze, Jörg Epstude, Petra Gastmeier, Christine Geffers, Hortense Slevogt","doi":"10.1007/s00430-025-00843-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-025-00843-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bathing strategies with antiseptic agents, such as Chlorhexidine and Octenidine, have been widely adopted to mitigate infection risks in intensive care units (ICU). However, concerns exist regarding their long-term effects on skin microbiome structures and potential unintended consequences, including antibiotic cross-resistance. This longitudinal study characterized the compositional changes of the skin microbiome of ICU patients upon these two antiseptic bathing strategies when compared to standard water and soap bathing. Samples were collected in a three-armed cluster randomized decolonization trial (registration number DRKS00010475). Skin swabs from 5 different sites and three time points were analyzed by culture-based methods, 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing and multiplex Taq-Man assays for detection of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Our results show that Chlorhexidine bathing led to a sustained reduction of the bacterial biomass on different skin sites, as measured by both molecular and culture-based methods. Thereby, the microbial structures remained largely unaltered both in their diversity and their taxonomic composition. However, the loss of microbiome site-specificity observed on the skin of ICU patients remained unchanged independently from the bathing strategy applied and persisted even after discharge. None of the antiseptic bathing strategies led to an increase or accumulation of antibiotic-resistance determinants on any of the skin sites investigated in this study. Thus, this study suggests that daily patient bathing with 2% Chlorhexidine impregnated cloths or 0.08% Octenidine wash mitts does not impact skin microbiome structures and antibiotic resistance gene accumulation in ICU patients when compared to non-antiseptic water and soap bathing routine.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"214 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12283771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}