Malaria Journal最新文献

{"title":"Chemoprevention of malaria with long-acting oral and injectable drugs: an updated target product profile.","authors":"Myriam El Gaaloul, Andre Marie Tchouatieu, Kassoum Kayentao, Brice Campo, Benedicte Buffet, Hanu Ramachandruni, Jean Louis Ndiaye, Timothy N C Wells, Celine Audibert, Jane Achan, Cristina Donini, Hellen C Barsosio, Halidou Tinto","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05128-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-024-05128-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria is preventable, but the burden of disease remains high with over 249 million cases and 608,000 deaths reported in 2022. Historically, the most important protective interventions have been vector control and chemopreventive medicines with over 50 million children receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention in the year 2023. Two vaccines are approved and starting to be deployed, bringing additional protection for children up to 36 months. However, the impact of these currently available tools is somewhat limited on various fronts. Vaccines exhibit partial efficacy, are relatively costly, and not accessible in all settings. The challenges encountered with chemoprevention are barriers to acceptability and feasibility, including frequency of dosing, and the lack of options in the first trimester of pregnancy and for women living with HIV. Also, the emergence of resistance against chemopreventive medicines is concerning. To address these limitations, a target product profile (TPP) is proposed as a road map to guide innovation and to boost the quest for novel chemopreventive alternatives. This TPP describes the ideal product attributes, while acknowledging potential trade-offs that may be needed. Critically, it considers the target populations most at risk; primarily infants, children, and pregnant women. Malaria control and elimination requires appropriate chemoprevention, not only in areas of high endemicity and transmission, but also in lower transmission areas where immunity is declining, as well as for travellers from areas where malaria has been eliminated. New medicines should show acceptable safety and tolerability, with high and long protective efficacy. Formulations and costs need to support operational adherence, access, and effectiveness. Next generation long-acting oral and injectable drugs are likely to constitute the backbone of malaria prevention. Therefore, the perspectives of front-line experts in malaria prevention, researchers, and those involved in drug development are captured in the TPP. This inclusive approach aims at concentrating efforts and aligning responses across the community to develop new and transformative medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11490162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the effectiveness of (+)-usnic acid as oral toxic sugar bait against adult male and female Anopheles gambiae.","authors":"Arthur Macharia Muhoro, Eric Odhiambo Ochomo, Isaac Njangiru Kinyua, Jackline Jeruto Kosgei, Laide Abbas Rasaki, Edit Farkas","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05141-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05141-4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite the application of various tools for the control of vectors of Plasmodium falciparum, malaria remains the major killer disease in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for up to 90% of deaths due to the disease. Due to limitations of the useage of chemical insecticides such as resistance, negative impact on the environment and to nontarget organisms, the World Health Organization (WHO) requires that affected countries find alternative vector control tools. This study evaluated the effectiveness of ( +)-usnic acid (UA) as an insecticide through oral administration to male and female Anopheles gambiae as an alternative or additional active ingredient to be used in toxic sugar bait.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;( +)-usnic acid was diluted using acetone at 5, 10, and 15 mg/ml concentrations in three replicates. A 5 ml mixture of 2% food dye and 10% sugar using chlorine-free water mixed with the dilutions of the ( +)-usnic acid and negative control was made containing 2% food dye and 10% sugar solution. The preparations were soaked on a ball of cotton wool and placed over the net of a cup. 5 male and 5 non-blood-fed female newly hatched starved An. gambiae Kisumu strain were introduced together into a cup and monitored for knockdown and mortalities after 4, 24 48, and 72 h. The data were analysed using a multiple linear regression model using the lm function, a base R function and a posthoc test were conducted on the significant main effects and interaction terms using the emmeans function from the emmeans R package. All analyses were performed in RStudio using base R (version 4.3.3).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;There was high mortality of both male and female An. gambiae after ingestion of the toxic sugar bait. 15 mg/ml usnic acid caused the highest mortality (50%) within the first 4 h compared to 5 and 10 mg/ml ( +)-UA. There was a decline in the mortality rate with increased exposure time from 24 to 72 h, however, there was a significant difference in mortality at 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml. Acute toxicity was associated with ingestion of 15 mg/ml after 24 h. 72 h post-mortality was lower in all concentrations than in the control. High mortality was observed among females over the first 4 h (60%) compared to males (40%) due to higher feeding rate of the toxic agent. The proportion of dead males and females was equal after 24 h while after 48 h, the proportion of dead males was high.There was a significantly lower mortality rate after 72 h for both males and females (0 to 13.3%). Compared to all the treatments, high mortality of males was observed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results of this study indicate that ( +)-UA when administered as oral sugar bait to An. gambiae has insecticidal properties and is a suitable ingredient to be used as a toxic agent in the novel attractive toxic sugar bait for the control of malaria vectors. ( +)-UA may be an alternative active ingredient as toxic bait in the effort to ","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine five-dose policy among pregnant women in an urban slum in Ghana: a mixed-methods study.","authors":"Hainau Iddrisu, Emmanuel Ayitey Tagoe, Harriet Affran Bonful","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05127-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05127-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is a public health concern especially for pregnant women living in slums. The World Health Organization recommends at least three doses of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) to prevent MiP. In Ghana, it is recommended that pregnant women receive a minimum of five doses of the medication. This study sought to determine the level of adherence to IPT5 policy and factors associated with adherence among pregnant women in a slum community in Ghana.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study involving 232 nursing mothers and four healthcare workers at the St. Martin's Memorial Hospital, Sukura, Ghana. Sociodemographic characteristics of nursing mothers were obtained using an interview-administered questionnaire. Data on the number of SP doses and other obstetrics characteristics were collected by reviewing the antenatal record books. To obtain information about healthcare and health system factors associated with adherence to the five-dose policy, four healthcare providers were interviewed. A data extraction form was used to obtain information about the availability of SP at the facility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The level of adherence to IPT5 was 8.6% (20/232) (95% CI 5.0-12.3) among the participants. Only 8.4% of the participants received their first dose at 16 weeks. Respondents who began ANC in the second trimester were 81% less likely to adhere to IPT5 than those who began in the first trimester (aOR = 0.19, 95% CI 90.01-0.65, p < 0.008). Healthcare provider and health system factors that influence IPT5 uptake include healthcare providers' knowledge of IPTp-SP guidelines, the practice of Directly Observed Therapy, education of pregnant women, training of healthcare providers, and availability of water. SP was available at the facility during the period of review.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adherence to the IPTp-SP five-dose policy was suboptimal. Pregnant women who started ANC early were more likely to adhere to the policy. Provider knowledge, DOT practice, training, education of pregnant women and water availability were also found to influence adherence. Encouraging early ANC visits and providing healthcare workers with necessary training can substantially improve adherence in slum areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"310"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11488061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards malaria elimination: a case-control study to assess associated factors to malaria relapses in the extra-Amazon Region of Brazil from 2008 to 2019.","authors":"Klauss Kleydmann Sabino Garcia, Karina Medeiros de Deus Henriques, Antonio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro, Anielle de Pina-Costa, André M Siqueira","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05133-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-024-05133-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium species and is a global burden. When not treated correctly, it can reemerge as a relapse or recrudescence. Malaria relapse cases can contribute to maintaining active transmission chains and can influence the patient to develop severe malaria, potentially leading to hospitalization or death. The objective of this study is to estimate the number of malaria relapse cases in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil and to investigate the associated factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a case-control study that analyses malaria infections caused by Plasmodium vivax, as reported in Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) for the Brazilian extra-Amazon region (an area not endemic for the disease) from 2008 to 2019. For the identification of relapse cases, deduplication record linkage processes in R software were used. Malaria relapses were defined as the case group, and new malaria infections were defined as the control group. Logistic regression models were used to assess associated factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 711 malaria relapses, 589 (82.8%) were first relapses. Most relapses (71.6%) occurred between 30 and 120 days after the previous infection. Malaria relapses are spread throughout the extra-Amazon region, with a higher concentration near big cities. Driver occupation was found to be a common risk factor compared to other occupations, along with asymptomatic individuals. Other associated factors were: being infected in the Brazilian Amazon region, having follow-ups for malaria relapses, and having parasite density of the previous infection higher than 10,000 parasites per mm³.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides evidence that allows malaria health surveillance services to direct their efforts to monitor cases of malaria in the highest risk segments identified in this study, particularly in the period between 30 and 120 days after being infected and treated. Relapses were associated to driver occupation, absence of symptoms, infection in endemic areas of Brazil, being detected through active surveillance or routine follow-up actions, and with parasitaemia greater than 10,000 parasites per mm³ in the previous infection. Improving cases follow-up is essential for preventing relapses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11488206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The non-inferiority of piperonyl-butoxide Yorkool^® G3 insecticide-treated nets compared to Olyset®Plus measured by Anopheles arabiensis mortality in experimental huts in Tanzania.","authors":"Olukayode G Odufuwa, Masudi Suleiman Maasayi, Emmanuel Mbuba, Watson Ntabaliba, Rose Philipo, Safina Ngonyani, Ahmadi Bakari Mpelepele, Isaya Matanila, Hassan Ngonyani, Jason Moore, Yeromin P Mlacha, Jennifer C Stevenson, Sarah Jane Moore","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05130-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05130-7","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Non-inferiority trials are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to demonstrate that health products show comparable efficacy to that of existing standard of care. As part of the WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) process of assessment of malaria vector control products, a second-in-class insecticide-treated net (ITN) must be shown to be non-inferior to a first-in-class product based on mosquito mortality. The public health impact of the first-in-class pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ITN, Olyset&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; Plus, has been demonstrated in epidemiological trials in areas with insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, but there is a need to determine the efficacy of other pyrethroid-PBO nets to ensure timely market availability of nets in order to increase access to ITNs. The non-inferiority of a deltamethrin-PBO ITN Yorkool&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; G3 was evaluated entomologically against Olyset&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; Plus in experimental huts in Tanzania, following WHO guidelines for non-inferiority trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The trial of the two pyrethroid-PBO ITNs was conducted in experimental huts in Lupiro, Tanzania, using a randomized 7 × 7 Latin square block design. The study ran for 49 nights in 14 huts assessing the mosquito mortality and blood-feeding of wild, free-flying, pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles arabiensis. Using the non-inferiority approach, the comparative efficacy (primary endpoint was mosquito mortality at 24 h and secondary endpoint was blood-feeding) of unwashed and 20 times field-washed pyrethroid-PBO Yorkool&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; G3 ITNs, were compared with the first-in-class product Olyset&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; Plus and against a pyrethroid-only ITN, PermaNet&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; 2.0 ITNs, as a standard comparator.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The experimental hut trial demonstrated non-inferiority and superiority of Yorkool&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; G3 to Olyset&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; Plus based on mosquito mortality [51% vs. 39%, OR 1.68 (95% CI 1.50-1.88)], given that lower 95% CI exceeded 0.74 (delta of 39%) and the margin of no difference (1). Blood-feeding inhibition was high for all treated ITNs (&gt; 90%) and Yorkool® G3 was non-inferior to Olyset® Plus [4% vs. 2%, OR 1.81 (95% CI 1.46-2.39)], given that upper 95% CI was less than 4.85 (delta of 4%). The pyrethroid-PBO ITNs were superior to the pyrethroid-only net, PermaNet&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; 2.0, as determined by both the proportion of mortality and blood-feeding of mosquitoes (p-value &lt; 0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Yorkool&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; G3 ITNs demonstrated non-inferiority to the first-in-class Olyset® Plus and superiority over the standard pyrethroid-only ITN, PermaNet&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; 2.0 as measured by mortality and blood-feeding inhibition of wild pyrethroid-resistant An. arabiensis mosquitoes. Yorkool&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; G3 ITNs are potential tools for the control of metabolic insecticide-resistant malaria vectors, and their market availability will contribute to the cost-effective selecti","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of MrsFreqPhase methods: methods designed to estimate statistically malaria parasite multiplicity of infection, relatedness, frequency and phase.","authors":"Aimee R Taylor, Eric Neubauer Vickers, Bryan Greenhouse","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05119-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-024-05119-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria parasites are haploid within humans, but infections often contain genetically distinct groups of clonal parasites. When the per-infection number of genetically distinct clones (i.e., the multiplicity of infection, MOI) exceeds one, and per-infection genetic data are generated in bulk, important information are obfuscated. For example, the MOI, the phases of the haploid genotypes of genetically distinct clones (i.e., how the alleles concatenate into sequences), and their frequencies. This complicates many downstream analyses, including relatedness estimation. MOIs, parasite sequences, their frequencies, and degrees of relatedness are used ubiquitously in malaria studies: for example, to monitor anti-malarial drug resistance and to track changes in transmission. In this article, MrsFreqPhase methods designed to estimate statistically malaria parasite MOI, relatedness, frequency and phase are reviewed. An overview, a historical account of the literature, and a statistical description of contemporary software is provided for each method class. The article ends with a look towards future method development, needed to make best use of new data types generated by cutting-edge malaria studies reliant on MrsFreqPhase methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated Malaria Online Tool: an instrument for evaluating healthcare providers' practices and contributing to the evidence base for certifying malaria elimination and preventing its re-establishment.","authors":"Reza Majdzadeh, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ayat Ahmadi, Ahmad Raeisi, Hosein Azizi","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05136-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05136-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare providers (HCPs) practice and correct management of suspected malaria (CMSM) are central components of malaria elimination and prevention of re-establishment (POR) in countries in the elimination phase. However, knowledge of malaria surveillance systems and HCPs practices often wanes in countries aiming to eliminate malaria due to the low numbers of cases. The study aimed to implement a valid Simulated Malaria Online Tool (SMOT) for assessment HCP performance in CMSM and POR in a malaria-free area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HCPs were evaluated using SMOT tool based on four criteria including presenting a suspected malaria case for detection of HCPs' failures in recognition (a), diagnosis (b), appropriate treatment (c), and urgent reporting (d); and compared with simulated patients (SP). Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of HCPs failures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall failure proportion was 237 (83%), and the majority of failures were in recognition (a). There was no significant difference between the SMOT and SP based on all failure criteria (P > 0.05). The private clinic (93%) and the public specialized clinic (70%) had the highest and lowest failure proportions. After passing the recognition stage (a), the overall failure proportions decreased to 47.8% and 25.0% for total HCPs and infectious disease specialists, respectively. In the final analysis, private sector (AOR = 4.36: 1.25-15.2), not-specialist providers (AOR = 2.84: 1.29-6.25) and HCPs with ≥ 5 years' experience (AOR = 2.03: 1.01-6.25) increased the risk of failure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings confirmed the implementation of SMOT tool in settings where malaria transmission is low or interrupted. The tool is able to identify sub-groups of providers needing strengthening, and contributes to the prevention of malaria re-establishment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142469464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the RTS,S malaria vaccine on uncomplicated malaria: evidence from the phase IV study districts, Upper East Region, Ghana, 2020-2022.","authors":"Michael Rockson Adjei, Rafiq Okine, Peter Ofori Tweneboah, Janet Vanessa Baafi, Nana Akua Afriyie, Emmanuel Akwoulo Agyigewe Teviu, Josephat Ana-Imwine Nyuzaghl, Emmanuel Kofi Dzotsi, Sally-Ann Ohene, Martin Peter Grobusch","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05123-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-024-05123-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The RTS,S malaria vaccine has been prequalified for use in endemic settings prioritizing areas with moderate to high disease transmission. The impact of a vaccine at the population level may differ from observations during clinical trial due to programmatic, and individual-related factors, among others. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the RTS,S malaria vaccine on uncomplicated malaria among children aged 12-59 months in the Phase IV study districts, Upper East Region, Ghana.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted using routine malaria surveillance data for the period 2020-2022. The burden of uncomplicated malaria was compared between the implementing (Kasena Nankana East and West districts) and comparator areas (Builsa North and South districts). The impact of RTS,S malaria vaccine was assessed by estimating the percentage reduction in uncomplicated malaria and incidence averted in the implementing area, accounting for the effect of confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 50,000 episodes of uncomplicated malaria among children aged 12-59 months were included in the study. Uncomplicated malaria was reduced by 33% (95%CI 29-36) over the entire study period, but the malaria incidence averted declined from 324/1,000 (95% CI 298-339; p < 0.0001) in 2020 to 287/1000 (95% CI 274-299; p < 0.0001) in 2022.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RTS,S malaria vaccine significantly reduced the burden of uncomplicated malaria among children aged 12-59 months in the implementing area. The sequential marginal declines in malaria incidence averted over the study period might be due to waning of protective immunity and acquisition of natural immunity as children age. Strengthening uptake of the currently recommended vaccines and other malaria control interventions is required to improve public health impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11466024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global mathematical model of climatic suitability for Plasmodium falciparum malaria.","authors":"Owen Brown, Jennifer A Flegg, Daniel J Weiss, Nick Golding","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05122-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-024-05122-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climatic conditions are a key determinant of malaria transmission intensity, through their impacts on both the parasite and its mosquito vectors. Mathematical models relating climatic conditions to malaria transmission can be used to develop spatial maps of climatic suitability for malaria. These maps underpin efforts to quantify the distribution and burden of malaria in humans, enabling improved monitoring and control. Previous work has developed mathematical models and global maps for the suitability of temperature for malaria transmission. In this paper, existing temperature-based models are extended to include two other important bioclimatic factors: humidity and rainfall. This model is combined with fine spatial resolution climatic data to produce a more biologically-realistic global map of climatic suitability for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The climatic suitability index developed corresponds more closely than previous temperature suitability indices with the global distribution of P. falciparum malaria. There is weak agreement between the Malaria Atlas Project estimates of P. falciparum prevalence in Africa and the estimates of suitability solely based on temperature (Spearman Correlation coefficient of <math><mrow><mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.24</mn></mrow> </math> ). The addition of humidity and then rainfall improves the comparison ( <math><mrow><mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.62</mn></mrow> </math> when humidity added; <math><mrow><mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.70</mn></mrow> </math> when both humidity and rainfall added). By incorporating the impacts of humidity and rainfall, this model identifies arid regions that are not climatically suitable for transmission of P. falciparum malaria. Incorporation of this improved index of climatic suitability into geospatial models can improve global estimates of malaria prevalence and transmission intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban malaria and its determinants in Eastern Ethiopia: the role of Anopheles stephensi and urbanization.","authors":"Hailu Merga, Teshome Degefa, Zewdie Birhanu, Ephrem Abiy, Ming-Chieh Lee, Guiyun Yan, Delenasaw Yewhalaw","doi":"10.1186/s12936-024-05126-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12936-024-05126-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria prevention and control strategies have been hampered by urbanization and the spread of Anopheles stephensi. The spread of this vector into Africa further complicates the already complex malaria situation, that could put about 126 million Africans at risk of infection. Hence, this study aimed to assess the determinants of urban malaria, focusing on the role of urbanization and the distribution of An. stephensi in Eastern Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A matched case control study was conducted among febrile urban residents of Dire Dawa (malaria positive as cases and negative as a control). A capillary blood sample was collected for parasite identification using microscopic examination and an interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect additional data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and Prokopack aspirator were used to collect adult mosquito vectors from the selected cases and control houses to identify the mosquito vector species. Then, the data were exported to STATA for analysis. Conditional logistic regression was done to identify determinants, and principal component Analysis (PCA) was done for some independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study enrolled 132 cases and 264 controls from urban setting only. Of the 132 cases, 90 cases were positive for Plasmodium falciparum, 34 were positive for Plasmodium vivax and 8 had mixed infections. All cases and controls were similar with regard to their respective age and sex. Travel history (AOR: 13.1, 95% CI 2.8-61.4), presence of eves and holes on walls (AOR: 2.84, 95% CI 1.5-5.5), history of malaria diagnosis (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.3), owning any livestock (AOR: 7.5, 95% CI 2.4-22.8), presence of stagnant water in the area (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI 1.7-6.1), sleeping under bed net the previous night (AOR: 0.21, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) and knowledge on malaria and its prevention (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1) were determinants of urban malaria infection. About 34 adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and identified from those selected cases and control houses and 27 of them were identified as An. stephensi.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among the cases, the dominant species were P. falciparum. This study identified travel history, house condition, past infection, livestock ownership, stagnant water, bed net use, and malaria knowledge as determinants of infection. This study also found the dominance of the presence of An. stephensi among the collected mosquito vectors. This suggests that the spread of An. stephensi may be impacting malaria infection in the study area. Hence, strengthening urban-targeted malaria interventions should be enhanced to prevent and control further urban malaria infection and spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":18317,"journal":{"name":"Malaria Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}