Medical and Veterinary Entomology最新文献

{"title":"Small dams drive Anopheles abundance during the dry season in a high malaria burden area of Malawi","authors":"Kennedy Zembere, Christopher M. Jones, Rhosheen Mthawanji, Clinton Nkolokosa, Richard Kamwezi, Patrick Ken Kalonde, Michelle C. Stanton","doi":"10.1111/mve.12733","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12733","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores the influence of small dams on the exposure to malaria vectors during the dry season in Kasungu district, Malawi, an area recently identified as high priority for malaria interventions by the National Malaria Control Programme. Small dam impoundments provide communities with a continuous supply of water for domestic and agricultural activities across sub-Saharan Africa and are considered vital to food security and climate change resilience. However, these permanent water bodies also create ideal breeding sites for mosquitoes in typically arid landscapes. The study focuses on a specific dam impoundment and its vicinity, aiming to assess its spatial and temporal influence on indoor vector densities. From May to August 2021, CDC light traps were used to measure indoor mosquito densities for two consecutive nights per month in three communities located at increasing distances from the dam (0, ~1 and ~2 km). Simultaneously, drone imagery was captured for each community, enabling the identification of additional standing water within approximately 400 m of selected households. Larval sampling was carried out within the impoundment periphery and in additional water bodies identified in the drone imagery. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) were employed to analyse the indoor <i>Anopheles</i> abundance data, estimating the effects of household structure (open/closed eaves), month, temperature and water proximity on malaria vector exposure. Throughout 685 trapping nights, a total of 1256 mosquitoes were captured, with 33% (412) being female <i>Anopheles</i>. Among these, 91% were morphologically identified as <i>Anopheles funestus</i> s.l., and 5% as <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. Catches progressively decline in each consecutive trapping month as the environment became drier. This decline was much slower in Malangano, the community next to the dam, with abundance being notably higher in June and July. Further, the majority of <i>An. gambiae</i> s.l. were caught in May, with none identified in July and August. <i>Anopheles</i> larvae were found both in the impoundment and other smaller water bodies such as irrigation wells in each survey month; however, the presence of these smaller water bodies did not have a significant impact on adult female mosquito catches in the GLMM. The study concludes that proximity to the dam impoundment was the primary driver of differences between survey communities with the abundance in Chikhombwe (~1 km away) and Chiponde (~2 km away) being 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19–0.66) and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.16–0.47) lower than Malangano, respectively, after adjusting for other factors. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions, such as larval source management or housing improvements, near small dams to mitigate malaria transmission risks during the dry season. Further research is needed to develop cost-effective strategies for vector control within and around these impoundme","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 4","pages":"375-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of egg density on larval development and adult body size of cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis)","authors":"Piper N. Zellner,&nbsp;Lisa D. Brown","doi":"10.1111/mve.12735","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12735","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fleas (Siphonaptera) are holometabolous insects with larval and adult stages that exhibit vastly different ecologies from each other. Adult fleas are parasitic and feed exclusively on the blood of a vertebrate host, whereas flea larvae do not live on hosts and consume dried faecal blood from adult fleas. Because flea larvae rely on adult flea faeces for food, excrement and eggs must fall in the same location; thus, larval density is likely high in these restricted habitats. However, the influence of larval density on the subsequent adult stage has not been examined. In the present study, we utilized egg density to investigate density-dependent effects on larval development and adult body size in the cat flea (<i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> Bouché) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Specifically, eggs were collected to create three different larval densities (<i>n</i> = 50, 100 and 150 per 56.7 cm²), and hatched larvae from all groups were fed an excess amount of adult faecal pellets. Larval development was measured by recording the proportion of eggs that developed to the pupal stage and the proportion of eggs that reached adulthood (eclosion). The body size of eclosed adults was quantified for both sexes using head length and length of the total body. We found that the number of eggs had no effect on the proportion of larvae that pupated or the proportion of larvae that eclosed; however, higher egg densities resulted in larger body sizes for both sexes. Overall, these data yield significant insight into how the ecology of larval fleas impacts the biology of the resultant adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 4","pages":"586-591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141317618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and distribution of some medico-veterinary important pathogens in muscid flies in two geographical regions of Türkiye","authors":"Nuri Ercan,&nbsp;Alparslan Yildirim,&nbsp;Onder Duzlu,&nbsp;Fahriye Ercan,&nbsp;Gamze Yetismis,&nbsp;Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci,&nbsp;Abdullah Inci","doi":"10.1111/mve.12734","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12734","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Some dipteran flies play an important role in the transmission of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and metazoan parasites in humans and other animals. Despite this importance, knowledge of the prevalence and molecular characteristics of some pathogens in flies is limited, and no data are available for Türkiye. In this study, we investigated the possible vector role of muscid fly species for the transmission of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> Desportes (Chytridiopsida: Enterocytozoonidae), <i>Encephalitozoon</i> spp., <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> Derrick (Legionellales: Coxiellaceae) and <i>Thelazia</i> spp. using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The flies were trapped in different animal-related places and surroundings from two different geographical regions of Türkiye including Central Anatolia and Middle Black Sea. According to the morphological keys, 850 (85%), 141 (14.1%) and 6 (0.6%) of the total of 1000 fly specimens identified as <i>Musca domestica</i> Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), <i>Stomoxys calcitrans</i> Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and <i>Musca autumnalis</i> De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae), respectively. The other species including <i>Haematobia irritans</i> Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), <i>Muscina stabulans</i> Fallén (Diptera: Muscidae) and <i>Hydrotaea ignava</i> Harris (Diptera: Muscidae) were each represented by a single specimen. Screening of the pathogens identified <i>E. bieneusi</i> only in <i>M. domestica</i> with a prevalence of 2.4%. Sequence analyses identified three known genotypes, Type IV, BEB6 and BEB8, and one novel genotype named AEUEb of <i>E. bieneusi</i> in <i>M. domestica</i>. <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> was detected in <i>M. domestica</i> and <i>S. calcitrans</i> with prevalences of 2.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The one specimen of <i>H. ignava</i> was also positive for <i>C. burnetii</i>. <i>Encephalitozoon</i> spp. and <i>Thelazia</i> spp. were not found in the examined specimens. Our results contribute to the current knowledge on the vector potential of muscid flies and their possible role in the transmission dynamics of certain pathogens, especially in regions where diseases are prevalent and affect public and animal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 4","pages":"440-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141306271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular differentiation analysis of ten putative species of Fannia (Diptera: Fanniidae) collected in carrion-baited traps from Colombia","authors":"Yesica Durango-Manrique,&nbsp;Andrés López-Rubio,&nbsp;Giovan F. Gómez","doi":"10.1111/mve.12732","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12732","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The genus <i>Fannia</i> is the most representative of the Fannidae family of true flies with worldwide distribution. Some species are attracted to decomposing materials and live vertebrate animals, which makes them important in forensics, medical and veterinary fields. However, identifying <i>Fannia</i> species can be difficult due to the high similarity in the external morphology of females and limited descriptions and morphological keys. Herein, molecular markers could provide a complementary tool for species identification. However, molecular identification has still limited application since databases contain few data for neotropical species of <i>Fannia</i>. This study assessed the potential of two molecular markers, the <i>COI</i>-3′ region and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), to differentiate 10 putative species of the genus <i>Fannia</i> from Colombia using distance-based and tree-based approaches. The partial ITS2 and/or <i>COI</i>-3′ regions allowed molecular diagnosis of six species, while pairs of species <i>Fannia colazorrensis</i> + <i>F. dodgei</i> and <i>F. laclara</i> + <i>F. aburrae</i> are conflicting. Although these results might suggest that conflicting pair species are conspecific, consistent morphological differences between males do not support this hypothesis. The lack of differentiation at the nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers for the conflicting species may be due to incomplete evolutionary lineage separation, hybridization, or introgression events. In addition, sexual selection on male morphological traits before species-specific differences in molecular markers emerge may partially explain the results. Our study provides a valuable dataset to identify and confirm some <i>Fannia</i> species molecularly. Further, they could be used to associate females and immature stages with their conspecifics as a baseline to deep into their biology, ecology, distribution and potential applications in forensic and medico-veterinary entomology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"39 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141097216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological niche modelling of Culicoides imicola and future range shifts under climate change scenarios in Italy","authors":"Irene Del Lesto,&nbsp;Adele Magliano,&nbsp;Riccardo Casini,&nbsp;Arianna Ermenegildi,&nbsp;Pasquale Rombolà,&nbsp;Claudio De Liberato,&nbsp;Federico Romiti","doi":"10.1111/mve.12730","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Culicoides imicola</i> is the main vector of viral diseases of livestock in Europe such as bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Climatic factors are the main drivers of <i>C. imicola</i> occurrence and its distribution might be subject to rapid shifts due to climate change. Entomological data, collected during BT surveillance, and climatic/environmental variables were used to analyse ecological niche and to model <i>C. imicola</i> distribution and possible future range shifts in Italy. An ensemble technique was used to weigh the performance of machine learning, linear and profile methods. Updated future climate projections from the latest phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project were used to generate future distributions for the next three 20-year periods, according to combinations of general circulation models and shared socioeconomic pathways and considering different climate change scenarios. Results indicated the minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO 6) and precipitation of the driest-warmest months (BIO 14) as the main limiting climatic factors. Indeed, BIO 6 and BIO 14 reported the two highest values of variable importance, respectively, 9.16% (confidence interval [CI] = 7.99%–10.32%), and 2.01% (CI = 1.57%–2.44%). Under the worst-case scenario of climate change, <i>C. imicola</i> range is expected to expand northward and shift away from the coasts of central Italy, while in some areas of southern Italy, environmental suitability will decrease. Our results provide predictions of <i>C. imicola</i> distribution according to the most up-to-date future climate projections and should be of great use to surveillance management at regional and national scales<i>.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 4","pages":"416-428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141087703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferences for livestock bedding as a development substrate of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and potential application of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling stable fly larvae","authors":"Niyaporn Khwanket,&nbsp;Krajana Tainchum,&nbsp;Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap,&nbsp;Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan,&nbsp;Atirach Noosidum","doi":"10.1111/mve.12731","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12731","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The stable fly, <i>Stomoxys calcitrans</i> L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant insect pest with global veterinary implications due to its capacity to both cause nuisance and transmit disease-causing pathogens to livestock. This study aimed to determine the livestock bedding preferred for use as a development substrate by <i>S. calcitrans</i> larvae and field-collected adults. The result showed that <i>S. calcitrans</i> larvae exhibited a preference (26.7%) for 7-day-old cow manure. Gravid females displayed a pronounced preference (55.0%) for fresh cow manure. As there were eight choices, indifference would result in 12.5% for each bedding substrate. Furthermore, the efficacy of four entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), namely <i>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</i> (Poinar), <i>Heterorhabditis indica</i> Poinar, Karunakar &amp; David (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), <i>Steinernema siamkayai</i> Poinar, Karunakar &amp; David and <i>Steinernema carpocapsae</i> (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), against <i>S. calcitrans</i> larvae and the persistence after application to livestock bedding substrates were evaluated under laboratory conditions. In filter paper bioassays, all four EPNs caused 76.7%–100.0% mortality in the second instar larvae of <i>S. calcitrans</i> when applied at 50 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm² within 5 days after exposure. For the third instar larvae of <i>S. calcitrans</i>, only <i>H. indica</i> induced high mortalities of 86.6% when applied at 100 IJs/cm² within 5 days after exposure, while the other EPNs resulted in mortalities of less than 70%. The data further demonstrated that <i>H. bacteriophora</i>, <i>H. indica</i> and <i>S. siamkayai</i> remained present in the substrates linked to <i>S. calcitrans</i> larvae for as long as 7 days after the application of EPNs. This study demonstrates the potential of EPNs as a biologically based control agent against larvae of <i>S. calcitrans</i>, a serious pest and significant vector for various livestock animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 4","pages":"429-439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141087708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next generation sequencing improves the resolution of detecting mixed host blood meal sources in field collected arboviral mosquito vectors","authors":"David P. Tchouassi,&nbsp;Robinson O. Kisero,&nbsp;Gilbert Rotich,&nbsp;Christopher Dunlap,&nbsp;Baldwyn Torto,&nbsp;Ephantus J. Muturi","doi":"10.1111/mve.12725","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate knowledge of blood meal hosts of different mosquito species is critical for identifying potential vectors and establishing the risk of pathogen transmission. We compared the performance of Miseq next generation sequencing approach relative to conventional Sanger sequencing approach in identification of mosquito blood meals using genetic markers targeting the 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes. We analysed the blood meals of three mosquito vector species (<i>Aedes aegypti</i>, <i>Aedes simpsoni</i> s.l. and <i>Culex pipiens</i> s.l.) collected outdoors, and compared the frequency of single- versus multiple-blood feeding. Single host blood meals were mostly recovered for Sanger-based sequencing of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, whereas Miseq sequencing employing this marker and the COI marker detected both single and multiple blood meal hosts in individual mosquitoes. Multiple blood meals (two or more hosts) which mostly included humans were detected in 19%–22.7% of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> samples. Most single host blood meals for this mosquito species were from humans (47.7%–57.1%) and dogs (9.1%–19.0%), with livestock, reptile and rodent hosts collectively accounting for 4.7%–28.9% of single host blood meals. The frequency of two or more host blood meals in <i>Ae. simpsoni</i> s.l. was 26.3%–45.5% mostly including humans, while single host blood meals were predominantly from humans (31.8%–47.4%) with representation of rodent, reptile and livestock blood meals (18.2%–68.2%). Single host blood meals from <i>Cx</i>. <i>pipiens</i> s.l. were mostly from humans (27.0%–39.4%) and cows (11.5%–27.36%). Multiple blood meal hosts that mostly included humans occurred in 21.2%–24.4% of <i>Cx. pipiens</i> s.l. samples. Estimated human blood indices ranged from 53%–76% for <i>Ae. aegypti</i>, 32%–82% for <i>Ae. simpsoni</i> s.l. and 26%–61% for <i>Cx. pipiens</i> s.l. and were consistently lower for Sanger-based sequencing approach compared to Miseq-based sequencing approach. These findings demonstrate that Miseq sequencing approach is superior to Sanger sequencing approach as it can reliably identify mixed host blood meals in a single mosquito, improving our ability to understand the transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 4","pages":"407-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140921172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alpha-Gal, epitope responsible for allergy to red meat, in the Mediterranean tick Hyalomma lusitanicum","authors":"Ángela Valcárcel,&nbsp;Andrea Briones Montero,&nbsp;Marta Rodero,&nbsp;Juan González-Fernández,&nbsp;A. Sonia Olmeda,&nbsp;Félix Valcárcel,&nbsp;Carmen Cuéllar","doi":"10.1111/mve.12724","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12724","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alpha-Gal/α-Gal is an oligosaccharide produced by non-primate mammals. Humans have developed an immune response mediated by anti-α-Gal antibodies that can trigger an allergic reaction and cause anaphylaxis. In recent years, cases of patients with delayed allergic reaction to mammalian meat have been reported worldwide. In Spain, these cases have been related to the species <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> L. (Ixodida: Ixodidae), whose distribution is located in the north of the country. In this work, the presence of α-Gal in water-soluble extracts from samples of salivary glands and digestive tracts of <i>Hyalomma lusitanicum</i> Koch (Ixodida: Ixodidae) both engorged and collected from vegetation were studied. The presence of that epitope was confirmed by the presence of reactive proteins of &gt;250 kDa in both samples. The highest concentrations of α-Gal were detected in salivary glands. Neither sex nor diet influenced the concentration of α-Gal, which seems to indicate its endogenous production and its possible inoculation to the host during tick feeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 3","pages":"366-371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140916796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the exposure of sublethal dose of mosquito coil on the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Aikins Ablorde,&nbsp;Inge Kroidl,&nbsp;Andreas Wieser,&nbsp;Andreas A. Kudom","doi":"10.1111/mve.12721","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12721","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mosquito coil is commonly used in many African households for protection against mosquito bites. The coil usually has semi-volatile pyrethroids as an active ingredient, which usually diffuse across open space, and the cloud either kills mosquitoes that are exposed, or mosquitoes can be exposed to sublethal doses of the insecticides. This study was conducted to assess the impact of sublethal doses of mosquito coil on the development of insecticide resistance in <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, a major vector for dengue fever and several other arboviral diseases. A laboratory colony of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> was exposed to sublethal doses of a meperfluthrin-based mosquito coil in a Peet-Grady chamber once per generation for 16 generations. The susceptibility of the exposed colony to a diagnostic dose of the mosquito coil as well as to three other insecticides was determined. Three different <i>kdr</i> mutations and five enzyme activities were evaluated in both the exposed and control colonies. After 16 generations of sublethal exposure to mosquito coils, the full diagnostic dose of the coil caused 68% mortality to the exposed colony compared to 100% mortality in the control colony. Mortality caused by deltamethrin (0.05%) was also significantly lower in the exposed colony. The frequency of 1016I <i>kdr</i> mutation as well as MFO and alpha esterase activities were higher in the exposed colony compared to the control colony. This study provides evidence of the development of pyrethroid resistance in an <i>Ae. aegypti</i> population due to sublethal exposure to mosquito coil for 16 generations. Given the large-scale use of mosquito coils in many African households, its role as a pyrethroid resistance selection source should be taken into consideration when designing resistance management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 3","pages":"341-348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trypanosomes and gut microbiota interactions in triatomine bugs and tsetse flies: A vectorial perspective","authors":"Zeph Nelson Omondi,&nbsp;Ayşe Caner,&nbsp;Suha Kenan Arserim","doi":"10.1111/mve.12723","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12723","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Triatomines (kissing bugs) and tsetse flies (genus: <i>Glossina</i>) are natural vectors of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>, respectively. <i>T. cruzi</i> is the causative agent of Chagas disease, endemic in Latin America, while <i>T. brucei</i> causes African sleeping sickness disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Both triatomines and tsetse flies are host to a diverse community of gut microbiota that co-exist with the parasites in the gut. Evidence has shown that the gut microbiota of both vectors plays a key role in parasite development and transmission. However, knowledge on the mechanism involved in parasite–microbiota interaction remains limited and scanty. Here, we attempt to analyse <i>Trypanosoma</i> spp. and gut microbiota interactions in tsetse flies and triatomines, with a focus on understanding the possible mechanisms involved by reviewing published articles on the subject. We report that interactions between <i>Trypanosoma</i> spp. and gut microbiota can be both direct and indirect. In direct interactions, the gut microbiota directly affects the parasite via the formation of biofilms and the production of anti-parasitic molecules, while on the other hand, <i>Trypanosoma</i> spp. produces antimicrobial proteins to regulate gut microbiota of the vector. In indirect interactions, the parasite and gut bacteria affect each other through host vector-activated processes such as immunity and metabolism. Although we are beginning to understand how gut microbiota interacts with the <i>Trypanosoma</i> parasites, there is still a need for further studies on functional role of gut microbiota in parasite development to maximize the use of symbiotic bacteria in vector and parasite control.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 3","pages":"253-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140666405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}