Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Prognostic factors for functional recovery after lingual nerve reconstruction using an artificial nerve conduit.","authors":"Shigeyuki Fujita, Shigeru Suzuki, Osamu Sakaguchi, Itaru Tojyo","doi":"10.1186/s40902-026-00500-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-026-00500-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lingual nerve injury following dental procedures, such as lower third molar extractions, can cause significant sensory deficits. For patients with persistent severe symptoms, surgical reconstruction using a nerve conduit is often considered. However, the degree of recovery varies, and the optimal timing of intervention and the significance of the nerve gap distance remain subjects of clinical debate.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Using the Medical Research Council Scale (MRCS) as a standardized measure of sensory function, this study aims to determine the independent effects of the timing of surgery, nerve gap length, and other potential prognostic factors on nerve functional recovery, specifically defining success as MRCS S3+ or higher.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 49 patients who underwent lingual nerve repair surgery. The success of nerve recovery was evaluated using two established criteria: the standard Functional Sensory Recovery (FSR), MRCS S3 or higher, and the strict MRCS S3+ or higher criteria based on American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) criteria. The MRCS S3+ or higher criteria was designated as the primary outcome for all multivariate analyses. The time to surgery variable was logarithmically transformed, Log (Time to Surgery, months), to account for the highly skewed distribution. Statistical analysis used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between each predictor and postoperative MRCS score. A secondary analysis examined predictors for allodynia resolution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The logarithmically transformed time to surgery, Log (Time to Surgery, months), was the sole statistically significant independent predictor for achieving MRCS S3+ (Odds Ratio OR = 0.236, 95% CI: 0.063-0.887, P = 0.032). This indicates that earlier intervention significantly increases the odds of functional recovery. Nerve gap length was not a significant predictor (OR = 0.941, P = 0.518). Furthermore, no variable was found to be a significant predictor for allodynia resolution (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Earlier surgical intervention, quantified by Log (Time to Surgery), is an independent and critical factor for achieving MRCS S3+ functional sensory recovery after lingual nerve repair. The distance of the nerve gap did not show an independent predictive effect on the final sensory outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12852538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Methods in Orthognathic Surgery Studies.","authors":"Mehrdad Farrokhi, Mohammad Amin Nochian","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00496-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00496-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145857091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision of patient specific screw holes locating surgical guide and pre-bent plates osteosynthesis versus classical workflow in management of class III mandibular fracture.","authors":"Abdallah Gaber, Hussein Hatem, Mona El, Mohammed Omara","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00495-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00495-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Several treatment modalities have been reported in the management of mandibular fractures using an alternative computer-guided approach through the utilization of different designs of guiding devices. However, these computer-guided methods do not always guarantee accurate anatomical bone reduction. This study aimed to assess the reduction precision of the computer-guided mandibular fracture and internal fixation using screw holes locating surgical guide, as presented earlier in the orthognathic surgery field in various studies to be applied in the field of mandibular traumatology, comparing it with the conventional approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six patients with Brown Class III mandibular fracture, defined by a single fracture line involving the body, parasymphysis or symphysis regions, were randomly assigned to two groups for open reduction and internal fixation. The study group underwent reduction and fixation using patient-specific screw-hole locating guide and pre-bent titanium miniplates, whereas the control group received conventional reduction and fixation with intraoperatively adapted titanium miniplates. Virtual reduction of the fractured mandible was performed in all cases of both groups utilizing CT scan and mimics software. Then, the actual postoperative mandibular model was superimposed over the virtually operated mandibular model based on predefined reference points and plans to obtain dental and bony linear measurements. The recorded measures were statistically analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The actual postoperative mandibular model in the computer-guided group showed minimal deviation from the virtual mandibular model. While the deviation of the actual post operative model in the conventional group from the virtual model was higher, the difference in deviation between the two groups was statistically significant. The mean bony deviation was 0.09 ± 0.29 mm in the computer-guided group, versus 0.70 ± 0.33 mm in the control group p < 0.001. The mean dental deviation was 0.05 ± 0.16 mm in the computer-guided group versus 0.56 ± 0.32 mm in the control group p < 0.001.The mean operative time of the computer-guided group(1.49 ± 0.19)(hours) was significantly shorter than the mean operative time of control group (1.82 ± 0.37)(hours) which is statistically significant p < 0.001.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of screw-hole locating guide and pre-bent plates enhanced surgical accuracy and efficiency. It also highlighted how patient-specific design can reduce dependence on surgeon experience and standardized outcomes in complex mandibular fractures.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System Receipt, ID: NCT05444829.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12722589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtually planned and CAD/CAM-guided secondary reconstruction of the mandibular condyle after malunion: from \"unpredictable\" to precise? -accuracy and outcomes.","authors":"Paris Georgios Liokatis, Carl Peter Cornelius, Jens Tobias Hartung, Ina Dewenter, Wenko Smolka, Florian Andreas Probst, Philipp Poxleitner, Sven Otto, Katharina Theresa Obermeier, Yoana Malenova","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00497-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00497-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12701210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145743359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional imaging of the facial arteries: an overview of ocular vascular anatomy.","authors":"Liya Jiang, Yuejie Zhou, Fei Chen, Xueshang Su, Ningbei Yin, Jintian Hu","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00492-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00492-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, the use of facial soft tissue fillers via cosmetic injections has steadily increased, along with the incidence of adverse events caused by injection vascular occlusion. We aimed to three-dimensionally visualize the anastomosis between facial soft tissue and the vascular system to enhance the safety and effectiveness of facial injections. A cadaver model was used to visualize facial anatomy. A red gelatin-lead oxide contrast agent was perfused to visualize the blood vessels, while 3.75% iodine-potassium iodide was used to stain the soft tissues. Micro-computed tomography scanning was then performed to capture detailed imaging results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We successfully visualized both facial soft tissues and blood vessels simultaneously, including the two-dimensional distribution of vascular tissues and the three-dimensional hierarchical structure of the soft tissue. This allowed accurate assessment of the vascular flow and interconnections in the facial region.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a detailed three-dimensional representation of the facial vascular anatomy, particularly in the periocular area. By clarifying facial vascular anastomoses, this technique offers a valuable reference for promoting safer and more effective filler injections and reducing the risk of injection-related complications. Providing an interactive, high-resolution vascular dataset of a specific developmental stage. Promoting safe and effective injection of fillers provides a more reliable reference for reducing complications caused by injections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12644337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145588083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management and outcomes of facial nerve injury following rhytidectomy: a systematic review.","authors":"Niloufar Arianpour, Kazem Khiabani, Hosein Aberoumand, Amirhosein Pourhoseini","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00494-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00494-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Facial nerve injury is a critical complication of rhytidectomy, affecting patient outcomes and satisfaction. Despite its importance, standardized management strategies remain limited. This systematic review evaluates current evidence on the management, outcomes, and prevention of facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy, with stratification by injury severity to enhance clinical applicability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to July 2025, identifying 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed using AMSTAR 2 and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Additionally, the review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparency and accuracy in reporting the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of facial nerve injury ranged from 0.5% to 5%, with 70% of patients achieving full recovery within six months through conservative treatments (corticosteroids, physiotherapy). Management and outcomes varied by injury severity: neuropraxia (80-90% of cases) typically resolved conservatively, while axonotmesis or neurotmesis required surgical interventions (e.g., nerve repair) or adjunct therapies (e.g., botulinum toxin). Preventive measures, such as meticulous surgical techniques and awareness of facial danger zones, were effective. Intraoperative nerve monitoring showed potential but needs further validation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Conservative management suffices for most cases, particularly neuropraxia, yet 10% of patients experience persistent deficits, underscoring the need for severity-stratified approaches. Prospective multicenter registries with standardized outcome measures, individual patient data meta-analyses, and Bayesian hierarchical modeling are essential to address evidence gaps and enhance clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12644352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145582385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation analysis of eye and lip canting correction after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment.","authors":"Haemin Kim, Dong-Woo Kim, Jaeyoung Ryu, Seunggon Jung, Hong-Ju Park, Min-Suk Kook","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00493-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00493-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Facial asymmetry is a frequent indication for orthognathic surgery. Vertical discrepancies such as eye and lip canting strongly influence perceived facial balance. While orthognathic surgery effectively repositions skeletal structures, the extent of soft tissue canting correction remains uncertain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 25 patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery followed by orthodontic treatment between 2017 and 2023. Patients were classified into three groups: eye + lip canting (Group A, n = 10), Eye canting, lip canting, soft tissue chin deviation, and commissure height difference were measured using standardized frontal photographs and cephalometric radiographs at three time points: preoperative (T0), postoperative (T1), and post-debonding (T2). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Orthognathic surgery significantly improved both eye and lip canting (P < 0.05). Lip canting showed greater responsiveness than eye canting. Soft tissue chin deviation and commissure height difference also demonstrated significant postoperative improvements that were maintained through the debonding stage. Minimal or no further changes occurred during orthodontic treatment. Group A demonstrated the greatest overall improvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bimaxillary orthognathic surgery effectively improves soft tissue canting, particularly of the in the lower face. Most correction occurs during the surgical phase, while orthodontics contributes minimally.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12618747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145513237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unicentric Castleman disease in intraparotid lymph node: a case report.","authors":"Young Heon Jeong, Jin Seok Kim, Heonwoo Lee, Kang-Min Ahn","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00491-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00491-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by non-neoplastic lymph node hyperplasia. Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD), the most common clinical form, typically presents as a solitary, asymptomatic mass. Involvement of intraparotid lymph nodes is rare and often mimics salivary gland neoplasms, complicating preoperative diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 35-year-old female presented with a painless, enlarging mass in the left parotid region. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed a well-demarcated, homogeneously enhancing mass with additional smaller lesions in adjacent lymph node regions. A conservative excisional approach was performed with preservation of the facial nerve. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the hyaline-vascular variant of UCD. Postoperative follow-up showed spontaneous regression of adjacent lymphadenopathy and resolution of transient facial nerve palsy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of encapsulated parotid masses with associated lymphadenopathy. Recognizing its clinical and radiologic features may facilitate accurate diagnosis and prevent overtreatment. Complete surgical excision is curative in most UCD cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12605938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145489196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental implant-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma: a clinical retrospective study of 22 cases.","authors":"Jin Seok Kim, Young Heon Jeong, Heonwoo Lee, Kang-Min Ahn","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00490-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00490-9","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;In oral cavity, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm. Established risk factors for OSCC include tobacco use, genetic predisposition, viral infections, and poor oral hygiene. With the increasing prevalence of dental implant (DI) procedures, reports of OSCC developing around implants have also risen. This study aims to investigate potential risk factors and clinical characteristics of OSCC occurring in association with dental implants, in order to improve understanding of its etiology and prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 22 patients diagnosed with OSCC around dental implants at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at a single institution, between 2009 and 2024 by a single surgeon. All patients presented with persistent discomfort or abnormal lesions following implant placement and were subsequently diagnosed with OSCC via histopathological examination. Pre-treatment imaging included magnetic resonance imaging, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, PET/CT, and bone scans. The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) guidelines was used to determine cancer staging. Data were collected on patient demographics, smoking and alcohol histories, implant placement date, and histopathologic findings through electronic medical records.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Result: &lt;/strong&gt;All 22 patients presented with inflammatory lesions or progressive bone loss around dental implants. Five patients had a history of malignancy in other organs or hematologic disease. Six male patients had habitual alcohol consumption and smoking. OSCC occurred predominantly in the mandible (77.3%), with 95.5% of tumors classified as T4 at diagnosis. Neck metastasis developed in 41% of patients (9/22), including four cases of delayed/occult nodal involvement. The mean interval from implant placement to OSCC diagnosis was 4.7 years, with nearly half diagnosed within 1 year. Histopathology revealed only well- or moderately differentiated tumors, with bone invasion present in 95.5% of cases. The mean depth of invasion was 13.2 mm. Twenty patients underwent surgical resection, while two received nonsurgical treatment due to systemic condition. The mean survival time was 25.7 months, and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant survival difference between maxillary and mandibular OSCC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;OSCC after dental implant placement, though uncommon, is a significant clinical issue due to its late diagnosis, aggressive bone invasion, and poor prognosis. Our findings underscore the importance of differentiating OSCC from peri-implantitis and recommend prompt biopsy when peri-implant inflammation persists despite conventional treatment. Early recognition may improve survival outcomes. The observed links with prior malignancy, chronic inflammation, and lifestyle risk factors suggest a multifactorial etiology, highl","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12572468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145401295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyetheretherketone for craniomaxillofacial defects: cases report, evaluation of patients' satisfaction and a systematic literature review.","authors":"Yuliya Menchisheva, Alvaro Varela Morillas, Nunzianda Frascione","doi":"10.1186/s40902-025-00482-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40902-025-00482-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Craniomaxillofacial reconstruction poses significant clinical challenges due to the complexity of the anatomy and the varied causes of defects. Selecting the optimal implant material remains a crucial factor in achieving successful functional and aesthetic outcomes. This study combined a systematic review and a retrospective case series conducted at the Hospital 5, Almaty, Kazakhstan. The sample consisted of 52 patients who underwent craniomaxillofacial reconstruction between 2021 and 2024, receiving either PEEK, titanium, PMMA or silicone implants. Following the surgical procedures, patients were invited to participate in an online survey to evaluate their satisfaction with long-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PEEK implants demonstrated the complication rate at 22.2%, attributable only to hematoma. Titanium implants exhibited the complication rate-22.7%, with cases of asymmetry and diplopia (4.5%), exposure (9.1%), hematoma (4.5%) and infection with rejection (9.1%). Aesthetic outcome scores, measured by the ANA scale, varied across materials. PEEK implants achieved the highest mean ANA rating with 8.86 (SD = 0.35; 8.25-9.25), showing a significant difference over PMMA, silicone and titanium.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PEEK implants demonstrated promising clinical and aesthetic outcomes in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. However, material selection should be personalised, considering defect location, soft tissue coverage to optimise results.</p>","PeriodicalId":18357,"journal":{"name":"Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"47 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12552202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145355259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}