Medical History最新文献_第5页

Workhouse or asylum? Accommodating pauper lunatics in nineteenth-century England. 济贫院还是收容所?在19世纪的英国，收容乞丐和疯子。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.15

Alistair Ritch

{"title":"Workhouse or asylum? Accommodating pauper lunatics in nineteenth-century England.","authors":"Alistair Ritch","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"The late eighteenth and early nineteenth century witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of pauper lunatics being admitted to institutions and many mentally-ill paupers found their way into workhouses. The range of options existing for the admission of paupers, who at the time were described as lunatics or insane, included private madhouses, charitable asylums, public asylums as well as workhouses. Legislation relating to transfer from a workhouse to a one of these other institutions was ambiguous and depended on the concept of dangerousness and whether a workhouse inmate was manageable, rather than the nature of their illness. Because demand exceeded the space available because of overcrowding, workhouses and public asylums continually needed to increase provision by means of converting existing facilities or erecting new buildings. Nevertheless, the transfer of patients between asylums was commonplace and extensive. This article will explore the interface between two urban workhouses in the West Midlands of England and their local asylums from the late eighteenth until the end of the nineteenth century. It will demonstrate that, although local circumstances at any one time may have contributed to decisions on transfer, the overriding difficulty in the correct placement of pauper lunatics throughout the time period was institutional overcrowding, mainly driven by the increasing numbers of pauper lunatics.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10404515/pdf/S0025727323000157a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9977887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Medical fears of the malingering soldier: 'phony cronies' and the Repat in 1960s Australia. 医学上对装病士兵的恐惧:“虚伪的密友”和20世纪60年代澳大利亚的Repat。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.19

Effie Karageorgos

{"title":"Medical fears of the malingering soldier: 'phony cronies' and the Repat in 1960s Australia.","authors":"Effie Karageorgos","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.19","url":null,"abstract":"The fear of the malingering soldier or veteran has existed in Australia since its first nationwide military venture in South Africa. The establishment of the Repatriation Department in 1917 saw the medical, military and political fields work collectively, to some extent, to support hundreds of thousands of men who returned from their military service wounded or ill. Over the next decades the medical profession occasionally criticised the Repatriation Department's alleged laxness towards soldier recipients of military pensions, particularly those with less visible war-related psychiatric conditions. In 1963 this reached a crescendo when a group of Australian doctors drew battle lines in the correspondence pages of the Medical Journal of Australia, accusing the Repatriation Department of directing a 'national scandal', and provoking responses by both the Minister for Repatriation and the Chairman of the War Pensions Assessment Appeal Tribunal. Although this controversy and its aftermath does allow for closer investigation of the inner workings of the Repatriation Department, the words of the doctors themselves about 'phony cronies', 'deadbeats' and 'drongoes' also reveal how the medical fear of the malingering soldier, and particularly the traumatised soldier-malingerer, lingered into the early 1960s and beyond. This paper will analyse the medical conceptualisation of the traumatised soldier in the 1960s in relation to historical conceptions of malingering, the increasingly tenuous position of psychiatry, as well as the socio-medical 'sick role', and will explore possible links with the current soldier and veteran suicide crisis in Australia.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10404517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Have we lost sleep? A reconsideration of segmented sleep in early modern England. 我们缺觉了吗?对近代早期英国分段睡眠的再思考。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.14

Niall Boyce

引用次数: 0

MDH volume 67 issue 2 Cover and Front matter. MDH第67卷第2期封面和封面。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.32

引用次数: 0

Participating in eradication: how Guinea worm redefined eradication, and eradication redefined Guinea worm, 1985-2022. 参与根除:麦地那龙线虫如何重新定义根除，以及根除如何重新定义麦地那龙线虫，1985-2022。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.18

Jonathan David Roberts

{"title":"Participating in eradication: how Guinea worm redefined eradication, and eradication redefined Guinea worm, 1985-2022.","authors":"Jonathan David Roberts","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.18","url":null,"abstract":"Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) is a debilitating waterborne disease. Once widespread, it is now on the brink of eradication. However, the Guinea Worm Eradication Programme (GWEP), like guinea worm itself, has been under-studied by historians. The GWEP demonstrates an unusual model of eradication, one focused on primary healthcare (PHC), community participation, health education and behavioural change (safe drinking). The PHC movement collided with a waterborne disease, which required rapid but straightforward treatment to prevent transmission, creating a historical space for the emergence of village-based volunteer health workers, as local actors realigned global health policy on a local level. These Village Volunteers placed eradication in the hands of residents of endemic areas, epitomising the participation-focused nature of the GWEP. This participatory mode of eradication highlights the agency of those in endemic areas, who, through volunteering, safe drinking and community self-help, have been the driving force behind dracunculiasis eradication. In the twenty-first century, guinea worm has become firstly a problem of human mobility, as global health has struggled to contain cases in refugees and nomads, and latterly a zoonotic disease, as guinea worm has shifted hosts to become primarily a parasite of dogs. This demonstrates both the potential of One Health approaches and the need for One Health to adopt from PHC and the GWEP a focus on the health of humans and animals in isolated and impoverished areas. Guinea worm demonstrates how the biological and the historical interact, with the GWEP and guinea worm shaping each other over the course of the eradication programme.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/59/1b/S0025727323000182a.PMC10404518.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Negotiating social medicine in a postcolonial context: Halfdan Mahler in India 1951-61. 后殖民背景下的社会医学谈判:1951-61年哈尔夫丹·马勒在印度。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.11

Niels Brimnes

{"title":"Negotiating social medicine in a postcolonial context: Halfdan Mahler in India 1951-61.","authors":"Niels Brimnes","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates how World Health Organisation (WHO) Director-General Halfdan Mahler's views on health care were formed by his experience in India between 1951 and 1961. Mahler spent a large part of the 1950s in India assigned as WHO medical officer to tuberculosis control projects. It argues that Mahler took inspiration from the official endorsement of the doctrine of social medicine that prevailed in India; even if it was challenged by an increasing preference for vertical, techno-centric campaigns. It shows how, from the outset, Mahler was remarkably hostile towards the highly skilled, clinically oriented doctors, but embraced prevalent ideas of community participation. It suggests that Mahler - although he remained silent on the issue - was impressed by the importance and resilience of indigenous traditions of medicine, despite hostility from leading political figures. In this way, the article attempts to establish links to Mahler's advocacy of primary health care in the 1970s. A broad approach to health, scepticism toward clinically oriented doctors, preference for simple technologies and community participation, as well as an accommodating attitude towards indigenous practitioners, were all features of primary health care, which correlate well with views developed by Mahler as he negotiated social medicine in India between 1951 and 1961.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10357307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9977360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The complexities of postcolonial international health: Karl Evang in India 1953. 后殖民国际卫生的复杂性:卡尔·埃万1953年在印度。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.12

Sunniva Engh

{"title":"The complexities of postcolonial international health: Karl Evang in India 1953.","authors":"Sunniva Engh","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.12","url":null,"abstract":"In February and March 1953, a WHO Visiting Team of Medical Scientists worked in India, collaborating with local medical students and professionals. This article studies the complexities of early postcolonial international health work and the relations between the young WHO and the newly independent countries, from the position of the team's vice chairman, Norwegian doctor Karl Evang. While the WHO aimed to create dialogue and interaction, also learning from the host country, the article finds that an equal exchange of views between visitors and hosts was not achieved. The topic pertains to discussions on power and influence in international organisations and governance, development and health work, within a South Asian setting. Studying intellectual exchanges between Evang and his Indian interlocutors sheds light on India's role as both receptive and generative site of ideas and political practice, contributing to broader debates on the appropriation, refashioning and application of political ideas in independent India. Also, at a time of new directions in international health, and considering Evang's social medicine conviction, an additional question concerns the role of social medicine. The article underlines the existence of multiple, parallel tracks in international health work, and argues the need to portray international health as a complex mosaic, rather than a step-by-step development. The case has relevance as historians endeavour to make international and global history more diverse, as through Evang we capture parts of a broader international involvement of people and nation states in the WHO and its work in the early post-war period.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10357312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9977364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rise of Siddha medicine: causes and constructions in the Madras Presidency (1920-1930s). 悉达医学的兴起:马德拉斯总统府的原因和建设(1920-1930)。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.10

D V Kanagarathinam, John Bosco Lourdusamy

{"title":"Rise of Siddha medicine: causes and constructions in the Madras Presidency (1920-1930s).","authors":"D V Kanagarathinam, John Bosco Lourdusamy","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"This essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of 'national medicine' based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10357311/pdf/S0025727323000108a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scandinavian entry points to social medicine and postcolonial health: Karl Evang and Halfdan Mahler in India. 斯堪的纳维亚社会医学和后殖民健康的切入点:印度的Karl Evang和Halfdan Mahler。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.7

Sunniva Engh, Niels Brimnes

{"title":"Scandinavian entry points to social medicine and postcolonial health: Karl Evang and Halfdan Mahler in India.","authors":"Sunniva Engh, Niels Brimnes","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.7","url":null,"abstract":"Our contributions examine the Norwegian Karl Evang's (1901-1981) and the Dane Halfdan Mahler's (1923-2016) participation in international health co-operation facilitated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in India in the 1950s. While Evang's was a hectic, but relatively short visit as part of a WHO visiting team of medical scientists in 1953, Mahler's spanned the entire decade on assignments as WHO medical officer to tuberculosis control projects. Mahler's name should be familiar to researchers of international health as the Director-General of the WHO 1973-88, and for his promotion of primary health care through the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration. Evang, Norway's Director of Health 1938-72, was also a key figure in international health in the mid-twentieth century as one of the original instigators of the WHO, and a participant in much of its early work.A core theme is the place of social medicine, both in Evang's and Mahler's work, and within the WHO and its navigation of complex postcolonial settings in the 1950s. Investigating cross-regional encounters and circulations of social medicine ideas between Evang and Mahler and their Indian interlocutors as well as international WHO staff members, we ask what the role of social medicine was in international health in the early post-war period. Researchers have found that social medicine had its heyday during the 1930s and 1940s, and that a technology-focused, vertical approach became dominant soon after the war. In contrast, we suggest that continued circulation of social medical ideas points towards a more complicated picture.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10357308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An ordinary malaria? Intermittent fever in Denmark, 1826-1886. 普通的疟疾?丹麦间歇性发烧，1826-1886。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.13

Mathias Mølbak Ingholt

{"title":"An ordinary malaria? Intermittent fever in Denmark, 1826-1886.","authors":"Mathias Mølbak Ingholt","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.13","url":null,"abstract":"Intermittent fever is a historical diagnosis with a contested meaning. Historians have associated it with both benign malaria and severe epidemics during the Early Modern Era and early nineteenth century. Where other older medical diagnoses perished under changing medical paradigms, intermittent fever 'survived' into the twentieth century. This article studies the development in how intermittent fever was framed in Denmark between 1826 and 1886 through terminology, clinical symptoms and aetiology. In the 1820s and 1830s, intermittent fever was a broad disease category, which the diagnosis 'koldfeber'. Danish physicians were inspired by Hippocratic teachings in the early nineteenth century, and patients were seen as having unique constitutions. For that reason, intermittent fevers presented itself as both benign and severe with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. As the Parisian school gradually replaced humoral pathology in the mid-nineteenth century, intermittent fever and koldfeber became synonymous for one disease condition with a nosography that resembles modern malaria. The nosography of intermittent fever remained consistent throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. Although intermittent fever was conceptualized as caused by miasmas throughout most of the nineteenth century, the discovery of the Plasmodium parasite in 1880 led to a change in the conceptualization of what miasmas were. The article concludes that the development of how intermittent fever was framed follows the changing scientific paradigms that shaped Danish medicine in the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10357310/pdf/S0025727323000133a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9977361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0