Medical Microbiology and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Genetic variability in minor capsid protein (L2 gene) of human papillomavirus type 16 among Indian women.","authors":"Arati Mane,&nbsp;Sanket Limaye,&nbsp;Linata Patil,&nbsp;Urmila Kulkarni-Kale","doi":"10.1007/s00430-022-00739-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-022-00739-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the predominant genotype worldwide associated with invasive cervical cancer and hence remains as the focus for diagnostic development and vaccine research. L2, the minor capsid protein forms the packaging unit for the HPV genome along with the L1 protein and is primarily associated with transport of genomic DNA to the nucleus. Unlike L1, L2 is known to elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies and thus becomes a suitable candidate for pan-HPV prophylactic vaccine development. In the present study, a total of 148 cervical HPV-16 isolates from Indian women were analyzed by PCR-directed sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and in silico immunoinformatics tools to determine the L2 variations that may impact the immune response and oncogenesis. Ninety-one SNPs translating to 35 non-synonymous amino acid substitutions were observed, of these 16 substitutions are reported in the Indian isolates for the first time. T245A, L266F, S378V and S384A substitutions were significantly associated with high-grade cervical neoplastic status. Multiple substitutions were observed in samples from high-grade cervical neoplastic status as compared to those from normal cervical status (p = 0.027), specifically from the D3 sub-lineage. It was observed that substitution T85A was part of both, B and T cell epitopes recognized by MHC-I molecules; T245A was common to B and T cell epitopes recognized by MHC-II molecules and S122P/A was common to the region recognized by both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules. These findings reporting L2 protein substitutions have implications on cervical oncogenesis and design of next-generation L2-based HPV vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 2-3","pages":"153-160"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9101989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10598174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine responses of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients with Neoehrlichia mikurensis infection","authors":"L. Wass, H. Quarsten, P. Lindgren, P. Forsberg, Elisabet Skoog, K. Nilsson, C. Lingblom, C. Wennerås","doi":"10.1007/s00430-022-00737-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-022-00737-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"44 1","pages":"133 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82624829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of B-cell epitopes for development of dengue vaccines and antibody therapeutics.","authors":"Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir,&nbsp;Chit Laa Poh","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00726-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00726-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue is one of the most frequently transmitted viral infections globally which creates a serious burden to the healthcare system in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions. To date, no vaccine has demonstrated balanced protection against the four dengue serotypes. Dengvaxia as the only vaccine that has been licensed for use in endemic areas has shown an increased risk in dengue-naïve vaccines to develop severe dengue. A crucial element in protection from dengue infection is the neutralizing antibody responses. Therefore, the identification of protective linear B-cell epitopes can guide vaccine design and facilitate the development of monoclonal antibodies as dengue therapeutics. This review summarizes the identification of dengue B-cell epitopes within the envelope (E) protein of dengue that can be incorporated into peptide vaccine constructs. These epitopes have been identified through approaches such as bioinformatics, three-dimensional structure analysis of antibody-dengue complexes, mutagenesis/alanine scanning and escape mutant studies. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies targeting the E protein of dengue is reviewed. This can provide a basis for the design of future dengue therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39845087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in gastric adenocarcinoma: qPCR and FISH comparison.","authors":"Igor Brasil-Costa, Carolina Rosal Teixeira de Souza, Iran Barros Costa, Liann Filiphe Pereira Dos Santos, Luana César Ferraz Paixão, Alessandra Alves Polaro, Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro, Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00724-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-021-00724-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>EBV-associated gastric cancer accounts for about 10% of all gastric carcinomas worldwide. We aimed to verify the prevalence of EBV in gastric adenocarcinoma samples using FISH and qPCR and comparing the results obtained by both techniques. Gastric cancer samples from 191 cases were analyzed. The FISH assay was performed to detect small EBV RNAs (EBER1) and qPCR was performed to detect the EBV-EBNA-1 gene region. Cohen's kappa index and the chi-square test were used to compare the methodologies and investigate correlations with the clinical-pathological data of the gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Most of the patients were men, and the average age was 60 years. The intestinal subtype cancer presented more aggressive stages with 90% of patients having a reactive FISH for EBV (EBV+), although the virus infection frequency in epithelial gastric tissue was only 1%. No positive association with clinicopathological features and EBV+ was found by FISH. Using qPCR analysis, the percentage of positive samples was lower (52.4%), and a positive association was found in samples from older patients (> 60 years). Interestingly, 71 qPCR-negative cases were detected by FISH in the presence of non-epithelial cells and in 10 qPCR-positive cases with no evidence of EBV according to FISH. The concordance between the two techniques was low, with only 57.6%. FISH is more informative for associating the gastric carcinoma with EBV positivity in tumor/epithelial cells; however, qPCR can provide relevant information regarding the progression and characteristics of neoplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8860788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39690082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular metabolic basis of altered immunity in the lungs of patients with COVID-19.","authors":"Shuangyan Li,&nbsp;Fuxiaonan Zhao,&nbsp;Jing Ye,&nbsp;Kuan Li,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Zhongchao Du,&nbsp;Qing Yue,&nbsp;Sisi Wang,&nbsp;Qi Wu,&nbsp;Huaiyong Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00727-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00727-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic pathways drive cellular behavior. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes lung tissue damage directly by targeting cells or indirectly by producing inflammatory cytokines. However, whether functional alterations are related to metabolic changes in lung cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the lung single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) data of several deceased COVID-19 patients and focused on changes in transcripts associated with cellular metabolism. We observed upregulated glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in alveolar type 2 progenitor cells, which may block alveolar epithelial differentiation and surfactant secretion. Elevated inositol phosphate metabolism in airway progenitor cells may promote neutrophil infiltration and damage the lung barrier. Further, multiple metabolic alterations in the airway goblet cells are associated with impaired muco-ciliary clearance. Increased glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and inositol phosphate metabolism not only enhance macrophage activation but also contribute to SARS-CoV-2 induced lung injury. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and CD8⁺ T cells may be enhanced by glycerolipid and inositol phosphate metabolism. Glycolytic activation in fibroblasts is related to myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenesis. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutathione metabolism may also boost the aging, apoptosis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in pulmonary arterial hypertension. In conclusion, this preliminary study revealed a possible cellular metabolic basis for the altered innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and niche cell function in the lung after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, patients with COVID-19 may benefit from therapeutic strategies targeting cellular metabolism in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 1","pages":"49-69"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8755516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39677545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiles of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and regulatory T cells and circulating cytokines in hookworm-infected children in southern Thailand.","authors":"Nonthapan Phasuk,&nbsp;Nopporn Apiwattanakul,&nbsp;Chuchard Punsawad","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00723-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00723-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hookworm infection is the most common human helminthic infection in the rural areas of southern Thailand. There is little information on the induced cellular immune responses in hookworm-infected children. The present study aimed to investigate the cellular immune responses, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Th1-type cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ), a Th2-type cytokine (IL-5) and IL-10, which is one of the cytokines secreted by Tregs in hookworm-infected children. Twenty-nine schoolchildren diagnosed with hookworm infections and 28 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and Tregs in whole blood were analyzed using flow cytometry. Plasma IL-2, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ concentrations were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The median CD4+ T cell frequency was significantly higher in hookworm-infected children than healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, hookworm-infected children had a significantly increased absolute number of Tregs. No differences in circulating CD8+ T cell median frequency or absolute numbers were observed among hookworm-infected children or healthy controls. Elevated IL-2 and IL-10 concentrations were found in hookworm-infected children. Moreover, the absolute number of Tregs was significantly positively correlated with the plasma IL-10 concentration (r_s = 0.406, P = 0.029). This study showed that hookworm-infected schoolchildren had significantly different immune responses than healthy controls, including an increase in the CD4+ T cell number, a significant induction of Tregs and significantly elevated circulating IL-10 levels. These alterations could be the mechanism underlying the immunomodulation that alleviates allergic diseases among hookworm-infected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 1","pages":"19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39684343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and sensitive identification of omicron by variant-specific PCR and nanopore sequencing: paradigm for diagnostics of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.","authors":"Christopher Dächert,&nbsp;Maximilian Muenchhoff,&nbsp;Alexander Graf,&nbsp;Hanna Autenrieth,&nbsp;Sabine Bender,&nbsp;Helga Mairhofer,&nbsp;Paul R Wratil,&nbsp;Susanne Thieme,&nbsp;Stefan Krebs,&nbsp;Natascha Grzimek-Koschewa,&nbsp;Helmut Blum,&nbsp;Oliver T Keppler","doi":"10.1007/s00430-022-00728-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-022-00728-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization classified B.1.1.529 as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern (VoC), named omicron. Spike-gene dropouts in conventional SARS-CoV-2 PCR systems have been reported over the last weeks as indirect diagnostic evidence for the identification of omicron. Here, we report the combination of PCRs specific for heavily mutated sites in the spike gene and nanopore-based full-length genome sequencing for the rapid and sensitive identification of the first four COVID-19 patients diagnosed in Germany to be infected with omicron on November 28, 2021. This study will assist the unambiguous laboratory-based diagnosis and global surveillance for this highly contagious VoC with an unprecedented degree of humoral immune escape. Moreover, we propose that specialized diagnostic laboratories should continuously update their assays for variant-specific PCRs in the spike gene of SARS-CoV-2 to readily detect and diagnose emerging variants of interest and VoCs. The combination with established nanopore sequencing procedures allows both the rapid confirmation by whole genome sequencing as well as the sensitive identification of newly emerging variants of this pandemic β-coronavirus in years to come.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 1","pages":"71-77"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8780046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39707489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistently elevated complement alternative pathway biomarkers in COVID-19 correlate with hypoxemia and predict in-hospital mortality.","authors":"Alexander Leatherdale, Sophie Stukas, Victor Lei, Henry E West, Christopher J Campbell, Ryan L Hoiland, Jennifer Cooper, Cheryl L Wellington, Mypinder S Sekhon, Edward L G Pryzdial, Edward M Conway","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00725-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00430-021-00725-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2-triggered hyperacute thrombo-inflammatory response that causes multi-organ damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are poorly understood. Several lines of evidence implicate overactivation of complement. To delineate the involvement of complement in COVID-19, we prospectively studied 25 ICU-hospitalized patients for up to 21 days. Complement biomarkers in patient sera and healthy controls were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Correlations with respiratory function and mortality were analyzed. Activation of complement via the classical/lectin pathways was variably increased. Strikingly, all patients had increased activation of the alternative pathway (AP) with elevated levels of activation fragments, Ba and Bb. This was associated with a reduction of the AP negative regulator, factor (F) H. Correspondingly, terminal pathway biomarkers of complement activation, C5a and sC5b-9, were significantly elevated in all COVID-19 patient sera. C5a and AP constituents Ba and Bb, were significantly associated with hypoxemia. Ba and FD at the time of ICU admission were strong independent predictors of mortality in the following 30 days. Levels of all complement activation markers were sustained throughout the patients' ICU stays, contrasting with the varying serum levels of IL-6, C-reactive protein, and ferritin. Severely ill COVID-19 patients have increased and persistent activation of complement, mediated strongly via the AP. Complement activation biomarkers may be valuable measures of severity of lung disease and the risk of mortality. Large-scale studies will reveal the relevance of these findings to thrombo-inflammation in acute and post-acute COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"211 1","pages":"37-48"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39824612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human cytomegalovirus multiple-strain infections and viral population diversity in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients analysed by high-throughput sequencing.","authors":"A Dhingra,&nbsp;J Götting,&nbsp;P R Varanasi,&nbsp;L Steinbrueck,&nbsp;S Camiolo,&nbsp;J Zischke,&nbsp;A Heim,&nbsp;T F Schulz,&nbsp;E M Weissinger,&nbsp;P C Kay-Fedorov,&nbsp;A J Davison,&nbsp;N M Suárez,&nbsp;T Ganzenmueller","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00722-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00722-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. High-throughput sequencing of target-enriched libraries was performed to characterise the diversity of HCMV strains present in this high-risk group. Forty-four HCMV-DNA-positive plasma specimens (median viral input load 321 IU per library) collected at defined time points from 23 HSCT recipients within 80 days of transplantation were sequenced. The genotype distribution for 12 hypervariable HCMV genes and the number of HCMV strains present (i.e. single- vs. multiple-strain infection) were determined for 29 samples from 16 recipients. Multiple-strain infection was observed in seven of these 16 recipients, and five of these seven recipients had the donor (D)/recipient (R) HCMV-serostatus combination D + R + . A very broad range of genotypes was detected, with an intrahost composition that was generally stable over time. Multiple-strain infection was not associated with particular virological or clinical features, such as altered levels or duration of antigenaemia, development of acute graft-versus-host disease or increased mortality. In conclusion, despite relatively low viral plasma loads, a high frequency of multiple-strain HCMV infection and a high strain complexity were demonstrated in systematically collected clinical samples from this cohort early after HSCT. However, robust evaluation of the pathogenic role of intrahost viral diversity and multiple-strain infection will require studies enrolling larger numbers of recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"210 5-6","pages":"291-304"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8541999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10726276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programmed cell death-1 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10204525 is associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load in HIV-1-infected Moroccan subjects.","authors":"Hanâ Baba,&nbsp;Anass Kettani,&nbsp;Meryem Bouqdayr,&nbsp;Ahd Ouladlahsen,&nbsp;Rajaa Bensghir,&nbsp;Latifa Marih,&nbsp;Mustapha Sodqi,&nbsp;Soumaya Benjelloun,&nbsp;Sayeh Ezzikouri,&nbsp;Imane Zaidane,&nbsp;Fatima-Zahra Jadid,&nbsp;Kamal Marhoum El Filali,&nbsp;Lahcen Wakrim","doi":"10.1007/s00430-021-00712-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00712-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infections are characterized by dysfunctional cellular and humoral antiviral immune responses. The progressive loss of effector functions in chronic viral infection has been associated with the up-regulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1), a negative regulator of activated T cells and Natural Killer cells. In HIV-1 infection, increased levels of PD-1 expression correlate with CD8 + T-cell exhaustion. In vitro, PD-1 blockade using PD-1 antibodies led to an increase in HIV-1 specific CD8 + T and memory B cell proliferation. We aimed to investigate the impact of PDCD1 rs10204525 polymorphism on HIV-1 susceptibility, AIDS development, and treatment response outcomes in HIV-1 infection in a Moroccan population. A total of 214 HIV-1 seropositive and 250 seronegative subjects were enrolled to investigate the association between the between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10204525 of PDCD1 gene and HIV-1 pathogenesis using a predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. No significant association was found between rs10204525 and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and AIDS development (p > 0.05). Genotype frequencies were significantly associated with the viral load before ART (p = 0.0105). HIV-1 viral load was significantly higher among subjects with the CC compared to TT genotype (p = 0.0043). In treated subjects, the median of viral load levels was significantly higher in CC and CT groups than TT subjects (p < 0.005). However, analysis of the correlation between CD4 + T-cell levels and PDCD1 polymorphism before and after ART showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Our results demonstrated that rs10204525 polymorphism does not affect HIV-1 infection. However, this polymorphism may affect the response to treatment as measured by RNA viral load levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":18369,"journal":{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"210 4","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00430-021-00712-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39015388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}