{"title":"Stirling Energy Systems (SES) dish-Stirling program","authors":"K. Stone, H. Braun, M. Moore, T. Clark","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.661912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.661912","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a system to produce electrical power from the Sun, and the plans for preparing it for commercial operation. The point-focus, Stirling engine-based system was designed and tested in the 1980s by McDonnell Douglas Corporation and United Stirling AB of Sweden (now part of Kockums AB). Stirling Energy Systems (SES) has acquired the existing hardware and technology, and plans to upgrade the system in order to utilize its demonstrated performance to produce grid-compatible electrical power. The performance includes a higher solar-to-electric conversion efficiency than any other renewable energy technology (approximately 30%), with the potential of a two to four point increase. The paper presents a summary description of the hardware, its past test program, proposed improvements and the plan for commercialization.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124417108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultra clean burner for an AMTEC system suitable for hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"R. Mital, R. Sievers, T. K. Hunt","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.661899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.661899","url":null,"abstract":"High power alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) systems have the potential to make the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) program a success by meeting the challenging standards put forth by the EPA for the automobile industry. The premise of the whole concept of using AMTEC cells, as discussed by Hunt et al. (1995), for power generation in HEV's is based on the utilization of a high efficiency \"external\" combustion system. The key requirement being a burner which will produce extremely low quantities of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, emit minimal amounts of hydrocarbon, will have high radiative and convective efficiencies and at least a 4:1 turndown ratio. This work presents one such burner which has the potential to meet all of these demands and more.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133201689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluidized bed viscosity measurements in reduced gravity","authors":"S. Bakhtiyarov, R. Overfelt","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.661981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.661981","url":null,"abstract":"Fluidized bed viscosity was studied experimentally in a series of reduced gravity parabolic flights aboard NASA's KC-135 aircraft. Silica sands of two different size distributions were fluidized by air. The experimental set up incorporated instrumentation to measure the air flow rate, the pressure drop and the apparent viscosity of the fluidized sand at the wide range of the shear rate. The fluidization chamber had transparent walls to allow visualization of the structure changes involved in fluidization in reduced gravity. Experiments were performed over a broad range of gravitational accelerations including microgravity and double gravity conditions. The results of the flight and ground experiments reveal significant differences in the apparent viscosity of fluidized sand and overall void factor in microgravity as compared to one-g conditions.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132143375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potential of producing high octane additives and hydrogen from biomass-derived oils","authors":"S. Katikaneni, R. Idem, N. Bakhshi","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.656691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.656691","url":null,"abstract":"At present, natural gas, petroleum and coal are principal sources of fuels and a large variety of chemicals. These fossil-derived fuels usually contain sulfur and nitrogen compounds which are not desirable due to their release of pollutants such as SO/sub 2/, NO/sub x/ and carbon dioxide. Hence, there is a strong interest in developing alternative and renewable sources of liquid fuels which are 'environmentally friendly'. Wood (or biomass) derived oils are attracting increasing interest in this respect. The major advantages of using biomass-derived oils are that they are almost sulfur and nitrogen free and also are carbon dioxide neutral. In this paper, the potential of producing high octane additives and hydrogen from biomass-derived oils is discussed by the authors.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133487101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurements of thermal conductivities of alumina powders and Min-K in vacuum [AMTEC applications]","authors":"Lianmin Huang, M. El-Genk, M. Schuller","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.661937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.661937","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal conductivities of two types of alumina powders, having average particle sizes of 1.0 /spl mu/m and 0.1 /spl mu/m and effective porosities of 91.4% and 96.2%, respectively, and of Min-K AMTEC cell insulation materials were measured in vacuum. The thermal conductivities of all three materials increased with temperature, but at varying slopes. The developed thermal conductivity correlations were within /spl plusmn/10% and /spl plusmn/5% of the data of the alumina powders and the Min-K, respectively. The Min-K thermal conductivity was the lowest and least dependent on temperature, increasing from 0.03 to 0.042 W/mK as the temperature increased from 400 K to 800 K, respectively. Analysis showed that the thermal conductance of the Min-K could be an order of magnitude lower in the axial direction, but as much as 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher that those of 60 and 240 Molybdenum foils insulation in the perpendicular direction, respectively.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114633637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AMTEC: current status and vision","authors":"G. Levy, T. K. Hunt, R. Sievers","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.661931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.661931","url":null,"abstract":"The history of alkali metal thermal-to-electric conversion (AMTEC) has been tantalizing as technical advances have struck down most of the remaining barriers for realization of practical applications. AMTEC has always offered promise with its inherently noise-free, vibration-free, and high efficiency operation. Today's AMTEC cells are also compact, lightweight and reliable, achieving near 20% conversion efficiency. Pathways have been defined that should lead to efficiencies of 30% or higher within two years. Prototype AMTEC devices are being built today for applications ranging from powering deep space probes (100-150 W) to residential appliance cogeneration (350-500 W) to remote and portable power units (10-500 W). Multi-kilowatt systems may be only two years away. Current designs have power densities of 100-200 W/kg. At the start of the new millennium AMTEC performance will exceed the numbers given above with the power capacity reaching 10 kW or more. These high power systems will also provide 100 volts or more when desired. Some AMTEC devices may be designed to operate at input temperatures well below that required today (800-900/spl deg/C), providing more flexibility on the choice of heat source. Realization of industrial and consumer applications for AMTEC will depend on manufacturing economies achieved through simplification of cell fabrication and high volume production. Advanced Modular Power Systems, Inc. is developing AMTEC manufacturing technology which may lead to costs under $25/watt within two years and under $1/watt eventually. At this cost, AMTEC devices will find broad consumer, and industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115570143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Start-up capabilities of photovoltaic module for the International Space Station","authors":"G. Hajela, L. Hague","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.659241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.659241","url":null,"abstract":"The International Space Station (ISS) uses four photovoltaic modules (PVMs) to supply electric power for the US On-Orbit Segment (USOS). The ISS is assembled on-orbit over a period of about 5 years and over 40 stages. PVMs are launched and integrated with the ISS at different times during the ISS assembly. This paper describes the essential steps required for PVM start-up and how these operations are performed for various PVMs. The integrated operations scenarios (IOS) prepared by the NASA, Johnson Space Center, details specific procedures and timelines for start-up of each PVM. The paper describes how dormant batteries are brought to their normal operating temperature range and then charged to 100% state of charge (SOC). Total time required to complete start-up is computed and compared to the IOS timelines. External power required during start-up is computed and compared to the requirements and/or available power on ISS. Also described is how these start-up procedures can be adopted for restart of PVMs when required.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128512902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. G. Benjamin, D. S. Erickson, E.J. Haugh, R. Petri
{"title":"Status of the M-C Power MCFC commercialization program","authors":"T. G. Benjamin, D. S. Erickson, E.J. Haugh, R. Petri","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.660269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.660269","url":null,"abstract":"MC Power Corporation's (MCP) mission is to commercialize molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plants based on an internally manifolded IMHEX/sup (R/) stack concept patented by the Institute of Gas Technology. MCP has successfully scaled up the manufacturing and design of the MCFC technology to commercial area (1 m/sup 2/). Five commercial-area 20 kW stacks and two commercial-area 25O kW stacks have been built and operated. A third commercial (250-kW) stack is being assembled. Continuous process improvements and yield increases have been demonstrated for the manufacturing run for each successive 250 kW stack. These improvements resulted in a 63% reduction in the cost ofthe active area components from the first to the third 250 kW stack. Concurrent with the production and testing of commercial-area fuel cell stacks, M-C Power has an ongoing effort to develop, test, and scale-up to commercial-area advanced component technologies that will enable M-C Power to meet cost and performance, and endurance goals. This effort focuses on developing lower cost stack components with improved endurance and performance and evaluating alternate manufacturing procedures and raw materials which significantly lower the stack costs. Following performance verification at the bench scale level, scale-up of the advanced component manufacturing processes to the commercial-area has been ongoing for a year.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133163346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Woodruff, T. Jones, J. Dowd, J. Roop, M. Muller
{"title":"Evidence from the industrial assessment program on energy investment decisions by small and medium-sized manufacturers","authors":"M. Woodruff, T. Jones, J. Dowd, J. Roop, M. Muller","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.656757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.656757","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the results of a detailed analysis of investment decisions regarding energy efficiency measures at small and medium-sized manufacturing plants participating in the US Department of Energy's Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) program. This paper is drawn from a larger study that found that most small and medium-sized plants participating in the IAC program will invest in an energy efficiency measure only if the investment's capital cost can be paid back in operational savings within two years. The most frequently recommended and implemented measures have payback periods of one year or less. Implementation rates appear to drop off only slightly with increasing payback periods. Moreover, the average payback period associated with implemented measures does not appear to increase with plant size or annual energy cost. First cost appears to be more important than payback period in determining whether a recommended measure will be implemented. For most recommended energy efficiency measures, a payback period of up to two years implies an implicit (real) discount rate of about 50 percent, which is higher than the values typically used to characterize industrial investment decisions in energy-economic models.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128493640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheila Bailey, Dave Brinker, Henry Curtis, Phillip Jenkins, Dave Scheiman
{"title":"Solar cell calibration and measurement techniques","authors":"Sheila Bailey, Dave Brinker, Henry Curtis, Phillip Jenkins, Dave Scheiman","doi":"10.1109/IECEC.1997.659224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECEC.1997.659224","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing complexity of space power solar cells and the increasing international markets for both cells and arrays has resulted in workshops jointly sponsored by NASDA, ESA and NASA. These workshops are designed to obtain international agreement on standardized values for the AM0 spectrum and constant, recommend laboratory measurement practices and establish a set of protocols for international comparison of laboratory measurements. A working draft of an ISO standard, WD15387, \"Requirements for Measurement and Calibration Procedures for Space Solar Cells\" was discussed with a focus on the scope of the document, a definition of primary standard cell, and required error analysis for all measurement techniques. Working groups addressed the issues of Air Mass Zero (AM0) solar constant and spectrum, laboratory measurement techniques, and the international round robin methodology. A summary is presented of the current state of each area and the formulation of the ISO document.","PeriodicalId":183668,"journal":{"name":"IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116506291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}